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This paper aims to review the global research progress and emerging hotspots related to plastic pollution in marine and inland water from 2008 to 2023, based on data from the Web of Science and CNKI databases. A total of 13872 articles were selected and analyzed, with the majority of studies conducted in analytical methods and monitoring techniques. The findings emphasize that discharge and non-degradable nature of plastic waste are the main drivers of pollution in these aquatic environments. Increasing global attention has been directed toward this issue, as reflected in the growing number of publications since 2020. At present, mainstream analytical methods for studying plastic pollution include microscopic observation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. However, field sampling efforts remain limited, with challenges such as varying mesh sizes used in trawl nets affecting data consistency. To address these limitations, future research should utilize unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and advanced remote sensing technologies for monitoring plastic pollution. It should also explore the potential integration of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing into a multi-scale, comprehensive monitoring system, providing scientific insights and practical recommendations for advancing plastic pollution research and management.

, correspAuthors=Fei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fei ZHANG, Si-chen XIONG, Zhi-xiong CHEN, Xiao-rui HUANG, Zhuo-ling ZHENG, Xiao-ting GAO, Si-meng XIONG, Xiang CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106395533045913, articleId=1234106389803627316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=2008~2023年海洋和内陆水塑料污染研究, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文在Web of Science和CNKI数据库的基础上回顾了2008~2023年全球海洋和内陆水域塑料污染的研究进展和新兴热点.共选择了13872篇文章,其中大多数研究围绕塑料污染的分析方法和监测手段.结果发现,塑料垃圾的持续排放及其难降解性是导致海洋及内陆水体污染的直接原因.全球对水体塑料污染的研究日益重视,反映在2020年以来文献发表数量急速增加.目前主流的塑料污染分析方法是显微镜观察、红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱化学分析法等.然而,实地采样受限较大,且存在拖网网孔大小不一等问题,因此提出无人机及智能遥感技术在塑料污染监测中的应用前景,论述了将卫星遥感、航空遥感和地面遥感三者结合,形成了多尺度、全方位的监测体系,为未来的塑料污染研究与治理提供科学参考和合理建议.

, correspAuthors=张飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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张飞(1980-),男,陕西宝鸡人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境污染遥感研究.发表论文160余篇. ;.

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张飞(1980-),男,陕西宝鸡人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境污染遥感研究.发表论文160余篇. ;.

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张飞(1980-),男,陕西宝鸡人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境污染遥感研究.发表论文160余篇. ;.

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Environmental Science and Pollution Research International201522(7):4893-906., articleTitle=A survey of smart water quality monitoring system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106433126592691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=109, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[97], rfOrder=124, authorNames=温玉波, journalName=现代电子技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=温玉波.海洋环境污染信息智能图像监测技术研究[J]. 现代电子技术201841(6):109-111., articleTitle=海洋环境污染信息智能图像监测技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106433227255990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=109, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[97], rfOrder=125, authorNames=Wen Y B, journalName=Modern Electronics Technique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wen Y B. Research on intelligent image monitoring technology for marine environment pollution information [J]. Modern Electronics Technique201841(6):109-111., articleTitle=Research on intelligent image monitoring technology for marine environment pollution information, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106433319530678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[98], rfOrder=126, authorNames=韩黎明, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩黎明.基于人工智能的机器人塑料垃圾分拣系统研究[D]. 厦门:华侨大学,2023., articleTitle=基于人工智能的机器人塑料垃圾分拣系统研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106433420193974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[98], rfOrder=127, authorNames=Han L M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han L M. Research on robot plastic waste sorting system based on artificial intelligence [D]. 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label=Fig.4, caption=Keyword density visualization of plastic-related topics in Chinese and English journals, figureFileSmall=/sytpHMhUeag7ilJrG0G9g==, figureFileBig=9KRfOyYrdiLjxfRUtSy+LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406798947306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=CN, label=图4, caption=中英文期刊关于塑料主题关键词密度可视化, figureFileSmall=/sytpHMhUeag7ilJrG0G9g==, figureFileBig=9KRfOyYrdiLjxfRUtSy+LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407000273914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Spatial distribution of marine plastic pollution research, figureFileSmall=KQanfu/ZQeMO0lFLg7fMsg==, figureFileBig=lCpR0hEWTWChQ69VJC5H5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407172239363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=CN, label=图5, caption=海洋塑料研究分布

审图号:GS(2016)1611号

, figureFileSmall=KQanfu/ZQeMO0lFLg7fMsg==, figureFileBig=lCpR0hEWTWChQ69VJC5H5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407268708363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Studies on plastic pollution in marine environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究内容研究区域数据源/方法平均丰度(items/m3)聚合物类型文献
