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This paper used the multi-region input-output model to calculate the embodied carbon and its industrial structure of China's inter-city industrial trade based on the perspective of value-added trade, depict the structural characteristics of the embodied carbon transfer network, and the mechanism of the embodied carbon transfer network is revealed through the exponential random graph model (ERGM). The study found that: The inter-city industrial trade embodied carbon transfer network is dense but without scale, with small world structure and miscompatibility. Resource-intensive and capital-intensive industries contribute more than 90% of the embodied carbon transfer. Cities with high embodied carbon net outflow are mainly resource-based and industrial cities in the Yellow River Basin and the Bohai Rim region, while cities with high embodied carbon net inflow are mainly the national and regional central cities east of Hu Huanyong Line. Large-scale embodied carbon transfer mainly occurs among the cities within the provinces, and the inter-city embodied carbon transfer network has a certain provincial boundary effect. The embodied carbon transfer of provincial cities presents the "core-edge" structure around the provincial central cities. The embodied carbon transfer of inter-provincial cities shows the radial structure from the resource-based cities and industrial cities in the Yellow River basin and the Bohai Rim region to Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen and other central cities. In the mechanism of inter-city embodied carbon transfer network, mutualism and preference dependence effect are important endogenous mechanisms. Cities with developed economy, dense population, high per capita consumption level and advanced industry are more inclined to flow into the embodied carbon. Cities with higher comparative advantages and low energy efficiency in resource-based industries are more inclined to outflow embodied carbon. Policy proximity and geographic proximity have a positive impact on the inter-city embodied carbon transfer network, and technical proximity has a negative impact.

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本文运用多区域投入产出模型核算中国城市工业贸易隐含碳排放,刻画城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络结构特征,通过指数随机图模型(ERGM)揭示了该隐含碳转移网络的内生和外生影响机制.研究发现:城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络连接稠密但无标度性显著,具有小世界结构和异配性.资源密集型和资本密集型工业贸易贡献90%以上的隐含碳转移量.隐含碳流出量和净流出量较高的城市主要为黄河流域和环渤海地区的资源型城市和工业型城市,隐含碳流入量和净流入量较高的城市主要为胡焕庸线以东的全国和区域中心城市.较大规模的隐含碳转移主要发生在省域内城市间,反映出城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络具有一定的省界效应.省内城市隐含碳转移网络呈现围绕省域中心城市的“核心-边缘”结构.跨省城市隐含碳转移网络呈现由黄河流域和环渤海地区的资源型城市和工业型城市向北京、沪杭甬苏、重庆、广深等中心城市流出隐含碳的放射状空间格局.城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络影响机制中,互惠性和偏好依附效应是重要的内生机制.节点属性方面,经济发达、人口规模大、人均消费水平高、产业结构高级化水平高的城市倾向流入更多的隐含碳;资源型产业专业化程度较高、能源效率较低的城市倾向流出更多的隐含碳;经济发展水平、人口规模、人均消费、产业结构和环境规制的差异均正向影响城市间隐含碳净转移量.外生网络方面,政策邻近和地理邻近对城市隐含碳转移网络具有正向影响,技术邻近具有负向影响.最后,对区域协同减排和城市绿色发展转型提出政策建议.

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* 责任作者,硕士,
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周晓艳(1974-),女,湖北荆门人,副教授,博士,主要从事资源环境监测与规划、国土空间规划研究.发表论文40余篇..

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周晓艳(1974-),女,湖北荆门人,副教授,博士,主要从事资源环境监测与规划、国土空间规划研究.发表论文40余篇..

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周晓艳(1974-),女,湖北荆门人,副教授,博士,主要从事资源环境监测与规划、国土空间规划研究.发表论文40余篇..

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资源型城市以《全国资源型城市可持续发展规划(2013~2020年)》中的名单为依据

, figureFileSmall=p5OhNiE0FIfVmEXvUBpxWg==, figureFileBig=ztB2GSDqQqcsO/Qxq7u/PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410775146683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The embodied carbon net outflow and net inflow in the whole industrial trade, figureFileSmall=2RRzqulZa6i55SqNXEMOuA==, figureFileBig=l4Q4KZU65VI9/ozx3D3+Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410972278988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=图2, caption=城市全工业贸易隐含碳净流出量和净流入量

