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This study investigated the regulatory mechanisms of zero-valent iron-graphite composite materials (0~4.0g/L) on sludge fermentation via chain elongation(CE) systems through a gradient dosing approach. The enhancement of iron-carbon materials on the CE process were systematically analyzed by monitoring the variations of short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) and medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) concentrations, decomposition and metabolism of organics, electron transfer efficiency, and evolution of microbial community structure. The results demonstrated that the MCCAs production reached 10.65g/L at an iron-carbon dosage of 0.5g/L, representing a 2.04-fold increasement compared to the control group. The selectivity of caproic acid reached 53.60%, enhanced by 24.96% compared to the control. Mechanistic studies revealed that iron-carbon materials influenced the three stages of anaerobic fermentation (solubilization, hydrolysis, and acidification), promoting the decomposition and metabolism of organics and the conversion of polysaccharides to SCCAs. Simultaneously, a significant enhancement in electron transfer activity was observed in the groups with iron-carbon addition. Microbial community analysis further indicated that iron-carbon materials increased the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Clostridium sensu stricto 12, which facilitated hydrolysis and CE processes in anaerobic fermentation. This study suggested that the application of iron-carbon materials could enhance MCCAs production in sludge anaerobic fermentation systems.

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本研究采用梯度投加零价铁-石墨复合材料的实验方法(0~4.0g/L),探究铁碳材料对污泥碳链延长(CE)发酵系统调控机制.通过监测发酵系统中短链羧酸(SCCAs)与中链羧酸(MCCAs)浓度动态、复合有机物分解代谢情况、电子传递效率及微生物群落结构演变,系统解析铁碳材料对CE过程的促进作用.结果表明,铁碳材料投加量为0.5g/L时,MCCAs产量达到10.65g/L,是空白组的2.04倍,己酸选择性提升至53.60%(较空白组提高24.96%).机理研究表明,铁碳材料对厌氧发酵各阶段(增溶、水解、酸化)产生影响,驱动了有机物的分解代谢,并提升了多糖向短链羧酸的转化效率;同时显著提升电子传递活性.微生物群落分析进一步揭示,铁碳材料提高了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)及狭义梭菌属12(Clostridium sensu stricto 12)的相对丰度,促进了污泥厌氧发酵的水解和CE过程.研究证实了铁碳材料对污泥厌氧发酵生产MCCAs具有一定的促进作用.

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* 责任作者,讲师,
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谢云龙(2000-),男,安徽宿州人,中国矿业大学硕士研究生,主要从事有机废弃物资源化回收研究..

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谢云龙(2000-),男,安徽宿州人,中国矿业大学硕士研究生,主要从事有机废弃物资源化回收研究..

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389518406301, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The impact of iron-carbon materials on various stages of anaerobic fermentation system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段实验测试指标空白组0.5g/L1g/L
增溶实验可溶性多糖浓度(mg/L)69.54125.59159.56
可溶性蛋白浓度(mg/L)533.67460.33448.33
水解实验多糖降解率(%)97.3295.3495.92
BSA降解率(%)87.8269.3169.51
酸化实验SCCAs浓度(g/L)0.421.752.22
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407860097900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389518406301, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铁碳材料对厌氧发酵系统中各阶段的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段实验测试指标空白组0.5g/L1g/L
增溶实验可溶性多糖浓度(mg/L)69.54125.59159.56
可溶性蛋白浓度(mg/L)533.67460.33448.33
水解实验多糖降解率(%)97.3295.3495.92
BSA降解率(%)87.8269.3169.51
酸化实验SCCAs浓度(g/L)0.421.752.22
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铁碳材料促进污泥资源化回收中链羧酸
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谢云龙 , 刘孟飞 , 高丽慧 , 杨培娴 *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3171-3179
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3171-3179
铁碳材料促进污泥资源化回收中链羧酸
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谢云龙 , 刘孟飞, 高丽慧, 杨培娴*
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 谢云龙(2000-),男,安徽宿州人,中国矿业大学硕士研究生,主要从事有机废弃物资源化回收研究..