2011总结了塑料的性质、命名法和来源;讨论了塑料进入海洋环境的途径;评估在海洋环境中检测塑料的方法和塑料丰度的时空趋势全球海洋--PE、PP、PU等[34]
2012使用来自全球漂流者计划的观测数据,采用粒子轨迹示踪方法,包括季节性周期,以研究全球沿海地区海洋垃圾在年际到百年时间尺度上的命运全球沿海地区全球漂流者计划的观测数据、粒子轨迹示踪剂方法-PP、PET、PE等[35]
2015使用浮游生物网收集的小塑料碎片的观测浓度计算总颗粒数日本周边东亚海域实地采集样品3.74-[36]
2018调查了在中国黄海南部和东海,用箱式取芯器收集的25个沉积物样本,从中提取了塑料,并鉴定了塑料的类型和聚合物种类以及测量了塑料丰度黄海南部和东海实地采集样品134000PE、PET等[37]
2020从深度4601m~5732m不等的西太平洋的深海位置收集了沉积物和生物的样本,并从中监测塑料的丰度和类型组成西太平洋实地采集样品240000PP、PE、PET等[38]
2020研究调查了北欧海域塑料污染的丰度和特征北欧海域实地采集样品1760PE、PP等[39]
2021利用数值模拟探索正浮力和中性浮力物质的积累和输送塑料在北极和南方海洋海冰北极和南方海洋数值模拟--[40]
2022提出了使用星载双基地雷达测量海洋表面粗糙度,并依赖于假设对表面附近塑料示踪剂引起的风驱动粗糙化的响应降低,以此来更好地监测海洋塑料全球海洋星载双基地雷达、塑料示踪剂--[29]
2022使用中性网观察了北冰洋西部水体中塑料和塑料的表面浓度(每单位体积海水的颗粒数)北冰洋西部实地采集样品-PE、PP、PU等[41]
2023将遥感数据与实测数据相结合,建立了基于多元回归的反演模型,对渤海微塑料污染状况进行预测,并提出了连续投影算法(SPA)、波段组合法和遥感指数法3种变量选择方法全球海洋遥感数据与实测数据相结合、多元回归的反演模型、连续投影法(SPA)、波段组合法和遥感指数法3-[14]
2023总结了遥感技术方法在海洋污染监测中的应用,并确定了现有方法的局限性,指出对于海洋垃圾和塑料污染,监测方法仍处于早期发展阶段全球海洋遥感-PE、PET、PVC等[30]
2023研究了泗水北部沿海水域塑料的丰度、分布和特征泗水北部沿海实地采集样品-PE、PP、PET等[42]
2023采用激光直红外(LDIR)技术研究了黄河和黄海沉积物样品中微塑料的丰度、大小和类型,并评估了其生态风险黄海实地采集样品、激光直红外(LDIR)技术-PP等[43]
2023对黄海表层海水中塑料的基线数据和季节性变化进行了调查,调查了2017~2018年期间四个季节的塑料丰度,类型以及化学成分黄海实地采集样品0.63PP、PE、PET等[10]
2023对喀拉海海面上的塑料进行广泛的调查.其在巴伦支海东北部与喀拉海接壤的边界处采样,具体调查了塑料浓度,类型及其化学成分喀拉海实地采集样品0.124PP、PE、PS等[44]
2023研究了阿曼海潮间带沉积物的微塑料丰度、分布和特征阿曼海实地采集样品315400PP、PE、PS等[45]
2023从2017~2020年从南极半岛西部的峡湾栖息地的地表和底栖动物中收集水样确定塑料的分类、颜色和大小;并采用显微FTIR分光光度法确认化学成分.并且调查了塑料的时空分布西南极半岛峡湾实地采集样品、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱法-PE等[46]
2023使用Sentinel-2数据检测和区分可疑塑料碎片与其他漂浮材料(即浮木、海藻、海鼻涕、海泡沫和浮石)的方法.使用极端梯度提升训练,并辅以对卫星图像的手动解释全球海洋Sentinel-2卫星数据产品-PE、PET、PP等[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407373565971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海洋中塑料污染研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究内容研究区域数据源/方法平均丰度(items/m3)聚合物类型文献
2011总结了塑料的性质、命名法和来源;讨论了塑料进入海洋环境的途径;评估在海洋环境中检测塑料的方法和塑料丰度的时空趋势全球海洋--PE、PP、PU等[34]
2012使用来自全球漂流者计划的观测数据,采用粒子轨迹示踪方法,包括季节性周期,以研究全球沿海地区海洋垃圾在年际到百年时间尺度上的命运全球沿海地区全球漂流者计划的观测数据、粒子轨迹示踪剂方法-PP、PET、PE等[35]
2015使用浮游生物网收集的小塑料碎片的观测浓度计算总颗粒数日本周边东亚海域实地采集样品3.74-[36]
2018调查了在中国黄海南部和东海,用箱式取芯器收集的25个沉积物样本,从中提取了塑料,并鉴定了塑料的类型和聚合物种类以及测量了塑料丰度黄海南部和东海实地采集样品134000PE、PET等[37]
2020从深度4601m~5732m不等的西太平洋的深海位置收集了沉积物和生物的样本,并从中监测塑料的丰度和类型组成西太平洋实地采集样品240000PP、PE、PET等[38]
2020研究调查了北欧海域塑料污染的丰度和特征北欧海域实地采集样品1760PE、PP等[39]
2021利用数值模拟探索正浮力和中性浮力物质的积累和输送塑料在北极和南方海洋海冰北极和南方海洋数值模拟--[40]
2022提出了使用星载双基地雷达测量海洋表面粗糙度,并依赖于假设对表面附近塑料示踪剂引起的风驱动粗糙化的响应降低,以此来更好地监测海洋塑料全球海洋星载双基地雷达、塑料示踪剂--[29]
2022使用中性网观察了北冰洋西部水体中塑料和塑料的表面浓度(每单位体积海水的颗粒数)北冰洋西部实地采集样品-PE、PP、PU等[41]
2023将遥感数据与实测数据相结合,建立了基于多元回归的反演模型,对渤海微塑料污染状况进行预测,并提出了连续投影算法(SPA)、波段组合法和遥感指数法3种变量选择方法全球海洋遥感数据与实测数据相结合、多元回归的反演模型、连续投影法(SPA)、波段组合法和遥感指数法3-[14]
2023总结了遥感技术方法在海洋污染监测中的应用,并确定了现有方法的局限性,指出对于海洋垃圾和塑料污染,监测方法仍处于早期发展阶段全球海洋遥感-PE、PET、PVC等[30]
2023研究了泗水北部沿海水域塑料的丰度、分布和特征泗水北部沿海实地采集样品-PE、PP、PET等[42]
2023采用激光直红外(LDIR)技术研究了黄河和黄海沉积物样品中微塑料的丰度、大小和类型,并评估了其生态风险黄海实地采集样品、激光直红外(LDIR)技术-PP等[43]
2023对黄海表层海水中塑料的基线数据和季节性变化进行了调查,调查了2017~2018年期间四个季节的塑料丰度,类型以及化学成分黄海实地采集样品0.63PP、PE、PET等[10]
2023对喀拉海海面上的塑料进行广泛的调查.其在巴伦支海东北部与喀拉海接壤的边界处采样,具体调查了塑料浓度,类型及其化学成分喀拉海实地采集样品0.124PP、PE、PS等[44]
2023研究了阿曼海潮间带沉积物的微塑料丰度、分布和特征阿曼海实地采集样品315400PP、PE、PS等[45]
2023从2017~2020年从南极半岛西部的峡湾栖息地的地表和底栖动物中收集水样确定塑料的分类、颜色和大小;并采用显微FTIR分光光度法确认化学成分.并且调查了塑料的时空分布西南极半岛峡湾实地采集样品、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱法-PE等[46]
2023使用Sentinel-2数据检测和区分可疑塑料碎片与其他漂浮材料(即浮木、海藻、海鼻涕、海泡沫和浮石)的方法.使用极端梯度提升训练,并辅以对卫星图像的手动解释全球海洋Sentinel-2卫星数据产品-PE、PET、PP等[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407503589405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Studies on plastic pollution in lakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究内容研究区域数据源/方法平均丰度(items/m3)聚合物类型文献
2012使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了从美国(U.S.)、日本和韩国的几个工业化地区收集的沉积物中8种双酚类似物的浓度和分布,而双酚类似物用于生产聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂美国(U.S.)、日本和韩国的几个工业化地区实地采样、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法--[58]
2013在21个站点使用333g网眼蝠鲼拖网收集了Neuston样本,并分析了塑料碎片劳伦森大湖区实地采样0.043PE[59]
2016研究了密歇根湖共收集了59个地表水样本中的塑料含量,并分析了收集到的塑料类型密歇根湖实地采样0.017PE、PP[60]
2018研究了中国最大的内陆湖青海湖的塑料丰度,类型以及空间分布青海湖实地采样0.758PP、PE、PS、PET等[61]
2019中国北方黄河流域主要淡水湖乌兰苏海湖地表水的塑料污染程度乌兰苏海湖实地采样1760PE、PS、PET等[62]
2022研究了流入源中塑料的存在,并提供了伊斯兰堡拉瓦尔湖淡水库地表水中塑料浓度的总体估计.这些研究对塑料污染扩散的路径进行了探索,为从源头解决污染提供了依据伊斯兰堡拉瓦尔湖实地采样6.4PE、PP、PS、PA、PVC等[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407650390059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

湖泊中塑料污染研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究内容研究区域数据源/方法平均丰度(items/m3)聚合物类型文献
2012使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了从美国(U.S.)、日本和韩国的几个工业化地区收集的沉积物中8种双酚类似物的浓度和分布,而双酚类似物用于生产聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂美国(U.S.)、日本和韩国的几个工业化地区实地采样、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法--[58]
2013在21个站点使用333g网眼蝠鲼拖网收集了Neuston样本,并分析了塑料碎片劳伦森大湖区实地采样0.043PE[59]
2016研究了密歇根湖共收集了59个地表水样本中的塑料含量,并分析了收集到的塑料类型密歇根湖实地采样0.017PE、PP[60]
2018研究了中国最大的内陆湖青海湖的塑料丰度,类型以及空间分布青海湖实地采样0.758PP、PE、PS、PET等[61]
2019中国北方黄河流域主要淡水湖乌兰苏海湖地表水的塑料污染程度乌兰苏海湖实地采样1760PE、PS、PET等[62]
2022研究了流入源中塑料的存在,并提供了伊斯兰堡拉瓦尔湖淡水库地表水中塑料浓度的总体估计.这些研究对塑料污染扩散的路径进行了探索,为从源头解决污染提供了依据伊斯兰堡拉瓦尔湖实地采样6.4PE、PP、PS、PA、PVC等[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407860105273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Studies on plastic pollution in rivers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究内容研究区域数据源/方法聚合物类型文献
2015使用Manta网从11个地点采集了31个地表水样本,进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析莱茵河沿岸河实地采样、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析PS、PP、PET等[77]