审图号:GS(2020)4624

, figureFileSmall=2RRzqulZa6i55SqNXEMOuA==, figureFileBig=l4Q4KZU65VI9/ozx3D3+Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106411093913811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Industry structure of cities’ embodied carbon net outflow and net inflow, figureFileSmall=GEEtQ35f/p5tnKA4/PTJpg==, figureFileBig=16l+CGiSCU4MluPXyuMtVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106411207160032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=图3, caption=隐含碳净流出城市和净流入城市的分工业行业隐含碳净流量

劳动密集型工业和技术密集型工业隐含碳净流量较低,图中采用右侧坐标轴显示

, figureFileSmall=GEEtQ35f/p5tnKA4/PTJpg==, figureFileBig=16l+CGiSCU4MluPXyuMtVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106411332989168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial pattern of inter-city industrial embodied carbon transfer network, figureFileSmall=ulsT8JyPooBQG+KOqsFSvg==, figureFileBig=jutNdIEIsU/91fPDmhgj6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106411513344257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=图4, caption=省内和跨省城市工业贸易隐含碳转移路径空间格局

审图号:GS2020(4624)

, figureFileSmall=ulsT8JyPooBQG+KOqsFSvg==, figureFileBig=jutNdIEIsU/91fPDmhgj6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106411735642387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Division consolidation results in the city-level MRIO table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合并后部门包含部门
农业农林牧渔业
资源密集型工业煤炭采选业,石油和天然气开采业,金属矿采选业,非金属矿及其他矿采选业,石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,电力热力生产和供应业,燃气生产和供应业,水的生产和供应业
资本密集型工业化学工业,非金属矿物制品业,金属冶炼和压延加工业,金属制品业,废物利用业,金属、机械和设备修理服务
劳动密集型工业食品制造和烟草业,纺织业,纺织服装鞋帽皮革羽绒及其制品业,木材加工及家具制造业,造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业,其他制造业
技术密集型工业通用设备制造业,专用设备制造业,交通运输设备制造业,电气机械和器材制造业,计算机、通信设备和其他电子设备制造业,仪器仪表制造业
建筑业建筑业
服务业批发零售业,交通运输、仓储和邮政业,住宿餐饮业,信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业,金融业,房地产业,租赁和商务服务业,科学研究和技术服务业,水利、环境和公共设施管理业,居民服务、修理和其它服务业,教育,卫生和社会服务业,文化、体育和娱乐业,公共管理、社会保障和社会组织业
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411878248738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国城市多区域投入产出表中部门合并结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合并后部门包含部门
农业农林牧渔业
资源密集型工业煤炭采选业,石油和天然气开采业,金属矿采选业,非金属矿及其他矿采选业,石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,电力热力生产和供应业,燃气生产和供应业,水的生产和供应业
资本密集型工业化学工业,非金属矿物制品业,金属冶炼和压延加工业,金属制品业,废物利用业,金属、机械和设备修理服务
劳动密集型工业食品制造和烟草业,纺织业,纺织服装鞋帽皮革羽绒及其制品业,木材加工及家具制造业,造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业,其他制造业
技术密集型工业通用设备制造业,专用设备制造业,交通运输设备制造业,电气机械和器材制造业,计算机、通信设备和其他电子设备制造业,仪器仪表制造业
建筑业建筑业
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), ArticleFig(id=1234106412020855089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Implication of complex network indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络分析指标计算公式含义
网络密度s=e/m(m−1)表示网络中的实际路径数量e与可能的最大路径数量的比值
平均集聚系数表示网络整体集聚程度,er为与r城市实际相连的路径数量,Er为与r城市相连的最大可能路径数量
平均路径长度表示网络中任意两个节点城市之间最短路径的平均值,lsrs城市和r城市之间的最短路径
加权出度/入度表示r城市的隐含碳流出总量;表示r城市的隐含碳流入总量
加权度差表示r城市的隐含碳净流量,为正说明r城市的隐含碳流出量高于流入量,即是隐含碳净流出方和碳排放压力的承接方;为负说明r城市的隐含碳流入量高于流出量,即是隐含碳净流入方和碳排放压力的转移方
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412180238662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