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* 责任作者,讲师,
Enhancing medium-chain carboxylic acids production from sludge resource recovery via iron-carbon materials
Yun-long XIE , Meng-fei LIU, Li-hui GAO, Pei-xian YANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本研究采用梯度投加零价铁-石墨复合材料的实验方法(0~4.0g/L),探究铁碳材料对污泥碳链延长(CE)发酵系统调控机制.通过监测发酵系统中短链羧酸(SCCAs)与中链羧酸(MCCAs)浓度动态、复合有机物分解代谢情况、电子传递效率及微生物群落结构演变,系统解析铁碳材料对CE过程的促进作用.结果表明,铁碳材料投加量为0.5g/L时,MCCAs产量达到10.65g/L,是空白组的2.04倍,己酸选择性提升至53.60%(较空白组提高24.96%).机理研究表明,铁碳材料对厌氧发酵各阶段(增溶、水解、酸化)产生影响,驱动了有机物的分解代谢,并提升了多糖向短链羧酸的转化效率;同时显著提升电子传递活性.微生物群落分析进一步揭示,铁碳材料提高了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)及狭义梭菌属12(Clostridium sensu stricto 12)的相对丰度,促进了污泥厌氧发酵的水解和CE过程.研究证实了铁碳材料对污泥厌氧发酵生产MCCAs具有一定的促进作用.

碳链延长  /  中链羧酸  /  剩余污泥  /  资源化

This study investigated the regulatory mechanisms of zero-valent iron-graphite composite materials (0~4.0g/L) on sludge fermentation via chain elongation(CE) systems through a gradient dosing approach. The enhancement of iron-carbon materials on the CE process were systematically analyzed by monitoring the variations of short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) and medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) concentrations, decomposition and metabolism of organics, electron transfer efficiency, and evolution of microbial community structure. The results demonstrated that the MCCAs production reached 10.65g/L at an iron-carbon dosage of 0.5g/L, representing a 2.04-fold increasement compared to the control group. The selectivity of caproic acid reached 53.60%, enhanced by 24.96% compared to the control. Mechanistic studies revealed that iron-carbon materials influenced the three stages of anaerobic fermentation (solubilization, hydrolysis, and acidification), promoting the decomposition and metabolism of organics and the conversion of polysaccharides to SCCAs. Simultaneously, a significant enhancement in electron transfer activity was observed in the groups with iron-carbon addition. Microbial community analysis further indicated that iron-carbon materials increased the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Clostridium sensu stricto 12, which facilitated hydrolysis and CE processes in anaerobic fermentation. This study suggested that the application of iron-carbon materials could enhance MCCAs production in sludge anaerobic fermentation systems.

chain elongation  /  medium chain carboxylic acids  /  wasted activated sludge  /  resource utilization
谢云龙, 刘孟飞, 高丽慧, 杨培娴. 铁碳材料促进污泥资源化回收中链羧酸. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3171 -3179 .
Yun-long XIE, Meng-fei LIU, Li-hui GAO, Pei-xian YANG. Enhancing medium-chain carboxylic acids production from sludge resource recovery via iron-carbon materials[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3171 -3179 .
传统厌氧发酵技术可通过剩余污泥资源化生产甲烷、短链羧酸(SCCAs)等产物[1],但其经济性受限于甲烷的低能量密度[2]与SCCAs的高分离成本[3].近年来,碳链延长(CE)技术通过逆β氧化(RBO)将SCCAs转化为附加值更高的中链羧酸(MCCAs),为污泥高值化利用提供了新途径[4-6].MCCAs是具有6~12个碳原子的羧酸,其疏水性强、易于回收,可用于生产药物、香料、抗菌剂和生物燃料等[7].目前,MCCAs的市场需求持续升高,尤其是正己酸的年需求量已高达数十万吨[8],进一步凸显了CE技术在有机废弃物定向资源化领域的研究价值.
