Article(id=1234106389602300718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730476800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772163491869, onlineDateStr=2026-02-27, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772163491869, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772163491869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163491869, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1234106384963400440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772163490763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163969484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3161, endPage=3170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1234106390357275469, articleId=1234106389602300718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Prediction of effluent water quality and analysis of influencing factors in constructed wetlands based on machine learning, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Based on water quality indicators, climate indicators, and wetland operation parameters, data from previous studies were collected to predict the effluent concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), COD, sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and some heavy metals in constructed wetlands using three machine learning models. The results showed that the Random Forest model slightly outperformed XGBoost and LightGBM in overall performance, demonstrating more stable R2 and RMSE values. In particular, it achieved higher accuracy in predicting NH4+-N and SMX concentrations, with R2 values of 0.93, 0.89, and 0.87, respectively, for NH4+-N. In contrast, the models performed relatively weaker in COD predictions, with R2 values of 0.71, 0.61, and 0.64, respectively. By incorporating the SMOTE data augmentation technique, the prediction performance and accuracy of the models were significantly enhanced, especially for COD, where improvements ranged from 7.04% to 26.23%. This study combines scientific data analysis with machine learning algorithms, providing a feasible approach for practical engineering applications.
, correspAuthors=Lin XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-song CHEN, Jia-wen LIU, Yun-peng ZHAO, Ying-ping ZHOU, Qiu-shi SHEN, Lin XIAO, Xin QIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106395306553469, articleId=1234106389602300718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于机器学习的人工湿地出水水质预测与影响因素, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
基于水质指标、气候指标、湿地运行参数3个方向,收集以往研究文献数据,通过3种机器学习模型预测人工湿地出水氨氮(NH4+-N)、COD、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)以及部分重金属的浓度.结果表明,随机森林(Random Forest)在整体性能上略优于XGBoost和LightGBM,其决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)的表现更为稳定,尤其是在NH4+-N和SMX的预测上取得更高精度(NH4+-N预测的R2分别为0.93、0.89和0.87).相比之下,在COD的预测中,3种模型的表现相对较弱,R2分别为0.71、0.61、0.64.通过引入SMOTE数据扩充技术,模型的预测性能和精度得到了显著的提升,尤其是对COD的预测性能提升幅度达7.04%~26.23%.本研究将数据分析与机器学习算法相结合,可为实际工程应用提供可行方法.
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陈亚松(1982-),男,湖北黄石人,正高级工程师,博士,研究方向为水环境治理技术研究和应用.发表论文247余篇.chen_yasong@ctg.com.cn.
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陈亚松(1982-),男,湖北黄石人,正高级工程师,博士,研究方向为水环境治理技术研究和应用.发表论文247余篇.chen_yasong@ctg.com.cn.
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1.National Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China Three Gorges, Wu Han 430010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106395583377567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, companyId=1234106395566600347, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1.中国长江三峡集团有限公司,长江经济带生态环境国家工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234106397009440945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397022023860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, companyId=1234106397009440945, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397026218165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, companyId=1234106397009440945, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234106403430921000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Model training and prediction process, figureFileSmall=6pI/NIGzlp+VUtnu5T5zsg==, figureFileBig=VAJ52R/xoK5S5e+/b9RtAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106403535778615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
模型训练与预测流程, figureFileSmall=6pI/NIGzlp+VUtnu5T5zsg==, figureFileBig=VAJ52R/xoK5S5e+/b9RtAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106403816797010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Comparison of the distributions between the original and imputed datasets, figureFileSmall=7f/Yb4riM6VNncMIu5TTZA==, figureFileBig=Do4DYxzJlKy5Wu+pXLxVqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106403946820446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