复杂网络指标及含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络分析指标计算公式含义
网络密度s=e/m(m−1)表示网络中的实际路径数量e与可能的最大路径数量的比值
平均集聚系数表示网络整体集聚程度,er为与r城市实际相连的路径数量,Er为与r城市相连的最大可能路径数量
平均路径长度表示网络中任意两个节点城市之间最短路径的平均值,lsrs城市和r城市之间的最短路径
加权出度/入度表示r城市的隐含碳流出总量;表示r城市的隐含碳流入总量
加权度差表示r城市的隐含碳净流量,为正说明r城市的隐含碳流出量高于流入量,即是隐含碳净流出方和碳排放压力的承接方;为负说明r城市的隐含碳流入量高于流出量,即是隐含碳净流入方和碳排放压力的转移方
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412310262097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variable name and description of ERGM model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量名称变量描述
网络结构变量边数Edge城市隐含碳转移网络中的路径数量
互惠性Mutual城市之间是否倾向于发生相互隐含碳转移
扩散性Gwodegree城市隐含碳流出的扩散性倾向
聚敛性Gwidegree城市隐含碳流入的聚敛性倾向
节点属性变量经济发展水平GDP_per市域人均GDP
人口规模Pop市域常住人口规模
人均消费Con市域人均社会消费品零售总额
产业结构高级化Ind_adv采用夹角求值法计算[31]
资源型产业专业化程度Res_lq以资源型产业的区位熵测度
能源效率Ene_eff万元工业产值能耗取倒数(以标准煤计算)
环境规制Env_reg环境规制强度综合指数[34]
外生网络变量地理邻近Geo_pro两城市地理距离
政策邻近Pol_pro两城市是否位于同一省份(是为1,否为0)
技术邻近Tec_pro两城市产业结构相似度[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412431896926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ERGM模型变量名称与描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量名称变量描述
网络结构变量边数Edge城市隐含碳转移网络中的路径数量
互惠性Mutual城市之间是否倾向于发生相互隐含碳转移
扩散性Gwodegree城市隐含碳流出的扩散性倾向
聚敛性Gwidegree城市隐含碳流入的聚敛性倾向
节点属性变量经济发展水平GDP_per市域人均GDP
人口规模Pop市域常住人口规模
人均消费Con市域人均社会消费品零售总额
产业结构高级化Ind_adv采用夹角求值法计算[31]
资源型产业专业化程度Res_lq以资源型产业的区位熵测度
能源效率Ene_eff万元工业产值能耗取倒数(以标准煤计算)
环境规制Env_reg环境规制强度综合指数[34]
外生网络变量地理邻近Geo_pro两城市地理距离
政策邻近Pol_pro两城市是否位于同一省份(是为1,否为0)
技术邻近Tec_pro两城市产业结构相似度[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412704526702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The overall features of China’s inter-city industrial trade carbon transfer network

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数全工业资源密集型工业资本密集型工业劳动密集型工业技术密集型工业
贸易总额(百亿元)5827.97982.532088.231313.431443.78
隐含碳转移总量(百万t)5154.693009.041964.53142.7738.35
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412851327354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

全工业和分行业工业的贸易总额与隐含碳转移总量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数全工业资源密集型工业资本密集型工业劳动密集型工业技术密集型工业
贸易总额(百亿元)5827.97982.532088.231313.431443.78
隐含碳转移总量(百万t)5154.693009.041964.53142.7738.35
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412977156481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Intra and inter-provincial distribution of inter-city embodied carbon transfer network (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数整体网络1级网络2级网络3级网络4级网络5级网络
省内转移路径数量占比13.1376.1976.0963.3539.838.47
跨省转移路径数量占比86.8723.8120.9136.6560.1791.53
省内转移量占比18.2074.0077.5364.3842.4214.50
跨省转移量占比81.8026.0022.4735.6257.5885.50
), ArticleFig(id=1234106413161705875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移路径的省内和跨省分布(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数整体网络1级网络2级网络3级网络4级网络5级网络
省内转移路径数量占比13.1376.1976.0963.3539.838.47
跨省转移路径数量占比86.8723.8120.9136.6560.1791.53
省内转移量占比18.2074.0077.5364.3842.4214.50
跨省转移量占比81.8026.0022.4735.6257.5885.50
), ArticleFig(id=1234106413354643875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Simulation results of ERGM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5模型6模型7
边数Edge-0.72***(0.01)19.89***(0.55)-2.92***(0.04)-1.44***(0.02)0.67***(0.05)-1.16***(0.03)1.64***(0.07)
互惠性Mutual1.18***(0.03)
扩散性Gwodegree-15.00***(0.46)
聚敛性Gwidegree-14.62***(0.50)
经济发展水平GDP_per1.32***(0.10)1.11***(0.07)1.22***(0.10)
人口规模Pop7.22***(0.11)3.30***(0.08)4.27***(0.13)
人均消费Con1.27***(0.10)1.19***(0.06)1.53***(0.10)
产业结构高级化Ind_adv1.08***(0.08)-0.02(0.07)0.46***(0.10)
资源型产业专业化程度Res_lq0.71***(0.05)-0.03(0.04)0.40***(0.05)
能源效率Ene_eff-6.23***(0.17)-0.91***(0.08)-0.69***(0.10)
环境规制Env_reg2.31***(0.10)0.15*(0.07)0.63***(0.10)
地理邻近Geo_pro-1.24***(0.05)-1.15***(0.06)
政策邻近Pol_pro3.14***(0.07)3.64***(0.15)
技术邻近Tec_pro-1.41***(0.05)-1.81***(0.07)
AIC96689410328102791417899994890849945
BIC96698410888110091491900364897749979
), ArticleFig(id=1234106413467890094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106389442917160, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