2016进行了浮游生物网拖网调查,使用目视观察和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了样品.研究发现了大量形状各异的塑料,在河口的汇合点发现了热点英国索伦特河实地采样、目视、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)PE、PP、PET等[78]
2017选择污水排放输入和输出作为四个地点沉积物中塑料存在的预测指标,采用分步方法提取大型塑料颗粒,包括目视提取、浮选和使用拉曼光谱法识别泰晤士河实地采样、目视提取、拉曼光谱法PP、PET、PE等[79]
2021对全球河流塑料分布展开了研究全球河流实地采样PE、PP、PA等[80]
2022针对我国北方河流中塑料污染问题的研究鲜见.基于对北京市通州区内6条河流共19个点位的水样采集和分析,研究了塑料的组成及空间分布特征,并揭示了塑料的潜在来源北京市通州区实地采样、体视显微镜、激光拉曼光谱仪PA、PE、PET等[81]
2022量化了钦陵渭平原河流从支流(上游水源区)到干流(人类住区)地表水中塑料的分布和变化,并评估了污染风险钦陵渭平原河流实地采样、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)PE、PP、PS等[82]
2023对秋季和冬季在珠江广州段的19个监测点的塑料污染现状开展调查珠江广州段实地采样、显微激光拉曼光谱仪PA、PP、PE、PS等[83]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408002711620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389803627316, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

河流中塑料污染的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究内容研究区域数据源/方法聚合物类型文献
2015使用Manta网从11个地点采集了31个地表水样本,进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析莱茵河沿岸河实地采样、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析PS、PP、PET等[77]
2016进行了浮游生物网拖网调查,使用目视观察和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了样品.研究发现了大量形状各异的塑料,在河口的汇合点发现了热点英国索伦特河实地采样、目视、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)PE、PP、PET等[78]
2017选择污水排放输入和输出作为四个地点沉积物中塑料存在的预测指标,采用分步方法提取大型塑料颗粒,包括目视提取、浮选和使用拉曼光谱法识别泰晤士河实地采样、目视提取、拉曼光谱法PP、PET、PE等[79]
2021对全球河流塑料分布展开了研究全球河流实地采样PE、PP、PA等[80]
2022针对我国北方河流中塑料污染问题的研究鲜见.基于对北京市通州区内6条河流共19个点位的水样采集和分析,研究了塑料的组成及空间分布特征,并揭示了塑料的潜在来源北京市通州区实地采样、体视显微镜、激光拉曼光谱仪PA、PE、PET等[81]
2022量化了钦陵渭平原河流从支流(上游水源区)到干流(人类住区)地表水中塑料的分布和变化,并评估了污染风险钦陵渭平原河流实地采样、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)PE、PP、PS等[82]
2023对秋季和冬季在珠江广州段的19个监测点的塑料污染现状开展调查珠江广州段实地采样、显微激光拉曼光谱仪PA、PP、PE、PS等[83]
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2008~2023年海洋和内陆水塑料污染研究
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张飞 1, 2, * , 熊思晨 1 , 陈智雄 1 , 黄晓瑞 1 , 郑卓灵 1 , 高筱婷 3 , 熊思梦 4 , 成湘 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3209-3224
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3209-3224
2008~2023年海洋和内陆水塑料污染研究
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张飞1, 2, * , 熊思晨1, 陈智雄1, 黄晓瑞1, 郑卓灵1, 高筱婷3, 熊思梦4, 成湘1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江师范大学地理与环境科学学院,浙江 金华 321004
  • 2.全省流域环境数智监测与修复重点实验室,浙江 金华 321004
  • 3.浙江师范大学物理与电子信息工程学院,浙江 金华 321004
  • 4.江西科技师范大学化学化工学院,江西 南昌 330013
  • 张飞(1980-),男,陕西宝鸡人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境污染遥感研究.发表论文160余篇. ;.

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
A review of plastic pollution in marine and inland waters from 2008 to 2023
Fei ZHANG1, 2, * , Si-chen XIONG1, Zhi-xiong CHEN1, Xiao-rui HUANG1, Zhuo-ling ZHENG1, Xiao-ting GAO3, Si-meng XIONG4, Xiang CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Monitoring and Restoration of Watershed Environment, Jinhua 321004, China
  • 3.College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
  • 4.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文在Web of Science和CNKI数据库的基础上回顾了2008~2023年全球海洋和内陆水域塑料污染的研究进展和新兴热点.共选择了13872篇文章,其中大多数研究围绕塑料污染的分析方法和监测手段.结果发现,塑料垃圾的持续排放及其难降解性是导致海洋及内陆水体污染的直接原因.全球对水体塑料污染的研究日益重视,反映在2020年以来文献发表数量急速增加.目前主流的塑料污染分析方法是显微镜观察、红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱化学分析法等.然而,实地采样受限较大,且存在拖网网孔大小不一等问题,因此提出无人机及智能遥感技术在塑料污染监测中的应用前景,论述了将卫星遥感、航空遥感和地面遥感三者结合,形成了多尺度、全方位的监测体系,为未来的塑料污染研究与治理提供科学参考和合理建议.

塑料污染  /  海洋  /  内陆水  /  分析方法  /  监测手段

This paper aims to review the global research progress and emerging hotspots related to plastic pollution in marine and inland water from 2008 to 2023, based on data from the Web of Science and CNKI databases. A total of 13872 articles were selected and analyzed, with the majority of studies conducted in analytical methods and monitoring techniques. The findings emphasize that discharge and non-degradable nature of plastic waste are the main drivers of pollution in these aquatic environments. Increasing global attention has been directed toward this issue, as reflected in the growing number of publications since 2020. At present, mainstream analytical methods for studying plastic pollution include microscopic observation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. However, field sampling efforts remain limited, with challenges such as varying mesh sizes used in trawl nets affecting data consistency. To address these limitations, future research should utilize unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and advanced remote sensing technologies for monitoring plastic pollution. It should also explore the potential integration of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing into a multi-scale, comprehensive monitoring system, providing scientific insights and practical recommendations for advancing plastic pollution research and management.

plastic pollution  /  ocean  /  inland waters  /  analytical methods  /  methods of monitoring
张飞, 熊思晨, 陈智雄, 黄晓瑞, 郑卓灵, 高筱婷, 熊思梦, 成湘. 2008~2023年海洋和内陆水塑料污染研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3209 -3224 .
Fei ZHANG, Si-chen XIONG, Zhi-xiong CHEN, Xiao-rui HUANG, Zhuo-ling ZHENG, Xiao-ting GAO, Si-meng XIONG, Xiang CHENG. A review of plastic pollution in marine and inland waters from 2008 to 2023[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3209 -3224 .
当前,全球每年产生废物塑料约3.5×106t,约占所有固体废物的10.1%[1],预计到2040年将达到2.5×1010t[2].数量庞大的海洋塑料垃圾严重破坏了海洋生态系统,给海洋生物多样性、船舶航行安全以及海洋产业的发展带来严重威胁[3].塑料污染对生态系统和人类健康造成的潜在风险,成为全球性重要议题[4].全球面临的水污染形势及其影响变得日益复杂[5].塑料污染问题日益突出,对生物和人类健康的危害也造成了无法预测的威胁[6].