为提高MCCAs合成效率,铁基(零价铁[9]、纳米零价铁[10]、纳米四氧化三铁[11-12])和碳基材料(生物炭[13]、活性炭[14])被引入CE系统,通过提高电子传递效率、调控氧化还原电位及富集功能微生物(如产酸菌与CE功能菌)提升MCCAs产率[9-14].尽管目前铁基与碳基材料在CE系统中展现出了独特的强化作用(如零价铁提供还原电子[9]、生物炭优化微生物群落[13]),但二者在CE系统中的协同增效潜力尚未被发掘.
铁碳材料因成本低廉、导电性优异,已在废水处理中广泛应用.其核心作用机制依赖于铁碳微电解原理,即零价铁作为阳极腐蚀释放电子,碳料作为阴极加速电子传递,形成微电场并产生活性物质,从而促进大分子有机物断链与氧化性物质生成[15-16].尽管零价铁与微生物的耦合作用已经积累了一定成果[17],但因铁碳材料中存在着具有强导电性和强吸附性的碳材料,使其与零价铁介导的生物电化学过程在反应性能方面有着显著差异[18].此外,铁碳材料可作为导电生物载体,通过增强电子供体与受体间的直接电子传递,激活关键代谢酶活性并优化微生物群落功能,进一步提高微生物的生物降解能力[19].值得注意的是,目前铁碳材料的研究主要聚焦于污染物去除与产甲烷强化[20-21],其在CE系统中定向驱动MCCAs的机制仍缺乏系统解析.
本研究向污泥厌氧发酵系统中投加铁碳材料,探究不同投加量的铁碳材料对MCCAs合成效能的影响,研究铁碳材料对系统中溶解性有机物和导电环境的影响,探究其对发酵系统中增溶、水解、酸化各阶段以及微生物群落结构的影响,旨在提高剩余污泥的资源化水平,为铁碳材料促进剩余污泥厌氧发酵生产MCCAs提供参考.
污泥取自中国矿业大学污水处理站的缺氧池,过筛去除杂质,自然沉降4h后去除上清液待用.发酵液中的培养基组成为0.20g/L KH2PO4、0.50g/L NH4Cl、1.00g/L NaCl、0.40g/L MgCl2⋅6H2O、0.50g/L KCl、0.11g/L CaCl2、2.52g/L NaHCO3、1.50mg/L FeCl2⋅4H2O、0.30mg/L H3BO3、0.25mg/L CoCl2⋅6H2O、0.05mg/L ZnCl2、0.03mg/L MnCl2⋅4H2O、0.03mg/L Na2MoO4⋅2H2O、0.02mg/L NiCl2⋅6H2O、0.01mg/L CuCl2⋅2H2O、0.5g/L L-半胱氨酸、1g/L酵母粉和1g/L 2-溴乙基磺酸钠,所用化学试剂均为分析纯.
铁碳材料制备所用的铁基材料为零价铁粉(上海吉至生化科技有限公司),粒径为100目,纯度为分析纯;碳基材料为石墨粉(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司),粒径为100目,纯度为99.95%.制备铁碳材料所需的化学试剂均为分析纯.
向浓硫酸中加入1g石墨粉和0.5g硝酸钠,于烧杯中冰水浴并搅拌30min,然后将高锰酸钾逐渐加入烧杯中,连续搅拌2h,之后用96mL去离子水稀释,再升温至98℃,接着用过氧化氢停止反应,并用5%盐酸和去离子水冲洗溶液,最后使用真空过滤系统对溶液进行过滤,将获得的氧化石墨烯沉淀在60℃下真空干燥12h.