ERGM模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5模型6模型7
边数Edge-0.72***(0.01)19.89***(0.55)-2.92***(0.04)-1.44***(0.02)0.67***(0.05)-1.16***(0.03)1.64***(0.07)
互惠性Mutual1.18***(0.03)
扩散性Gwodegree-15.00***(0.46)
聚敛性Gwidegree-14.62***(0.50)
经济发展水平GDP_per1.32***(0.10)1.11***(0.07)1.22***(0.10)
人口规模Pop7.22***(0.11)3.30***(0.08)4.27***(0.13)
人均消费Con1.27***(0.10)1.19***(0.06)1.53***(0.10)
产业结构高级化Ind_adv1.08***(0.08)-0.02(0.07)0.46***(0.10)
资源型产业专业化程度Res_lq0.71***(0.05)-0.03(0.04)0.40***(0.05)
能源效率Ene_eff-6.23***(0.17)-0.91***(0.08)-0.69***(0.10)
环境规制Env_reg2.31***(0.10)0.15*(0.07)0.63***(0.10)
地理邻近Geo_pro-1.24***(0.05)-1.15***(0.06)
政策邻近Pol_pro3.14***(0.07)3.64***(0.15)
技术邻近Tec_pro-1.41***(0.05)-1.81***(0.07)
AIC96689410328102791417899994890849945
BIC96698410888110091491900364897749979
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中国城市工业贸易隐含碳排放转移网络结构及影响机制
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周晓艳 1 , 张雪莹 1, * , 吴炫匡 1 , 何依依 2 , 迪力阿热·塔依尔 1
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(6): 3472-3483
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(6): 3472-3483
中国城市工业贸易隐含碳排放转移网络结构及影响机制
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周晓艳1 , 张雪莹1, * , 吴炫匡1, 何依依2, 迪力阿热·塔依尔1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉大学资源与环境科学学院,湖北 武汉 430079
  • 2.湖北省生态环境科学研究院(省生态环境工程评估中心),湖北 武汉 430072
  • 周晓艳(1974-),女,湖北荆门人,副教授,博士,主要从事资源环境监测与规划、国土空间规划研究.发表论文40余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,硕士,
Structure and mechanism of China’s inter-city industrial trade embodied carbon emission transfer network
Xiao-yan ZHOU1 , Xue-ying ZHANG1, * , Xuan-kuang WU1, Yi-yi HE2, Di Li'ere·Ta Yier1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 2.Hubei Provincal Academy of Eco-Environmental Science (Provincal Ecological Environment Engineering Assessment Center), Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文运用多区域投入产出模型核算中国城市工业贸易隐含碳排放,刻画城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络结构特征,通过指数随机图模型(ERGM)揭示了该隐含碳转移网络的内生和外生影响机制.研究发现:城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络连接稠密但无标度性显著,具有小世界结构和异配性.资源密集型和资本密集型工业贸易贡献90%以上的隐含碳转移量.隐含碳流出量和净流出量较高的城市主要为黄河流域和环渤海地区的资源型城市和工业型城市,隐含碳流入量和净流入量较高的城市主要为胡焕庸线以东的全国和区域中心城市.较大规模的隐含碳转移主要发生在省域内城市间,反映出城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络具有一定的省界效应.省内城市隐含碳转移网络呈现围绕省域中心城市的“核心-边缘”结构.跨省城市隐含碳转移网络呈现由黄河流域和环渤海地区的资源型城市和工业型城市向北京、沪杭甬苏、重庆、广深等中心城市流出隐含碳的放射状空间格局.城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络影响机制中,互惠性和偏好依附效应是重要的内生机制.节点属性方面,经济发达、人口规模大、人均消费水平高、产业结构高级化水平高的城市倾向流入更多的隐含碳;资源型产业专业化程度较高、能源效率较低的城市倾向流出更多的隐含碳;经济发展水平、人口规模、人均消费、产业结构和环境规制的差异均正向影响城市间隐含碳净转移量.外生网络方面,政策邻近和地理邻近对城市隐含碳转移网络具有正向影响,技术邻近具有负向影响.最后,对区域协同减排和城市绿色发展转型提出政策建议.