缺失值填补前后数据集的分布对比, figureFileSmall=7f/Yb4riM6VNncMIu5TTZA==, figureFileBig=Do4DYxzJlKy5Wu+pXLxVqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404093621098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Feature correlation Heatmap between input and output datasets, figureFileSmall=4DrOdby2WejUQk9gCsPzgw==, figureFileBig=SnoBhz9fZ3Zy5toaC6cAAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404261393279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
输入和输出数据集之间的特征相关热图, figureFileSmall=4DrOdby2WejUQk9gCsPzgw==, figureFileBig=SnoBhz9fZ3Zy5toaC6cAAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404403999626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Box plot for variables, figureFileSmall=IWJ8yRPBYi75S81SwsDCNw==, figureFileBig=3Fv7EcaEQfSLx9fUYOVtUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404563383192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
变量的箱线图, figureFileSmall=IWJ8yRPBYi75S81SwsDCNw==, figureFileBig=3Fv7EcaEQfSLx9fUYOVtUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406048166825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Prediction of effluent NH4+-N, COD and SMX using Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM, figureFileSmall=QDwLINlxJgthi/l03pmKTQ==, figureFileBig=yLVReCIkhDbMIE8pSwy9nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406199161780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
Random Forest、XGBoost、LightGBM模型对出水NH4+-N, COD以及SMX的预测, figureFileSmall=QDwLINlxJgthi/l03pmKTQ==, figureFileBig=yLVReCIkhDbMIE8pSwy9nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406295630785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Prediction results of COD after data augmentation, figureFileSmall=0Bq3D77xULybz///akZg6g==, figureFileBig=xR0qJp9ct2IJPNVeXYihMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406450820048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
数据扩充后对COD的预测结果, figureFileSmall=0Bq3D77xULybz///akZg6g==, figureFileBig=xR0qJp9ct2IJPNVeXYihMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406618592221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Feature importance of design and operation parameters on the output of the three models for the predictions of NH4+-N, COD and SMX, figureFileSmall=06qKoAgtBAcQ9lpjb+fceA==, figureFileBig=dvNQN7tLhLz3ZTBSgV3rFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406798947307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
各模型预测NH4+-N、COD和SMX的SHAP特征重要性分析, figureFileSmall=06qKoAgtBAcQ9lpjb+fceA==, figureFileBig=dvNQN7tLhLz3ZTBSgV3rFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106406991885303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary statistics of numerical variables
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量类型 | 变量集 | 范围(均值) |
|---|
| 湿地构造参数 | 基质层厚度(cm) | 5~92 (34.886) |
| 湿地运行参数 | 电压(V) | 0~15 (1.036) |
| 水力停留时间(h) | 2~840 (90.556) |
| 气候 | 气温(℃) | 4.2~30 (23.372) |
| 水质 | C/N | 0~128.69 (7.92) |
| pH值 | 2~10.2 (7.312) |
| DO(mg/L) | 0.3~9.8 (3.651) |
| 进水COD(COD-i)(mg/L) | 2.24~2907 (319.582) |
| 进水NH4+-N(NH4+-N-i)(mg/L) | 0~360.4 (33.187) |
| 进水NO3--N(NO3--N-i)(mg/L) | 0.12~49.84 (12.116) |
| 进水SMX(SMX-i)(mg/L) | 0.005~100 (4.166) |
| 进水重金属(mg/L) | 0~20.27 |
| 出水COD(COD-e)(mg/L) | 1.434~980 (92.549) |
| 出水NH4+-N(NH4+-N-e)(mg/L) | 0.01~192.8 (12.967) |
| 出水NO3--N(NO3--N-e)(mg/L) | 0.01~54.44 (8.063) |
| 出水SMX(SMX-e)(mg/L) | 0.00001~23.9 (1.505) |
| 出水重金属(mg/L) | 0~14.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407176433666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
数值型变量的汇总统计信息
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量类型 | 变量集 | 范围(均值) |
|---|
| 湿地构造参数 | 基质层厚度(cm) | 5~92 (34.886) |
| 湿地运行参数 | 电压(V) | 0~15 (1.036) |
| 水力停留时间(h) | 2~840 (90.556) |
| 气候 | 气温(℃) | 4.2~30 (23.372) |
| 水质 | C/N | 0~128.69 (7.92) |
| pH值 | 2~10.2 (7.312) |
| DO(mg/L) | 0.3~9.8 (3.651) |
| 进水COD(COD-i)(mg/L) | 2.24~2907 (319.582) |
| 进水NH4+-N(NH4+-N-i)(mg/L) | 0~360.4 (33.187) |
| 进水NO3--N(NO3--N-i)(mg/L) | 0.12~49.84 (12.116) |
| 进水SMX(SMX-i)(mg/L) | 0.005~100 (4.166) |
| 进水重金属(mg/L) | 0~20.27 |
| 出水COD(COD-e)(mg/L) | 1.434~980 (92.549) |
| 出水NH4+-N(NH4+-N-e)(mg/L) | 0.01~192.8 (12.967) |
| 出水NO3--N(NO3--N-e)(mg/L) | 0.01~54.44 (8.063) |
| 出水SMX(SMX-e)(mg/L) | 0.00001~23.9 (1.505) |