将约0.7g合成的氧化石墨烯加入450mL去离子水中得到氧化石墨烯溶液.在另一个烧杯中配制FeCl3和FeCl2/零价铁粉的水溶液,然后在室温下缓慢加入氧化石墨烯溶液,并加入氨水将溶液保持在pH=10,将所得溶液装入高压釜中,置于200℃的马弗炉中加热14h后自然冷却至25℃.随后将反应釜中的产物以3000r/min离心进行固液分离,将所得固体产物用75%乙醇溶液洗涤数次去除杂质,然后将其置于60℃真空干燥箱中干燥24h.最后将上述产物在管式炉中煅烧得到纳米级铁碳复合颗粒,具体参数设置为氮气作为保护气体,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至800℃,并在此温度下保持30min.
进一步通过超声处理将所得纳米级铁碳复合颗粒分散在250mL去离子水中,并加入17.5mmol/L苯胺和108mmol/L对甲苯磺酸,记为溶液A.随后将1.368g过硫酸铵溶于50mL去离子水中,通过蠕动泵以0.1mL/s的速率滴入溶液A中,然后在0~4℃冰水浴中将苯胺于纳米级铁碳复合颗粒表面聚合4h,最后经过与上述相同的洗涤和干燥步骤,得到纳米级聚苯胺铁碳颗粒[21].
共设置5组半连续性实验,反应器中分别投加不同浓度的铁碳材料(0,0.5,1,2,4g/L),并依次记为空白组、A组、B组、C组、D组.在5个250mL的反应器中加入40mL培养基溶液、160mL污泥、300mmol/L乙醇、100mmol/L乙酸钠,用5mol/L的NaOH溶液将反应器初始的pH值调节至7.0,并加入100mmol/L的磷酸二氢钾溶液作为pH值缓冲液.培养前用高纯N2对反应器曝气10min以保持严格厌氧环境,并将反应器温度保持在37℃.在发酵过程中,定期向反应器中补料以保证底物充足.
污泥厌氧发酵包含了增溶、水解、酸化3个阶段,在此过程中产生了用来作为CE底物的SCCAs.因此,实验进一步设置污泥的增溶、水解、酸化实验以探究铁碳材料对污泥厌氧发酵过程中不同阶段的影响.
增溶实验:实验不添加乙酸,其余条件与上述发酵实验一致.发酵2d后,测定溶液中可溶性蛋白质和多糖的浓度,分析铁碳材料对污泥溶解过程的影响.
水解实验:增溶过程的主要产物是多糖和蛋白质,其经过水解过程会降解为单体或低聚物,因此水解实验分别以3.60g/L牛血清蛋白(BSA)和3.60g/L葡聚糖作为模型蛋白质和模型多糖,除污泥体积减少50%外,其余实验步骤与增溶实验一致.发酵3d后,测定BSA和葡聚糖的降解率,分析铁碳材料对污泥水解过程的影响.
酸化实验:水解产物(即氨基酸和多糖)会经过酸化过程进一步降解生成用来生产SCCAs的底物,因此酸化实验分别以3.60g/L谷氨酸和0.90g/L葡萄糖作为模型氨基酸和模型单糖化合物,其余实验步骤与水解实验一致.发酵4d后,测定溶液中SCCAs的浓度,分析铁碳材料对污泥酸化过程的影响.
采用气相色谱法测定发酵液中乙醇、丁醇和酸(C2~C6)的浓度.上机前将样品置于2mL离心管中离心15min(离心转速为10000r/min),加入1mol/L盐酸将其酸化至pH<3.0,然后将样品通过0.22μm滤膜过滤,使用配备火焰离子检测器(FID)和石英毛细管柱(DB-FFAP,30m×0.25mm×0.25μm)的气相色谱仪(GC-7890B,Agilent)测定.
胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取采用热提取法[22].EPS提取液的三维激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱(3D-EEM)采用三维荧光光谱仪(Aqualog-UV-NIR-800-C)测定,参数设定激发范围为220~450nm,发射范围为220~600nm,变化步长为5nm,样品扫描速率为2000nm/min.