工业贸易  /  隐含碳排放转移  /  多区域投入产出  /  网络结构  /  指数随机图模型

This paper used the multi-region input-output model to calculate the embodied carbon and its industrial structure of China's inter-city industrial trade based on the perspective of value-added trade, depict the structural characteristics of the embodied carbon transfer network, and the mechanism of the embodied carbon transfer network is revealed through the exponential random graph model (ERGM). The study found that: The inter-city industrial trade embodied carbon transfer network is dense but without scale, with small world structure and miscompatibility. Resource-intensive and capital-intensive industries contribute more than 90% of the embodied carbon transfer. Cities with high embodied carbon net outflow are mainly resource-based and industrial cities in the Yellow River Basin and the Bohai Rim region, while cities with high embodied carbon net inflow are mainly the national and regional central cities east of Hu Huanyong Line. Large-scale embodied carbon transfer mainly occurs among the cities within the provinces, and the inter-city embodied carbon transfer network has a certain provincial boundary effect. The embodied carbon transfer of provincial cities presents the "core-edge" structure around the provincial central cities. The embodied carbon transfer of inter-provincial cities shows the radial structure from the resource-based cities and industrial cities in the Yellow River basin and the Bohai Rim region to Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen and other central cities. In the mechanism of inter-city embodied carbon transfer network, mutualism and preference dependence effect are important endogenous mechanisms. Cities with developed economy, dense population, high per capita consumption level and advanced industry are more inclined to flow into the embodied carbon. Cities with higher comparative advantages and low energy efficiency in resource-based industries are more inclined to outflow embodied carbon. Policy proximity and geographic proximity have a positive impact on the inter-city embodied carbon transfer network, and technical proximity has a negative impact.