微塑料,通常定义为小于5mm的塑料颗粒,是新污染物之一,广泛存在于水环境中[7].海洋和内陆水与人类生活息息相关,是塑料向海洋中迁移的重要介质[8].由于海洋水体巨大,塑料垃圾可以在其中长时间留存和积累,难以降解[9].从表层海水到水柱底部,从海滩到大陆架再到深海沉积物,以及不同营养级的海洋生物中,都发现了塑料的痕迹[10].在河流中检测到塑料的平均浓度,是海洋中检测到的最大浓度的40~50倍[11].与海洋和河流相比,湖泊作为内陆淡水资源汇集的重要水体,水域较为封闭,水体交换更新周期长,对塑料来说扩散性较低,更容易发生塑料积累[12].此外,海滩上塑料的丰度和分布受到波浪、潮汐、海岸线形状、游客数量、海洋漂浮物清理等因素的影响[13].
长期以来国内外通过实地采样调查监测塑料垃圾,但该方法存在效率低、监测范围有限与可比性差等缺陷[14].研究表明,塑料在水体介质中广泛分布,对水环境生态存在潜在的风险,其难降解、吸附污染物等特点[15],已成为水环境治理和生态评估研究关注的重点,在未来开发客观、高效和可重复利用的监测方法变得十分重要.因此,本文系统回顾了2008~2023年期间塑料污染领域的研究进展,梳理了当前水体塑料污染的研究现状,探讨了塑料污染监测技术的创新路径.
为了探究全世界对海洋和内陆水中塑料污染研究的方式及进程,更好预测塑料污染发展趋势,本文利用可视化软件VOSviewer,对Web of Science和CNKI数据库内2008~2023年的研究论文进行汇总研究.利用关键词塑料、海洋、河流、湖泊,在Web of Science和CNKI两个数据库内进行搜索,得到2008~2023年共计13872篇文献,用VOSviewer对得到的数据进行分析讨论(图1).
对CNKI检索到的2619篇文献和Web Of Science (WOS)核心集检索到的11253篇文献进行统计分析,如图2所示.
由图可以明显看出,对海洋和内陆水中塑料的研究发文量整体呈现上升趋势,其研究大概经历了3个时期:①2015年以前,为海洋和内陆水环境塑料研究的探索阶段.2008~2014年中文相关文献为285篇,英文相关文献为1415篇,发表相关文献相对较少,说明关注度不够;②2015~2020年,为海洋和内陆水环境塑料研究的积累阶段.2015~2020年中文相关文献为1235篇,英文相关文献为4403篇,该阶段相关文献平稳增加;③2021~2023年,中文相关文献为1099篇,英文相关文献为5435篇,为海洋和内陆水环境塑料研究的爆发阶段.因此,未来几年内,对水环境中塑料潜在风险的研究仍旧会是学者关注的重点.
通过精炼作者的地址信息,分析了各国的发文贡献,利用VOSviewer对论文来源国家进行分析,得出国际合作关系如图3所示.节点越大,表示该国发文量越多.连线粗细与合作紧密程度成正比,连线越粗代表合作越紧密.通过文章现状统计图可知,截止2023年,中国对于水环境中塑料污染的研究发表文章数最多,达3996篇,其次分别为美国、英国,分别发表相关文章2726篇、1199篇.再结合网络可视化图进行分析,可以看出中国与澳大利亚、中国与英国的合作发文最紧密,其次是中国与加拿大.由此可以看出,全球范围内对塑料污染问题的关注和重视,尤其是中国在有关水环境塑料污染研究领域最为关注.
关键词是文章的核心,也是对文章的高度凝练和总结,通过文章中关键词的出现频率分析,可深入了解目前水环境塑料研究的主要发展趋势.通过Vosviewer软件分析2008~2023年该领域文献,得出关键词共现图如图4,节点越大,表示被关注度越大.连线粗细与相关性程度成正比,连线越粗代表联系越紧密.由图分析可知,各国对水环境的塑料研究逐渐重视,“塑料”“水”“海洋”等关键词表现为较大节点.
图4(a)中的关键词“plastic debris”(塑料碎片)节点较大,可见其对海洋水环境及内陆水环境污染均产生显著的影响.海洋水环境中的塑料碎片一方面影响着海洋生物的生理状态,当海洋生物摄食塑料碎片后会对其消化系统、呼吸系统等造成损伤,另一方面如果附着污染物的塑料碎片被海洋生物摄食并在其体内富集,通过食物链传播会对整个海洋生态系统造成危害[16];对于内陆水环境塑料污染,塑料碎片随着河流流经全世界各地,由于其具有较大的比表面积使得它能够吸附环境中的污染物,如果这些吸附了污染物的塑料碎片被用于废料制作或工业生产中,会进一步加剧水源污染[17].
自20世纪50年代以来,塑料产品凭借其轻便性、耐用性以及亲民的价格优势,迅速渗透并深刻影响了人们的日常生活.然而大多数塑料不具备降解能力,加之社会上尚未建立起一套健全高效的回收再利用体系,这直接导致了塑料垃圾在生产和生活的各个层面,无论是日常生活消费、工业生产还是农业生产中都大量涌现.这些塑料废弃物,往往经由随意丢弃、草率掩埋或焚烧处理等不当方式,悄无声息地侵入自然生态系统,给生态环境带来了难以估量的严重损害[18].在20世纪80年代末90年代初,国际社会对塑料的关注主要体现在两个方面:一方面是对海洋垃圾和海洋污染问题的持续关注,另一方面就是将塑料废物本身作为废物流,融入国际废物管理的日程中[19].
综上所述,可知塑料在不同环境都有存在,表现出全球海洋和内陆水中塑料污染日益严重,不少文献研究了塑料的来源与去向,说明了全球对海洋和内陆水中塑料污染的密切关注.海洋、河流、湖泊这3类水环境中的塑料污染已经通过附着、运输、沉积等方式对人类生活以及环境中的生物圈产生了较大的影响,危害了生态系统和生物多样性,有些塑料甚至伴随有毒性,塑料污染成为研究的重中之重.中美德英印五国在政策、塑料使用问题等的引导下,也对水环境塑料污染研究的重视程度日益增加,为更好了解水环境塑料污染,五国间紧密合作.这些关键词共现清晰展现了水环境塑料研究领域的核心议题和发展趋势.
海洋塑料研究覆盖全球各海域,主要采用的研究方法包括实地采样和遥感监测.实地采样涉及直接从海洋中收集塑料样本,而遥感监测则利用卫星和航空影像来识别和量化塑料污染.
2008~2023年全球约85%的海洋塑料研究都是通过实地采样,结合显微镜观察、红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱化学分析、酶解法、微生物降解法等分析方法完成[20].从列举的多篇文献中可以看出,全球范围内对海洋中的塑料的研究已经广泛展开,覆盖了中国近海[21]及世界其他海域,包括南极[22]、北极[23]偏远区域.研究不仅关注塑料的丰度[24]、分布特征[25]及类型,还深入到生态风险评估[26]、聚合物种类鉴定以及季节性变化[27]等多个维度.充分体现了科学家们对于海洋塑料污染问题的深度担忧,也体现了这一领域研究的全球化和综合性.文献综述清晰地勾勒出了海洋塑料污染的研究焦点正从局部沿海区域扩展至全球海域,甚至触及深海与极地环境这一研究趋势,也表明了塑料污染已经成为一个跨越国界、亟需全球合作应对的环境挑战.