多糖和蛋白质分别采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法和BCA蛋白质浓度测定试剂盒测定.挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)浓度采用标准重量法测定.污泥样品的电导率[23]、电子传递系统(ETS)活性[12]和循环伏安法(CV)[24]的测定依据前人的研究.
从发酵第0,9,19,34d的反应器中抽取1mL混合均匀的发酵液于2mL离心管中,在10000r/min下离心15min后去除上清液,置于-20℃冰箱中冷冻保存,后送至派森诺生物科技有限公司(南京)通过16S rRNA扩增子测序进行微生物群落分析.选用细菌16S rRNA V3-V4区特异性引物进行PCR扩增,并利用Illumina公司的TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep Kit进行建库.
己酸选择性表示目标产物在现有产物中基于电子当量的占比,根据公式(1)计算.
电子效率表示底物(即乙醇与乙酸)转化为产物基于电子当量的转化率,根据公式(2)计算.
式中:电子当量表示物质所含电子量,单位物质的量的乙醇为12mmol,乙酸为8mmol,丁醇为24mmol,丁酸为20mmol,己酸为32mmol.
在不同铁碳材料水平下,探究各组反应器厌氧发酵过程中MCCAs的产量变化,其中己酸是唯一检测到的MCCAs,与他人研究一致[25].由图1可以看出,发酵19d左右时,除C、D组外各组己酸浓度都已达到最大值,当铁碳材料投加量为0.5g/L时,己酸的最大产量是空白组的2.04倍,达到了10.65g/L,远高于前人的研究[9],这表明投加0.5g/L的铁碳材料有效提高了己酸产量.此外,当铁碳材料投加量为1g/L时虽然对己酸的最大产量影响不大,但相较于空白组提前5d达到了最大产量,表明铁碳材料的加入缩短了发酵过程的延滞期,这与Liu等[26]向CE系统投加生物炭时观察到的情况一致.值得注意的是,随着铁碳材料水平的提高(2g/L、4g/L),其己酸的最大产量仅为1.15g/L和0.47g/L,而其他研究中[9,26]己酸产量却随外源介质投加量的增大而提高,且外源介质的最佳投加量都达到20g/L.这是因为本研究中投加的铁碳材料为纳米级材料,高浓度的纳米级材料会穿过并损伤微生物的细胞膜且阻断其物质交换通道,造成细胞内自由基积累和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)合成过程中质子动力的耗散[27-28],使CE反应停留在产丁酸阶段造成丁酸大量积累,影响了己酸的生成.
铁碳材料的加入对产物分布也有明显的影响.由图2可以看出,空白组中的丁酸占其产物组份的41.74%,即使发酵系统中电子供体丰富,也不能进一步延伸为MCCAs.而当铁碳材料投加量为0.5g/L和1g/L时,丁酸的比例分别下降为26.04%和16.91%,且A组丁醇的比例相较于空白组也有所降低,这意味着投加铁碳材料可以减少发酵过程中副产物的生成.此外,己酸选择性随着铁碳材料浓度的增加而降低.当铁碳材料投加量为0.5g/L、1g/L、2g/L和4g/L时,己酸选择性分别为53.64%、46.85%、5.06%和1.83%,而空白组的选择性为28.68%,相较于空白组,添加0.5g/L铁碳材料使己酸选择性提高了24.96%.以上结果表明,加入0.5g/L铁碳材料是提高己酸产量和选择性的有效策略.
为探究铁碳材料的添加对污泥降解的影响,对发酵高峰期的发酵液提取EPS进行三维荧光光谱分析.如图3所示,空白组和A组发酵液的EPS三维荧光光谱图中Ex/Em峰分布在区域Ⅳ(250~280/320~380nm)内,其代表与可溶性微生物副产物类物质相关的区域[29].与空白组相比,A组此区域的荧光强度明显增强,意味着有更多的可生物降解的可溶性物质被释放,与Wang等[9]向CE系统中加入零价铁时观察到的情况一致.这表明铁碳材料的加入促进了发酵系统中微生物的代谢活动,为MCCAs的产生提供了更多的相关副产物.