industrial trade  /  embodied carbon emission transfer  /  multi-regional input-output  /  network structure  /  ERGM
周晓艳, 张雪莹, 吴炫匡, 何依依, 迪力阿热·塔依尔. 中国城市工业贸易隐含碳排放转移网络结构及影响机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3472 -3483 .
Xiao-yan ZHOU, Xue-ying ZHANG, Xuan-kuang WU, Yi-yi HE, Di Li'ere·Ta Yier. Structure and mechanism of China’s inter-city industrial trade embodied carbon emission transfer network[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3472 -3483 .
工业领域低碳转型是实现“双碳”目标的重点任务.城市大规模集聚人口和经济,是产生碳排放的最主要来源,也是实施低碳减排政策的基本单元[1].中国城市数量众多,在资源禀赋、经济发展、产业结构和技术水平方面差异显著,城市间存在复杂的产业关联及大量资源要素的区际流动[2].隐含碳排放随工业产品贸易在城市间转移和重新分配[3],对城市碳排放空间格局和减排成效具有重要影响[4].隐含碳排放是指产品生产过程中为满足最终需求而产生的直接和间接碳排放,包括直接消耗化石能源产生的碳排放,以及使用的中间产品生产中的间接碳排放[5].不同区域间的产业投入产出关联日益密切,推动产品生产和消费的空间分离[3],引致隐含碳排放在生产地和消费地之间转移.区域从外地调入产品满足自身消费需求,碳排放压力随之转移到产品生产地.因此,厘清城市工业贸易隐含碳排放转移的空间特征及影响机制,对推动区域协同减排、助力低碳城市建设具有重要意义.
近年来,中国国内区域间贸易隐含碳排放转移研究成果不断涌现,研究对象以省域为主,研究内容主要涵盖以下主题:①隐含碳排放核算.学者们主要基于消费者责任视角,运用多区域投入产出模型核算各区域和省份隐含碳排放并分析行业结构[6-12].隐含碳主要从能源资源富集区和重化工基地区域向经济发达或经济总量大或产业结构不完整的区域转移[10],中国省域隐含碳整体呈现由西向东、由北向南转移的空间格局,具有一定的地理邻近性[6].②隐含碳转移网络结构刻画.随着研究深入,学者们将社会网络和复杂网络分析方法与多区域投入产出模型结合,以省份为节点、省际隐含碳流动为关系(路径)来构建省域隐含碳转移网络,并刻画网络拓扑特征、不同省份在贸易隐含碳转移网络中的地位、分析隐含碳转移规律和划分关联密切的省份组团[6,10,13-14].③隐含碳转移量和转移网络的影响因素.已有研究通过结构分解分析、地理探测器等方法,探究发现贸易规模、产业结构、技术进步、经济水平、消费投资、能源效率和结构、环境规制、产业转移等因素对省域隐含碳转移量有不同程度的影响[3,15-16],且在不同区域和省份存在差异.限于城市层面能源消耗和投入产出数据的缺失[17],我国城市贸易隐含碳转移研究较少.随着中国碳核算数据库团队(CEADs)首次编制了中国城市多区域投入产出表[17],出现了针对北京、上海、重庆等少数特大城市[18-20]及珠江流域[21]、中原城市群[22]、长三角城市群[23]、黄河流域[24]等案例研究,研究内容集中在隐含碳核算和转移特征分析,较少探究隐含碳转移影响因素.
本文通过已公布的最新年份中国城市多区域投入产出表,采用多区域投入产出模型核算城市工业贸易隐含碳,运用复杂网络分析法,刻画中国城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络的整体拓扑特征、城市中心性(城市隐含碳流出量、流入量、净流量及行业构成)和转移路径空间格局,并通过社会网络分析方法中揭示网络关系的重要工具——指数随机图模型,从网络结构效应、节点属性效应和外生网络效应三方面探究城市隐含碳转移网络的影响机制.
核算城市隐含碳排放所采用的2017年中国城市多区域投入产出表由中国碳核算数据库团队(CEADs)(https://www.ceads.net.cn/)编制[17].该多区域投入产出表包括中国313个行政单位和42个社会经济部门,覆盖中国95%以上的人口和97%以上的GDP;包括云南、青海、海南和西藏自治区4个省级行政区,北京、天津、上海和重庆4个直辖市,300个地级城市和5个省直辖县级市,港澳台数据暂缺.本文以上述行政单元中的309个城市为研究对象根据研究需要,将42个社会经济部门合并为农业、工业、建筑业和服务业四类,其中工业细分为资源密集型工业、资本密集型工业、劳动密集型工业和技术密集型工业四类(表1).城市分部门碳排放清单来自CEADs[25-27].社会经济数据来自2018年《中国城市统计年鉴》、各省份和城市统计年鉴以及城市国民经济和社会发展统计公报.