| 出水重金属(mg/L) | 0~14.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407335817231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Hyperparameter optimization of RandomForest, XGBoost, and LightGBM using Grid Search
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 超参数 | 范围 | 描述 |
|---|
| RandomForest | max_depth | [2,30] | 决策树的最大深度 |
| min_samples_leaf | [1,12] | 叶子节点的最小容量 |
| n_estimators | [50,1500] | 决策树的数量 |
| min_samples_split | [2,25] | 分裂节点的最小容量 |
| XGBoost | eta | [0.8,0.9] | 弱分类器,决定XGBoost复杂性的最大深度 |
| max_depth | [1,4] | 树的最大深度 |
| Reg_lambda | [0.75,1] | 正则化参数 |
| min_child_weight | [0,0.1] | 最小叶子节点样本的总重量 |
| n_estimators | [60,90] | 决策树的数量 |
| subsample | [0.9,1] | 每棵树所使用的训练子样本占整个样本的比例,为了防止过拟合 |
| LightGBM | num_leaves | [20,70] | 每个弱学习,器的最大叶子数 |
| learning_rate | [0.01,0.1] | 学习率,也称步长 |
| num_iterations | [100,500] | 增强迭代的次数 |
| min_child_samples | [20,50] | 决策树的数量 |
| subsample | [0.7,1] | 每次树构建迭代使用的行的百分比 |
| colsample_bytree | [0.7,1] | 在构建每颗树时,从全部特征中随机采样的比例 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407482617879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
通过网格搜索的RandomForest、XGBoost、LightGBM超参数优化
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| 模型 | 超参数 | 范围 | 描述 |
|---|
| RandomForest | max_depth | [2,30] | 决策树的最大深度 |
| min_samples_leaf | [1,12] | 叶子节点的最小容量 |
| n_estimators | [50,1500] | 决策树的数量 |
| min_samples_split | [2,25] | 分裂节点的最小容量 |
| XGBoost | eta | [0.8,0.9] | 弱分类器,决定XGBoost复杂性的最大深度 |
| max_depth | [1,4] | 树的最大深度 |
| Reg_lambda | [0.75,1] | 正则化参数 |
| min_child_weight | [0,0.1] | 最小叶子节点样本的总重量 |
| n_estimators | [60,90] | 决策树的数量 |
| subsample | [0.9,1] | 每棵树所使用的训练子样本占整个样本的比例,为了防止过拟合 |
| LightGBM | num_leaves | [20,70] | 每个弱学习,器的最大叶子数 |
| learning_rate | [0.01,0.1] | 学习率,也称步长 |
| num_iterations | [100,500] | 增强迭代的次数 |
| min_child_samples | [20,50] | 决策树的数量 |
| subsample | [0.7,1] | 每次树构建迭代使用的行的百分比 |
| colsample_bytree | [0.7,1] | 在构建每颗树时,从全部特征中随机采样的比例 |
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Sensitivity analysis of NH4+-N-e, COD-e and SMX-e with other variables
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| 参数 | 输入变量变化10% |
|---|
| NH4+-N-e变化百分比(%) | COD-e变化百分比(%) | SMX-e变化百分比(%) |
|---|
| T(℃) | 4.155 | 0.709 | 3.168 |
| 填料层厚度(cm) | 1.543 | 3.58 | 0.887 |
| C/N | 2.734 | 1.689 | 0.283 |
| HRT(h) | 0.085 | 0.163 | 0.388 |
| DO(mg/L) | 0.009 | 1.739 | 8.255 |
| COD-i(mg/L) | 9.739 | 2.477 | 4.665 |
| pH值 | 1.81 | 0.732 | 6.619 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407847522358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
NH4+-N-e、COD-e和SMX-e对其他输入变量的敏感性分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 输入变量变化10% |
|---|
| NH4+-N-e变化百分比(%) | COD-e变化百分比(%) | SMX-e变化百分比(%) |
|---|
| T(℃) | 4.155 | 0.709 | 3.168 |
| 填料层厚度(cm) | 1.543 | 3.58 | 0.887 |
| C/N | 2.734 | 1.689 | 0.283 |
| HRT(h) | 0.085 | 0.163 | 0.388 |
| DO(mg/L) | 0.009 | 1.739 | 8.255 |
| COD-i(mg/L) | 9.739 | 2.477 | 4.665 |
| pH值 | 1.81 | 0.732 | 6.619 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407990128704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Prediction results of heavy metals using three machine learning models
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | Cd | Cr | Cu | Mn | Pb | Zn |
|---|
| RF | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 |
| XGB | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 |
| LGB | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408166289486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
三种机器学习模型对重金属的预测结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | Cd | Cr | Cu | Mn | Pb | Zn |
|---|
| RF | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 |
| XGB | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 |
| LGB | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408313090133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of COD prediction results before and after data augmentation
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | COD |
|---|
| 扩充前 | 扩充后 |
|---|
| R2 | RMSE | R2 | RMSE |
|---|
| Random Forest | 0.71 | 25.6 | 0.76 | 22.12 |
| XGBoost | 0.61 | 29.64 | 0.77 | 21.93 |
| LightGBM | 0.64 | 28.22 | 0.73 | 23.66 |
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408417947742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389602300718, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
数据扩充前后对COD预测的结果对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | COD |
|---|
| 扩充前 | 扩充后 |
|---|
| R2 | RMSE | R2 | RMSE |
|---|
| Random Forest | 0.71 | 25.6 | 0.76 | 22.12 |
| XGBoost | 0.61 | 29.64 | 0.77 | 21.93 |
| LightGBM | 0.64 | 28.22 | 0.73 | 23.66 |
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