为进一步探究铁碳材料对污泥中有机化合物的影响,在发酵31d后从各组反应器的污泥中提取EPS进行分析.胞外多糖可以介导细胞的内聚和粘附,并在维持固定化细胞群落的结构完整性方面发挥关键作用[30],有利于提高污泥的稳定性和抗外界环境的干扰能力[31],从而提高发酵系统的稳定性.图4显示了各组反应器发酵31d后污泥的松散型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和紧密型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)中的多糖含量.可以看出在投加了0.5g/L的铁碳材料后,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的多糖含量分别为5.60,16.84mg/gMLVSS,相比于空白组(3.71mg/gMLVSS、16.11mg/gMLVSS)分别提高了50.94%和4.35%,并且其TB-EPS的多糖含量为各组中最高.值得注意的是,TB-EPS的多糖浓度随铁碳材料浓度提高而降低,可能也归因于纳米级材料浓度的增加损伤了微生物的细胞膜并阻断了其物质交换通道,进而降低了TB-EPS中多糖的含量.综上所述,添加0.5g/L铁碳材料会促使污泥溶解释放出更多的多糖,提高发酵系统稳定性的同时还增加了可用于后续水解、产酸和MCCAs合成的可溶性底物的含量.相应地,铁碳材料对污泥溶解的促进可以作为其提高MCCAs产量的原因之一.
铁碳材料的微电解会直接影响污泥厌氧发酵的过程,促进SCCAs的生产,为MCCAs的合成提供更多底物.
在增溶阶段,污泥发生分解,有机物释放到液相中.因此,污泥的增溶程度可以通过可溶性有机质的变化来反映[12].各组发酵2d时可溶性蛋白和多糖的浓度如表1所示,当投加0.5g/L和1g/L的铁碳材料时,可溶性多糖浓度较空白组分别提高了80.60%和129.45%,可溶性蛋白浓度较空白组降低了13.74%和15.99%.铁碳材料的加入小幅度抑制了污泥中蛋白质的释放,却显著促进了污泥中多糖的释放,为后续生物过程提供了更多的多糖.
在水解阶段,污泥中可溶性蛋白质和多糖(大分子有机物)被降解成氨基酸和单糖[9].发酵3d时各组中可溶性有机物水解的情况见表1,当铁碳材料为0.5g/L和1g/L时,BSA的降解率分别为69.31%和69.51%,而葡聚糖的降解率为95.34%和95.92%,显著高于BSA的降解率.这些结果表明,系统中的微生物可能更容易水解多糖而不是蛋白质,单糖可能比氨基酸更适合作为酸化底物.
在酸化阶段,水解产物进一步降解产生SCCAs作为生产MCCAs的底物.由表1可以发现,添加了0.5g/L和1g/L的铁碳材料组在发酵4d时,其SCCAs浓度分别为1.75g/L和2.22g/L,显著高于空白组(0.42g/L).这表明铁碳材料刺激了与产酸相关的微生物活性,强化了多糖的酸化.
ETS活性是表征微生物呼吸活性与污泥生物活性的关键指标[32],因此通过测定ETS活性可以评价微生物代谢活性的变化.测定结果表明添加铁碳材料组(0.5g/L、1g/L、2g/L和4g/L)的相对ETS活性(对比空白组)分别为118.57%、108.89%、119.22%和112.89%,均有所提高.A、B组ETS活性提高对应着其己酸产量的提高和发酵时间的缩短,而C、D组虽然己酸产量受到抑制,但其ETS活性仍有所提高,可能对应着其较高的丁酸产量.结果表明,铁碳材料可以促进发酵系统内的ETS活性,提高相关微生物的代谢活性,而低浓度的铁碳材料更倾向于促进己酸的生产过程.