运用多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型构建城市工业贸易隐含碳排放转移矩阵.MRIO模型被广泛用于追踪区域间贸易的资源消耗和环境排放效应[28],能够有效核算多区域、多部门产业链联系中的隐含碳排放,是贸易隐含碳转移的主流研究方法.本文使用的城市多区域投入产出表的基本结构详见参考文献[17].包含m个城市、n个部门的MRIO模型的行向平衡关系表达式如下:
式中:r城市i部门的总产出;s城市j部门对r城市i部门的中间产品使用;s城市对r城市i部门的最终产品使用,r城市i部门的出口.矩阵表达形式如下:
式中:X为总产出的列向量,其中的分块矩阵Xrr城市的总产出;A为直接消耗系数矩阵,其中的分块矩阵Arss城市对r城市各部门的直接消耗系数矩阵;F为最终需求矩阵,其中的分块矩阵Frss城市对r城市各部门的最终使用列向量;Err城市的出口列向量.参考已有研究,将城市MRIO表嵌入到全球MRIO表具有较高的不确定性[23],故后续计算中不考虑城市出口部分.式(2)可改写为:
式中:L为列昂惕夫逆矩阵,也即完全需求系数矩阵,其中的分块矩阵Lrs代表s城市提供单位最终产品引起r城市总产出的变化.
将城市碳排放清单中各部门的碳排放量除以总产出,可以计算出各部门的直接碳排放系数q,进而构建直接碳排放强度对角矩阵Q.公式(3)两边同乘以Q,可得到城市隐含碳转移矩阵:
式中:Q为城市直接碳排放强度矩阵;T为城市隐含碳转移矩阵.考虑到不同城市的工业部门和非工业部门之间也存在投入产出关联,故以上投入产出模型计算中所有部门均包括在内.T中的分块矩阵Trs表示r城市流入s城市的隐含碳,计算公式如下:
式中:Trsr城市流入s城市的隐含碳的列矩阵;当r=s时,Trr表示r城市最终需求引致自身产生的碳排放列矩阵;o为第三城市;LroFos分别为LF矩阵中的分块矩阵.
根据公式(4)和(5)可构建出2163×309的城市贸易隐含碳转移矩阵,从中提取出资源密集型工业、资本密集型工业、劳动密集型工业和技术密集型工业贸易隐含碳转移矩阵,四者均为309×309的矩阵,相加后得到全工业贸易碳转移矩阵To,其中的元素r城市流入s城市的工业隐含碳.
以城市为节点、城市工业贸易隐含碳转移流向和流量为轴线,构建城市工业贸易隐含碳转移有向加权网络.采用复杂网络分析法,从网络整体特征、节点中心性和网络空间格局三方面解析隐含碳转移网络结构.通过网络密度、平均集聚系数和平均路径长度考察隐含碳转移网络的整体拓扑特征(表2),通过加权度中心性分析城市隐含碳流出量、流入量和净流量,通过网络层级刻画城市隐含碳转移路径空间格局.
指数随机图模型(ERGM)源于社会网络分析,是一种以关系为基础的生成式模型[29],能够综合从网络结构、节点属性和外生网络3方面揭示网络影响机制.运用ERGM模型探究中国城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络的内生和外生影响机制,通过R语言中Statnet程序包进行ERGM模型的估计和拟合.
研究选取的变量名称及描述见表3:①网络结构变量是指网络自组织形成的内生微观结构,选取边数、互惠性、扩散性和聚敛性4个变量,探究网络内生影响机制.②节点属性变量中,参考相关研究[3,8,15,30],城市隐含碳转移量主要取决于贸易中调出和调入产品的规模、结构及碳强度.从以上3方面,选取经济发展水平、人口规模等7个变量.经济发展水平、人口规模和人均消费会影响城市对商品和服务的市场需求规模[3,8]而影响调入产品的规模.产业结构高级化反映工业向服务业的演进[31-32],高级化的提升意味着生产结构的清洁化,亦会增加从其它城市直接或间接调入能源、原材料和初级加工品等中间投入的需求,进而影响城市隐含碳流入量.资源型产业专业化程度较高的城市为其它区域供应能源、原材料和初级加工品的功能也较强,进而影响城市隐含碳流出量.因此,产业结构高级化和资源型产业专业化程度会影响城市调出、调入产品的结构和碳强度.能源效率反映了城市的生产技术水平[3],对碳强度有重要影响.环境规制是影响碳密集型行业布局的重要因素,根据污染避难所假说,区域间环境规制的差异会驱使环境规制较弱的欠发达地区承接经济较发达地区转移的高能耗生产环节[33-34],进而后者可能会更倾向调出碳密集型工业产品,带来隐含碳的空间转移.③外生网络变量选取地理邻近、政策邻近和技术邻近.地理邻近能降低交易成本,政策邻近有助于减少贸易中的行政壁垒和不确定性.技术邻近为城市间投入产出关联提供知识和技术基础,通过城市间产业结构相似度来测算技术邻近[35],检验产业结构相近程度对城市隐含碳转移的影响.
城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移网络密度高达0.99,说明几乎任意两城市间均存在隐含碳转移.通过分析网络中边的权重发现均值以上的转移路径占比仅为15.92%,而其转移量占比高达81.47%.说明城市隐含碳转移网络虽连接稠密,但存在大量较低转移量的路径,均值以上的转移路径集中在少数城市间,具有显著的无标度特征.为更清晰地刻画网络关键特征,参考已有研究[3,6,36],对城市隐含碳转移网络进行筛选.首先对四种分行业工业贸易隐含碳转移矩阵以各自的平均转移量为阈值进行筛选,再将筛选后的分行业工业贸易隐含碳转移矩阵相加,进而构建得到筛选后的城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移网络.本文后续研究均以该筛选后的城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移网络作为分析对象.