21世纪以来,遥感技术不断发展,卫星传感器的空间分辨率、光谱分辨率和时间分辨率不断提高[28].2015年左右,遥感开始运用在研究中,将卫星遥感、航空遥感和地面遥感相结合,形成多尺度、全方位的监测体系,航空遥感借助无人机等飞行平台,针对卫星遥感识别出的重点关注区域或异常地段,进行高分辨率、精细化成像.地面遥感则在关键地段布置传感器网络,实时获取具体数据,与高空遥感数据相互印证.同时借助人工智能算法对海量多源遥感数据进行深度分析,结合地面实地采集的样本数据作为佐证,全方位交叉验证,降低人工成本,提高了研究的准确性和效率.Madeline等[29]和Hong等[14]的研究通过星载雷达和多元回归模型等手段提高了监测效率与准确性,展示了遥感技术在监测海洋塑料污染方面的创新与进步.而Ma等[30]强调了尽管遥感技术在该领域正处于发展初期,但它已成为实地采样的有效补充,潜力巨大.这些研究证明了遥感技术在解决全球环境问题上有重要作用,尤其像海洋塑料这样分布广泛且难以直接观测的污染问题.遥感技术在海洋塑料研究中不断发展,虽然还未取代实地采样,但逐渐成为更好、更便捷准确的研究方法.
对上述海洋中塑料污染的研究从研究内容、研究区域和数据源等方面进行总结(表1).通过在地图上标出上述研究的研究区域可以更详细地展示出海洋中塑料污染的研究分布如图5所示.通过对2008~2023年文献的分析,不难发现海洋塑料污染正从沿海向各大洋甚至极地深海蔓延扩散,并进一步影响到海洋生物的生存.保护海洋需要更清晰、快速、精确、实时观测到塑料污染的范围、程度,但目前海洋塑料污染研究手段主要为实地采样,不能实时、直观地观测全球海洋塑料污染变化,具有较强滞后性,效率较为低下.今后海洋塑料研究可以采用三位一体方法,例如AI+遥感大数据+实地三位一体结合,通过训练深度学习模型,结合AI算法,利用卫星遥感、航空遥感等多种遥感手段,获取大范围、高分辨率的海洋表面图像数据,选择合适的深度学习模型[31],如卷积神经网络(CNN)[32]、循环神经网络(RNN)[33]及其变体,对海洋塑料的位置进行精确定位,并在时间序列上追踪其移动轨迹和分布变化,分析其来源和扩散路径,以提高研究效率和准确性.
本文综述发现,海洋塑料污染研究中约86.2%依赖于实地采样,而13.8%采用了卫星遥感技术.实地采样作为主流方法,能够提供直接的塑料样本,而卫星遥感则在大范围监测中展现出其独特的优势.实地采样依旧是目前研究海洋塑料污染的主流方法,实地获取样本,然后通过傅里叶变换红外光谱法对塑料的类型进行分析.综述也发现研究范围遍及全球,反映了塑料在不同海域丰度、组成和分布.在大范围的海域研究会利用卫星遥感来辅助,利用卫星遥感数据同算力算法相结合得到多尺度上的海域塑料污染情况.小范围海域研究大部分通过实地采样的方法,将海面划分为多个区域进行采样,或者在海域不同深度的地方进行采样.
总之,海洋塑料污染较严重的地区位于北太平洋,如在加利福尼亚和夏威夷之间的亚热带水域形成的一个主要海洋塑料积累区“大太平洋垃圾带”,其位于北太平洋副热带高压系统,包括东西两个部分,横跨美国西岸至日本间的广阔海域,藏匿着数百万吨的废弃塑料.垃圾带所在海域的海水都充斥着有毒的化学物和细小的塑料碎片,被鱼类吞下的有毒物质将进入人类的食物链中,危害到人们的健康[8].它的形成主要受到复杂的自然因素和人类活动的交织影响.首先,全球消费主义文化的盛行导致对一次性塑料产品的巨大需求,这些产品在使用后常被随意丢弃,成为海洋污染的主要来源.其次,亚太地区的制造业中心,尤其是中国和印度尼西亚,大量塑料生产和消费活动产生的工业废水和生活垃圾特别是塑料垃圾,由于缺乏有效的废弃物管理系统,无法妥善处理,导致大量未经处理的废弃物被倾倒入海洋,加剧了海洋污染.此外,人口的增长和城市化进程的加速,尤其是在亚洲沿海城市,产生了大量的塑料垃圾,其中包括大量的一次性塑料制品,如外卖和快递包装.这些塑料制品在使用后迅速成为海洋污染的新源头.最后,海洋环流系统和季风系统的自然作用,将塑料垃圾从陆地水域运输到大海中央,形成所谓的“垃圾带”,这些垃圾一旦进入广阔的海洋,自然降解速度极其缓慢,造成了持续不断的污染.而南极作为环境极端、人迹罕至且受到严格国际管理约束的地方,却仍难逃全球性的塑料污染侵扰.这是受到洋流、船舶活动、南极地理特征等因素的多方面影响.随着科研和旅游船只的增多,船上产生的垃圾如果没有妥善处理,易成为海洋中的污染物.尽管有严格的排放标准,但偶尔的泄漏或不当处置仍可能发生,成为滞留海洋的垃圾.
相对于海洋环境塑料的研究深度与广度而言,湖泊中的塑料污染研究还处于起步阶段,研究较少,根据目前发表的文章数可知,2008~2020年有关湖泊水体的文章发表数为44篇、2021~2023年为59篇,区域主要集中在北美五大湖地区19篇,中国长江地区27篇.主要研究对象为:湖泊水体、沉积物和流入源.
在湖泊水体塑料污染研究中,大部分学者的研究揭示了湖泊淡水环境塑料污染来源广泛、对生态系统危害严重、治理难度大的特征[48],强调了地理环境的独特性对塑料的分布[49]与成分的影响.如河流环境中,水流速度、河床形态和沉积物性质等因素影响到塑料碎片的迁移和沉积[50];海洋环境中,海流、风向、地形地貌和生物活动等因素影响着塑料的分布和迁移[51].小部分学者通过多技术结合的方法,深入探究了高盐湖环境中的塑料颗粒动态[52],这表明对特殊水体环境的研究也是理解全球塑料污染的关键一环.这些研究不仅分析了不同区域不同类型的湖泊水体塑料丰度、分布和组成,增进了对塑料在不同生态系统中行为的理解,还为制定针对性的环境保护策略和流入源的判断提供了科学依据.
在沉积物研究中,学者从不同角度探讨了塑料及其相关化合物在环境中的分布与影响.Liao等[53]利用HPLC-MS/MS技术分析了沉积物中的双酚类似物,这些物质与塑料制品密切相关,揭示了污染物在工业化地区的累积情况.这些研究成果不仅加深了对塑料环境污染程度的认识,探究了沉积物保存塑料的能力以及塑料的附着能力,也为追踪污染源、理解污染过程及评估环境风险提供了科学依据.
在流入源研究中,塑料的运移和转化过程和对陆地生态系统以及人类的影响尚不明晰[54],亟待解决一些关键的问题.包括在不同水文条件下塑料颗粒迁移路径与模式、评估塑料垃圾如何通过水体进入人类饮用水、厘清塑料污染源头.对于解决这些问题可以加大对塑料在湖泊中运移和转化机制的研究力度,利用现代科技手段,比如智能遥感和水质指纹溯源等,深入探索塑料在湖泊中的迁移和转化.同时,建立湖泊生态系统塑料污染风险评估体系,对湖泊中塑料的污染程度、生态风险和人类健康风险进行全面评估,为制定有效的防控策略提供科学依据[55].准确、灵敏、低成本、统一的检测方法和高通量样品处理是更好地开展大范围、长期及全球视角监测的关键[56].
对上述湖泊中塑料污染的研究从研究内容、研究区域和数据源等方面进行总结(表2).国内主要集中在长江、黄河流域;国外则集中在美国、北欧、东亚等发达国家.大部分研究通过实地采样分析塑料在沉积物中的分布及保存潜力,对流入源携带污染及污染通过河流转移的研究较少,且研究手段较为传统.未来,对于流入源和水体携带塑料污染研究应增多,研究方法也可集成使用AI和遥感大数据等[57].