一般来说,导电材料有助于系统中的电子传递.电子传递效率是指从底物传递到产物的电子数的比值,代表着微生物代谢过程中能量流动的趋势[33].图5列出了第19d发酵系统中产物和底物的分布结构以及基于电子当量的电子传递效率.当添加0.5,1,2,4g/L的铁碳材料时,各组发酵系统的电子传递效率分别为66.07%、40.65%、59.36%和66.41%,而空白组的电子传递效率为60.97%,缺失的电子储存在了中间体和生物质中.当铁碳材料浓度从4g/L降至0.5g/L时,系统中占主要电子当量的产物从丁酸变为己酸,丁酸的百分比从53.01%下降到22.67%,己酸的百分比从1.92%上升到42.90%.上述结果表明,0.5g/L的铁碳材料可以促进CE过程中的电子传递.
在产己酸高峰期测定各组发酵污泥的电导率,A组发酵污泥的电导率值为0.000805S/m,较空白组(0.000549S/m)提高了46.63%,污泥电导率的提高可以刺激厌氧菌之间的种间电子转移以及微生物呼吸链上的电子转移速率[34].虽然发酵系统中污泥样品的电导率反映的是污泥与铁碳材料的共同作用结果,但也表明了铁碳材料的添加可以为发酵系统中的微生物提供较好的导电环境,促进了发酵系统中厌氧菌之间的种间电子传递速率以及微生物呼吸链上的电子传递速率.
更高的氧化还原性质也对应于厌氧发酵系统中更强的细胞外电子转移能力[35].图6记录了在80~160mV/s范围内的扫描速率下空白组和A组污泥样品的CV曲线.结果显示,在-300,260和755mV(vs Ag/AgCl)处均识别出3个不同的氧化还原峰,并且A组的峰信号更强.此外,在A组的-890mV处还观察到另一个氧化峰,这意味着铁碳材料提升了发酵系统的氧化还原能力(即给电子和接受电子的能力).并且峰电流随扫描速率线性增加,实验组在-300和260mV的峰电流-扫描速率曲线斜率相较空白组更大,表明氧化还原反应受化学反应动力学控制,进一步证实了铁碳材料促进了细胞外电子转移速率,这与Yin等[24]将四氧化三铁加入产甲烷系统中引发了更快的细胞外电子转移速率的现象一致.
通过16S rRNA高通量测序分析了空白组和A组发酵系统中第0,9,19,34d的微生物群落.空白组的Shannon指数和Chao指数分别为7.79457和1560.1,A组的Shannon指数和Chao指数分别为8.02566和1503.2,两组的Shannon指数和Chao指数相差不大,表明添加铁碳材料没有明显改变微生物的多样性和丰富度.
图7(a)可见,空白组与A组的优势菌门相对一致,主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota),这些菌门与有机底物的降解密切相关[36-37],此结果与Wang等[9]向CE系统中添加零价铁的研究基本一致.在整个发酵过程中,空白组中Proteobacteria和Chloroflexi的相对丰度呈逐渐降低趋势;而A组中Proteobacteria和Chloroflexi的相对丰度则在发酵中后期呈动态平衡的状态,表明铁碳材料对这两种菌门有着一定的稳定作用.此外,在发酵初期Firmicutes相对丰度迅速增加,空白组从2.04%增加到13.74%,而A组从2.06%增加到了17.58%,较空白组分布多增加了3.82%.据报道,Firmicutes是一种重要的水解产酸细菌[38],能分泌各种胞外酶,包括脂肪酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶等,可以有效的降解多糖、蛋白质、脂质、氨基酸和纤维素等物质[39],在生产MCCA的发酵系统中起着关键作用.以上结果表明,铁碳材料不仅可以提高发酵初期CE相关微生物的相对丰度,还能对发酵中后期的相关微生物群落起到稳定作用,有利于促进发酵的进程和MCCAs的生产.
在属水平上进一步分析,由图7(b)可见,总体而言,Fusobacterium,C10-SB1A,ThermomonasLongil ineaOttowiaClostridium sensu stricto 12等菌属在群落中占主导地位.其中,Thermomonas可以促进混合营养反硝化系统中Fe2+氧化和反硝化偶联,且与化学需氧量(COD)值呈负相关[40].空白组与A组中Thermomonas的相对丰度变化一致,相比于第0d,Thermomonas的相对丰度在发酵初期有所下降,这可能与原污泥中有机物质的降解有关,随着发酵的进行,其相对丰度又有所提高,可能对应着发酵产物的积累.C10-SB1A和Ottowia为水解菌[41]Ottowia与蛋白质样物质的水解和一些有机化合物的降解有关[42].在发酵前期,A组中C10-SB1A的相对丰度为7.24%,比空白组高0.47%,且A组中Ottowia的相对丰度在第9d、第19d和第34d均高于空白组.Longilinea与系统中COD浓度呈正相关,且在高分子量碳水化合物降解为寡糖和单糖的过程中起着至关重要的作用[43],A组与空白组中Longilinea的相对丰度随着发酵的进行都呈降低趋势,可能与系统中高分子量碳水化合物被逐步降解有关.此外,Clostridium sensu stricto 12是与产酸和CE过程相关的典型微生物[44],其中A组发酵初期(第9d)Clostridium sensu stricto 12的相对丰度为4.94%,显著高于空白组的相对丰度(0.16%),值得注意的是,Clostridium sensu stricto 12不仅负责产酸和CE过程,而且还是一种铁还原细菌[45].Clostridium sensu stricto 12在A组发酵初期相对丰度较高表明铁碳材料的添加可以刺激铁还原细菌的富集,并增强Fe2+和Fe3+的氧化还原循环,促进发酵系统中的电子传递效率.综上所述,添加0.5g/L铁碳材料提高了发酵系统中C10-SB1A和Ottowia的相对丰度,有助于加快有机物质的水解;显著提高了发酵初期Clostridium sensu stricto 12的相对丰度,这与在A组反应器中观察到更高的MCCAs产量和更短的发酵时间一致.
3.1 铁碳材料对污泥厌氧发酵系统中的MCCAs产量有显著影响.当铁碳材料的投加量为0.5g/L时,MCCAs的产量为10.65g/L,是空白组的2.04倍;较高浓度的铁碳材料(2g/L和4g/L)会抑制发酵过程,降低MCCAs的产量.铁碳材料可以提高MCCAs的选择性,并且在提高发酵系统稳定性的同时还能促进污泥的水解,增加可用于后续水解、产酸和己酸合成的可溶性底物含量.
3.2 铁碳材料可以提高污泥厌氧发酵过程中增溶、水解、酸化阶段的效率,0.5g/L的铁碳材料可以促进污泥分解,释放更多的多糖,刺激产酸相关微生物的活性并强化多糖的酸化,为后续MCCAs的生成提供更多SCCAs.
3.3 0.5g/L的铁碳材料一方面可以作为导电载体提高厌氧发酵系统中污泥的电导率和氧化还原性质,另一方面可以促进微生物的生长代谢,提高厌氧发酵系统中微生物的种间电子传递效率和微生物呼吸链上的电子传递效率.
3.4 16S rRNA高通量测序分析表明,0.5g/L的铁碳材料提高了发酵初期Fimicutes和Clostridium sensu stricto 12的相对丰度,促进了有机物的降解和MCCAs的生产过程.
  • 中央高校基本科研专项资金(XJ202100060)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
基金
中央高校基本科研专项资金(XJ202100060)
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    中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院,江苏 徐州 221116

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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