在2013~2023年期间,文章发表数达99篇,关于全球湖泊水域塑料污染的问题,展开了多项深入研究,涉及北美五大湖、中国内陆的多个湖、维多利亚湖、蒙古霍夫斯戈尔湖,以及印度哥印拜陀库马拉斯瓦米湖等水域.湖泊的面积相对较小,学者们能够在更多的点位上进行样本采集,得到准确的数据,通过采用系统抽样方法,确保了样本的广泛性和代表性.同时,为了获取更加全面和详尽的数据,研究者们尽可能地增加了样本的采集数量,以期在后续的分析中能够揭示出更多关于湖泊塑料污染的信息.根据研究发现湖泊中塑料的种类繁多,且越靠近人口稠密的湖泊污染程度越高.对于采集到的样本采用多种先进的分析技术如牛津INCA能量色散X射线光谱系统(EDS)[64]、拉曼光谱法[65]和NOAA波浪暴露模型(WEMo v4.0)[66]等,调查塑料的丰度、分布、类型及可能的环境影响. EDS是一种基于X射线能谱分析的微观分析技术,可用于分析材料的元素组成.在塑料污染分析中,EDS主要用于确定塑料样品中的元素种类和含量.通过电子束轰击样品表面,激发样品中原子发射出特征X射线,EDS探测器接收这些特征X射线并转化为能量谱,进而分析塑料样品中的元素信息.EDS具有灵敏度高、分析速度快、可分析多种类样品、不改变样品的结构与成分等优势.拉曼光谱法是一种基于分子振动的光谱分析技术,通过激光照射样品,测量样品散射光的频率和强度,从而得到样品的拉曼光谱图.不同的分子结构和化学键在拉曼光谱下会呈现出不同的特征峰,这些特征峰可以用来区分不同的化合物和材料,它具有无损检测、快速准确、不影响样品外观、无需样品制备等特点.NOAA波浪暴露模型(WEMo v4.0)虽然主要用于海洋和海岸工程领域,以模拟和预测波浪对海岸线的侵蚀、沉积和海岸线变化等过程,但它在塑料污染分析中也具有一定的潜在应用价值.它具有模拟准确性高、适用范围广、可视化效果好等特点.由于湖泊是相对封闭的水体,与流速较快的河流不同,湖泊更像是一个内陆水体中的“海洋”,一旦塑料垃圾进入湖泊就难以在短时间内被排出.同时,湖泊的水动力特征、生物膜以及水生生物的摄食行为等,都会影响微塑料颗粒从水表层向沉积物表层的垂向迁移.
对于平原及内陆地区的湖泊,比如长江中游地区,由于人类活动频繁使得工业、农业以及人类日常生活产生的塑料垃圾源源不断地以各种途径、各种形式进入湖泊.比如长江水系的太湖区域,农业土地中残留的塑料地膜与化学肥料在雨水冲刷下汇入湖中;周边工业基地的纺织、化工产业排放含有微塑料的废水;城市快速发展衍生的生活垃圾,尤其是难以分解的塑料包装,不经妥善处理便通过雨水系统流入太湖;此外,频繁的渔业活动与游客遗留的废弃物进一步加重了湖泊负担.2020年的研究指出,太湖表层水中检测到的微塑料含量达到了148~1822个/m3微塑料颗粒,污染严重[67].此外,一些地区的垃圾填埋场可能由于技术和管理上的不足,导致塑料垃圾在填埋过程中渗入土壤和地下水,进而污染湖泊.对于高山湖泊,由于近几年来旅游业的发展,不少游客及登山探险者在途中会产生大量塑料垃圾,如果这些塑料垃圾没有被妥善处理就很可能成为湖泊的污染源.对于滨海湖,比如哥印拜陀库马拉斯瓦米湖,受渔业和航海活动的影响,渔民在捕鱼过程中可能会使用塑料渔网、浮标等塑料制品,这些物品在损坏或丢弃后就会成为湖泊中的塑料垃圾.同时,航海活动产生的塑料垃圾,如船舶生活垃圾、塑料包装材料等,也可能对滨海湖造成污染.滨海湖往往也会吸引大量游客前来参观,如果游客缺乏环保意识,随意丢弃这些垃圾,就会导致滨海湖湖泊的塑料污染问题加剧.
因此湖泊塑料垃圾污染的原因复杂多样,陆地及周边区域产生的大量塑料垃圾通过不同途径进入湖泊,长期积累将对湖泊生态系统构成严重威胁.
文献统计可知,2008~2020年,研究河流塑料污染的文章仅有80篇,2021~2023年,仅3a间就有119篇文章发表,相比海洋,河流中塑料研究起步较晚.研究区域主要集中在东南亚的长江、黄河、珠江、湄公河、印度河等对生态系统产生重大影响的河流流域.研究内容以水体中的塑料、沉积物和河流生物中的塑料、以及塑料在河流系统中的去向和迁移研究为主.
对河流水体、沉积物中的塑料研究,大部分通过实地采样的方式获取样品,而后采用KOH和H2O2来消解过滤样品,利用目视提取、浮选等方法提取塑料颗粒,再选用体视显微镜搭配拉曼光谱仪或者傅里叶变换红外显微光谱仪(µFTIR),对样品中的聚合物进行识别和定性分析,从而获取河流水体、沉积物中塑料的类型[50]、空间分布[68]、组成特征[69]等.周刚等[70]在以淀山湖和太浦河为研究对象时,就是通过H2O2消解过滤-体视镜拣选考察了淡水环境中MPs的丰度、粒径、颜色和形态,然后应用傅里叶变换红外显微光谱仪(µFTIR)对聚合物进行定性分析,探明了流域塑料的污染负荷、空间分布、组成特征和生态风险.
对河流生物中的塑料研究,研究对象主要为河流中的鱼类[71].通过解剖河流中不同种类的鱼,获取其胃肠道,然后对获取的胃肠道进行消解过滤,接着对其中的塑料颗粒进行提取、识别和分析,从而了解生物中的塑料丰度来补充对河流中塑料的研究.以北京市北运河水体中塑料的研究为例,何文宣等[72]基于汛期和非汛期北运河表层水、沉积物和鱼类样品,分析统计了不同种类塑料的时空分布特征,讨论了不同种类塑料的组成特征差异,揭示了北运河塑料的主要来源.针对上述三个研究内容,表3总结了部分河流中塑料污染的研究内容,研究区域和数据源.
对塑料在河流系统中的去向和迁移研究方面,Rakesh等[73]揭示了塑料在河流系统中迁移运动的基本规律——高密度塑料可能会在河床附近盛行,而低密度颗粒则漂浮在河面上.塑料运输是由于重力驱动(垂直运输)或沉降(水平运输)在河流生态系统中发生的,并且在运输过程中会受到各种自然现象的影响,例如悬浮、沉积、分离、再悬浮和易位[74].在掌握了这些基本规律之后,研究者们将规律同计算机的算力算法相结合,对塑料的去向和运输进行建模计算.He等[75]建立了三维流体动力学和颗粒输运建模框架,研究了环境中常见的塑料颗粒,即聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚酰胺(PA)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)在河流沉积物中的扩散和传输过程.Geng等[76]开发了一种使用OpenFOAM的数值建模方案来研究塑料在河流系统中的去向和运输.通过建立模型更清晰、直观地了解到塑料在河流中的迁移运输过程,并对塑料的去向有更好地把握.
通过分析2008~2023年之间的文献,发现关于河流中塑料污染的研究及文献发表较少.对比分析发现,对于河流中塑料污染的研究主要通过实地采样的方式获取研究样本,大部分通过分析河流表层水、沉积物和鱼类样品来判断不同种类塑料的时空分布特征.针对目前的研究方式,未来可以使用无人机等方式对河流进行监测,提高监测效率,提升监测准确性,降低时间成本,从而推动河流塑料污染研究的进程.
表3中研究的河流主要集中在东南亚及欧洲发达国家,研究手段在实地采样的基础上,配合使用了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析、湿式过氧化物氧化分离法、目视提取、拉曼光谱法等多种科学技术,用以详细分析塑料的类型、分布及潜在来源.
河流一般位于人口密度高的地区且受自然与地理因素影响,易集聚大量塑料垃圾.对两条典型的面临严重塑料污染的河流,喜马拉雅河和湄公河进行分析.印度喜马拉雅河流域面临着严峻的塑料污染问题,其成因复杂多样.首要因素在于印度具有庞大的人口基数,导致日常生活中产生的塑料垃圾数量惊人,这些垃圾往往被随意焚烧或丢弃于临时场所.此外,因印度垃圾收集与处理系统欠完善,使得塑料废弃物在风雨侵蚀及人为倾倒等多重因素作用下,最终汇入了喜马拉雅河.另一方面,印度教在该国拥有深远的影响力,宗教活动中信徒们常将塑料制成的祭祀用品直接抛入河中,以示虔诚.然而,这些塑料制品却成为了喜马拉雅河中不容忽视的污染源,对河流生态造成了极大的威胁.
海洋汇集了来自四面八方的水资源,以及水资源所携带的塑料,是污染最严重的区域.河流中携带塑料汇入海洋,并且在海水中不断累积;塑料通过生物链的富集作用,在海洋生物体内富集进入到海洋内;人类活动在海岸边残留的塑料产品,在洋流的作用下被带入到海水深层或在海洋表面上漂流.除了海洋外,湖泊同样也受到了严重的塑料污染,湖泊的封闭性更容易导致塑料在湖泊内沉积.相对海洋、湖泊而言,河流处于动态的流动中,即使塑料进入河流中,绝大部分塑料不会立即沉积至河底,河流会凭借着自身的流动性,将部分塑料带出河流,减轻了河流受塑料污染程度.并且河流有时会受到人类活动的正向调节,例如人类对河流污染的治理力度较大,可以改善河流的环境.综上所述,海洋和湖泊受塑料污染较为严重,而河流相对较轻,但仍需关注.同时也可以从海洋、河流和湖泊的主要污染原因出发,对海洋、河流和湖泊进行动态跟踪监测塑料污染情况,更深程度地进行塑料污染的研究.
通过上述文献梳理,发现海洋和内陆水中塑料研究的方法,以及塑料垃圾在海洋和内陆水中的类型、分布,这些资料提供了丰富的理论基础和实践案例,但仍存在一些未充分探讨或存在争议的领域,如塑料污染的来源及监测挑战、如何更智能高效地进行垃圾监测等.
目前的研究旨在调查南大洋最偏远地区的海洋表面和海底塑料碎片的分布频率[84].塑料通过直接和间接途径被海洋生物摄入,进而广泛散布于整个海洋生态系统中[85].目前在人类胎盘、肺部样本、血液甚至血栓中都检测出了塑料成分,这些被摄入的塑料成分会对人类健康造成不可忽视的隐患[86].世界海洋的调查结果表明,塑料在全球的海洋、河流以及湖泊环境中都有广泛分布.从表层海水到水柱底部,从海滩到大陆架再到深海沉积物,以及不同营养级的海洋生物体内,都发现了塑料的痕迹[10].此外,海滩上塑料的丰度和分布受到波浪、潮汐、海岸线形状、游客数量、海洋漂浮物清理等因素的影响[13].塑料污染源自人类生产和生活的各个方面,比如沐浴露等个人护理产品的使用、含有纺织微纤维的废水排放、农用塑料薄膜的破裂、轮胎和道路标记的磨损和陆地上塑料垃圾的分解,以及海洋中的运输和水产养殖过程中产生的废弃物等,都会产生不同程度的塑料污染[87].
塑料污染监测的最大挑战在于方法学的不统一,全球范围内尚未形成统一的塑料污染监测标准和规范,这使得监测结果难以进行横向和纵向的比较,从而影响了监测数据的准确性和可靠性.对于塑料污染监测的方法学比如:移动近红外光谱仪[88]、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱法[89]、拉曼光谱[90]等,此外采样方式也存在着明显差异:3D模型模拟法[88]、蝠鲼拖网[91]等.方法学的不统一可能导致监测数据的不准确和不可靠,进而使得决策制定者难以根据监测结果做出科学的决策.因此,为了克服这一挑战,需要国际社会共同努力,制定统一的监测标准和规范,推广先进的监测技术和设备,加强数据处理和分析方法的统一以及加强国际合作与交流.
长期以来国内外主要通过实地采样的方式调查监测塑料垃圾,但该方法存在效率低、监测范围有限与可比性差等缺陷.同样,对于海洋、湖泊、河流塑料污染的监测,主要是通过实地采样的方式获取样本.在海洋塑料污染的研究方面,创造性地采用了遥感监测、箱式取芯器收集沉积物样本等方式,在遥感技术方面,研究主要展示了如何利用Sentinel-2卫星数据有效区分海洋中的塑料碎片与其他物质.海洋和湖泊监测更侧重于大面积区域的覆盖,而河流监测则更注重对特定区域的详细监测.海洋塑料垃圾监测的难度相对较高,因为海洋面积广阔,垃圾分布广泛且不均匀,同时受到海浪、潮汐等自然因素的影响较大.此外,深海区域的监测技术难度也较大.同时,海洋环境条件复杂多变,包括海浪、潮汐、风力、水温等多种因素.这些因素都对监测设备的稳定性和可靠性提出了较高要求[92].同时,海洋垃圾种类繁多,数量庞大,进一步增加了监测的难度.相比之下,湖泊塑料垃圾监测相对较易,湖泊面积较小,水深较浅,便于操作和监测,并且湖泊环境条件相对稳定,但也可能受到季节、降雨等因素的影响.河流塑料垃圾监测的难易度因河流大小和流速而异.对于大型河流或流速较快的河流,监测难度相对较大;而对于小型河流或流速较慢的河流,则相对较易[93].河流垃圾的种类和数量因流经地区而异.河流监测需要特别关注河流生态系统的健康状况以及垃圾对水质和生态环境的影响.由此可见,海洋、湖泊、河流的塑料垃圾监测方式在监测方法、难易度和监测环境条件等方面存在差异.各区域应根据自身特点选择合适的监测手段和方法,以提高监测效率和准确性.同时,还需要加强监测数据的分析和应用,为生态环境保护提供有力支持.
遥感技术应用在塑料污染监测领域,在塑料污染监测工作中发挥着重要作用[94].为减少污染物排放,保护生态环境,对现有塑料垃圾实施持续的监测尤为重要.近年来遥感和AI结合的智能遥感监测技术的引入为塑料垃圾监测开辟新途径,这也将成为未来塑料垃圾的监测热点.
智能遥感利用遥感技术,可以快速获取河道、湖泊等大面积水域的环境信息.通过无人机、卫星等遥感平台,可以实现对目标区域的全面覆盖,及时捕捉水体中的塑料污染情况[95].利用无人机搭载高清摄像头进行大范围监测,结合自动化清理设备,如机械臂、自动清理船等,实现对水面及近岸塑料垃圾的高效收集和处理.这些技术能够显著提高清理效率,减少人力成本,并降低对清理人员的健康风险.这些智能化装备的应用将推动海洋塑料垃圾监测向现代化、智能化方向发展.与此同时可利用污染预警与应急响应,通过智能分析系统,对监测数据进行快速处理和分析,及时发现海洋污染事件,并启动应急响应机制,减少污染对海洋生态的影响.对于湖泊与河流,可在其关键位置设置智能水质监测站,实时监测水质变化,为水环境治理提供数据支持,高效、低成本的污水处理技术的研发与应用,显著提高了污水处理效率和水质标准[96].利用物联网与大数据技术结合,在关键水域布设传感器网络,实时监测水质和塑料垃圾分布情况,再对收集到的数据进行深度分析,为治理决策提供科学依据.
此外,智能遥感可以在空中跟踪和监测水面上的塑料垃圾,通过多光谱传感器甚至可以区分不同类型的塑料.通过与AI技术的结合,智能遥感能够实现对疑似污染源的精准定位.利用深度学习算法,AI可以识别出水体中的塑料垃圾、微塑料等污染物,并自动标记其位置.同时,智能遥感系统能够实时监测水体中的塑料污染情况,并根据预设的阈值发出预警.当污染物的浓度或数量超过设定值时,系统会自动报警,提醒相关部门及时采取措施进行治理.这种实时监测与预警机制有助于及时发现并处理潜在的塑料污染问题,防止其进一步扩散和恶化[97].智能遥感为塑料垃圾监测提供了一种新的解决方案,它能够有效克服传统监测方法的局限性,大大提高监测效率和准确性.此外,无人机可以在空中跟踪和监测水面上的塑料垃圾,通过多光谱传感器甚至可以区分不同类型的塑料.同时,无人机还可以配合卫星遥感和海洋浮标等技术,构建多层次的监测网络.无人机遥感技术为塑料垃圾监测提供了一种新的解决方案,它能够有效克服传统监测方法的局限性,提高监测工作的效率和准确性.此外,还可以通过引入先进检测设备,例如:显微红外光谱、激光红外光谱、热裂解-气质联用仪、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜等用于塑料的检测,提高检测效率.通过借助物联网技术,传感器网络实时监测水体、土壤等环境中的塑料污染情况,及时发现污染源.例如,无锡太湖充分利用物联网等新一代信息技术,对太湖水环境质量进行监测.感知节点的传感器装有360度摄像头、多个精密探头和集成光学感知芯片,可以立体呈现水体情况,结合陆地电子屏幕控制及环境卫星遥感,形成水域"三位一体"监测体系.这有助于及时发现水质异常,采取措施防止塑料污染等环境问题对饮用水系统的影响[74].利用大数据和人工智能技术,对收集到的环境数据进行深度挖掘和分析,预测塑料污染的变化趋势,为制定科学的治理策略提供依据.
在此基础上,还可以应用智能化管理用于塑料垃圾检测,结合机器学习算法和智能算法对塑料污染进行智能监测管理.智能化管理系统的工作原理主要基于大数据处理、机器学习算法和智能算法的综合应用.系统首先通过传感器网络、无人机巡检等手段,实时收集湖泊、海洋等水域的塑料污染监测数据.系统将这些原始数据输入到机器学习算法中.机器学习算法通过训练模型,能够自动识别数据中的模式、规律和异常值,从而实现对塑料污染情况的初步分析.智能算法进一步对机器学习算法的输出结果进行深度分析和优化.智能算法能够模拟人类的决策过程,综合考虑多种因素,自动生成针对性的治理建议.对于机器的学习算法和智能算法可用于:收集到的塑料垃圾数据按照类型进行分类,有助于了解不同种类塑料垃圾的分布和来源、识别塑料垃圾的高发区域和时段,为制定针对性的清理计划提供依据、综合考虑环境承载力、治理成本、社会影响等多个目标,自动生成最优的治理方案等[98].另外还可以应用智能决策系统自动识别潜在的环境风险,提出针对性的治理建议,提高环境保护的精准性和有效性.随着技术的进一步发展和应用,遥感技术及其他新质生产力会为塑料污染的监测和治理发挥更加科学、高效和精准的作用,为推动环境保护事业的可持续发展贡献力量.
在海洋塑料污染研究方面,研究区域覆盖了从浅水至深海、极低至热带的多个全球海域.这些研究包括中国沿海的黄海和东海,还包括全球范围内的海洋,如孟加拉湾、北大西洋、北欧海域、西太平洋深海、罗科尔海槽和南极海域等.涉及的研究方法多样,运用箱式取芯器收集沉积物样本、激光直红外(LDIR)技术、遥感数据与实测数据结合的多元回归模型、蝠鲼拖网等手段,深入测量了塑料的丰度、大小、类型和化学成分,探讨了塑料的时空分布模式和生态风险.未来研究需细化塑料污染对特定生态系统(海洋、淡水、农田、城市绿地)的具体影响,深入探究其对生物多样性和生态系统功能的长期效应.这要求采用更尖端的分子标记技术,如同位素、荧光标记及DNA/RNA示踪,以精确追踪塑料来源,了解其从生产到最终进入环境的完整路径.同时,开发实时监测技术至关重要,包括利用无人机高光谱成像结合AI算法快速识别污染热点,以及研发生物传感器灵敏检测微塑料,实现对污染事件的即时响应.这些综合研究方法和技术手段将为评估塑料污染现状、预测趋势及制定防控策略提供有力支持,有助于更有效地应对塑料污染挑战,保护生态系统健康.
在湖泊塑料污染研究方面,研究对象覆盖了不同地区、不同类型的水体,运用了多种分析技术和方法来调查塑料的丰度、类型、分布及其潜在影响,揭示了水体中塑料的浓度以及人类活动与水环境污染的相关性,并探讨了塑料在不同环境介质中的迁移规律.这些研究共同构建了对全球湖泊塑料污染现状的理解.基于以上对于湖泊塑料污染的研究,未来研究应聚焦于塑料微粒在湖泊生态系统中累积与迁移机制,采用高分辨率质谱技术识别微塑料的添加剂成分,以追溯污染源.同时,开展长期监测项目,评估塑料污染对湖泊生物多样性及水质安全的长期影响,为制定针对性的湖泊保护策略提供科学依据.
在河流塑料污染研究方面,相关研究较少、可参考文献不足,且研究方法主要为实地采样,其中大部分文献通过分析河流表层水、沉积物和鱼类样品,揭示了不同种类塑料的时空分布特征,指出我国不同地区河流中塑料污染的普遍性和复杂性.为深化理解,未来应加强对河流塑料污染来源的追溯,并探索利用无人机技术进行高效监测,以更全面地评估污染状况并提升研究效率.
对于塑料垃圾的治理首先要加强源头控制,禁止生产厚度小于规定标准的超薄塑料购物袋、聚乙烯农用地膜等难以降解的塑料制品.相关部门应加强塑料废弃物回收、利用、处置等环节的环境监管,依法查处违法排污的团体及个人,持续推进废塑料加工利用行业整治.同时不断推动技术创新,研发新型材料,鼓励和支持科研机构和企业研发可降解、易回收的新型塑料材料,替代传统难以降解的塑料制品.优化治理技术,加强海洋和内陆水中塑料污染治理技术的研发和应用,提高治理效率和效果.生态环境质量将持续改善,为人民群众提供更加优美、宜居的生活环境.
  • 浙江师范大学"双龙学者"特聘教授科研启动项目
  • 浙江师范大学第二十六期大学生课外学术科技活动项目
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
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浙江师范大学"双龙学者"特聘教授科研启动项目
浙江师范大学第二十六期大学生课外学术科技活动项目
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    1.浙江师范大学地理与环境科学学院,浙江 金华 321004
    2.全省流域环境数智监测与修复重点实验室,浙江 金华 321004
    3.浙江师范大学物理与电子信息工程学院,浙江 金华 321004
    4.江西科技师范大学化学化工学院,江西 南昌 330013

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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