筛选后的城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移网络密度降至0.288,网络平均集聚系数为0.628,平均路径长度为1.761.这说明网络局部集聚性较强,任意两个城市之间发生隐含碳转移平均需1.761步,具有典型的小世界结构,某城市的生产和消费活动将会通过产业关联影响网络中其它更多城市的碳排放变化.城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移总量为5154.69百万t(表4),占城市工业碳排放总量的比例近60%,表明城市间碳排放相互关联程度较高,贸易隐含碳对区域碳排放空间格局有重要影响.从分行业工业的贸易额和隐含碳转移量来看,资源密集型工业的贸易额占比最低,却贡献了58.37%的隐含碳转移量.资本密集型工业的贸易额和隐含碳转移量占比分别为35.83%和38.11%.劳动密集型和技术密集型工业的贸易额占全工业的一半左右,而隐含碳转移量占比不足5%.这体现了资源密集型和资本密集型工业的高能耗、低附加值特点,二者的贸易隐含碳转移量远高于劳动密集型和技术密集型工业.
由公式(5)和加权度中心性(表2)计算得到309座城市的全工业贸易隐含碳流出量、流入量和净流量.以城市隐含碳流出量和流入量作为坐标轴显示城市位序(图1).隐含碳流出量和流入量位序前20%的城市分别汇聚了网络中60%和70%左右的流量,说明少数城市贡献了大部分隐含碳流量.隐含碳流出量较高的城市具有明显的资源型城市和工业型城市指向,且多数分布于北部地区.流出量位于前列的榆林、唐山、鄂尔多斯等城市与后续城市之间存在明显的断层现象,反映出隐含碳流出的极化程度较高.隐含碳流入量较高的城市具有明显的全国和区域中心城市指向.北京、沪杭甬苏、重庆和广深占据领先位置,郑州、成都、西安等主要城市群中心城市以及南通、无锡等城市群次中心城市位于第二梯队,其次为东北、西北、西南等地区中心城市以及东部沿海的部分普通地级城市.隐含碳流出量和流入量均较高的城市为宁波、苏州、重庆等少数城市.
图1中对角线上方和下方分别为164座隐含碳净流入城市和145座隐含碳净流出城市.大部分城市趋近坐标轴分布,且高位序城市大部分远离对角线,表明隐含碳流出量和流入量较高的城市,其隐含碳净流出量和净流入量往往也较高.隐含碳净流出和净流入量位序前20%的城市汇聚了网络中70%左右的隐含碳净流量,说明隐含碳净流量亦集中在少部分城市.结合图1图2可知,城市隐含碳净流出量的空间分布呈现北高南低分异,高值区主要为黄河流域和环渤海地区的榆林、鄂尔多斯、唐山等资源型城市和工业型城市,这也是我国能源资源开发和重工业基地布局的重要区域.城市隐含碳净流入量的空间分布呈现东高西低分异,全国和区域中心城市大部分都具有较高的隐含碳净流入量.南京、太原和银川3个省域中心城市则处于隐含碳净流出状态,南京和太原的隐含碳流出量和流入量相近,故净流量较低,而银川的隐含碳净流出量较高,这与其产业结构偏重有关.
在城市全工业贸易隐含碳净流量空间格局基础上,分析隐含碳净流出城市和净流入城市在分工业行业层面的隐含碳净流量情况.考虑到隐含碳净流量集中在少部分城市,结合隐含碳净流出城市和净流入城市的隐含碳净流量累积分布函数曲线,分别选取隐含碳净流出量和净流入量降序排列后累积占比80%的城市进行分析,包括50座隐含碳净流出城市和42座隐含碳净流入城市(图3).大部分隐含碳净流出城市和隐含碳净流入城市90%以上的净流出量和净流入量来源于资源密集型工业和资本密集型工业,这与资源密集型工业和资本密集型工业生产活动的高耗能、高碳强度特征密切相关.隐含碳净流出量较高的城市涵盖榆林、鄂尔多斯等煤炭型和石油型资源型城市,唐山、包头、马鞍山等钢铁型和金属型资源型城市,以及滨州、安阳等重工业城市,它们为其它区域供应碳密集型的能源、基础原材料和初级加工品,引致了较高的隐含碳净流出量.隐含碳净流入量较高的城市主要为北京、上海等全国和区域中心城市,它们承载高附加值生产活动和大规模人口集聚,需要调入各类工业产品来满足城市生产生活中较高的中间投入和最终使用需求,尤其是调入资源密集型和资本密集型工业产品引致了较高的隐含碳净流入量.
运用自然断点法将城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移网络划分成5个层级,统计整体网络和各层级网络在省内和跨省的分布情况(表5).整体网络中跨省转移路径数量和转移总量占比均高于80%,但1~3层级网络的转移路径和转移量仍集中于省内,4~5层级网络则以跨省城市转移为主.表明城市隐含碳转移具有一定的省界效应,较大规模的隐含碳转移主要发生于省内城市间.
为更清晰地展示网络空间格局,对1~4层级网络中的省内和跨省转移路径分别可视化(图4).分析省内和跨省城市隐含碳转移网络空间格局如下:省内城市隐含碳转移网络密度的均值高达0.9,说明省内城市隐含碳流动较为密集.网络呈现围绕省域中心城市的“核心-边缘”结构(图4(a)).网络核心由省会城市、副省级城市和工业中心城市构成,控制着省内隐含碳流动.从转移路径等级来看,较大规模的隐含碳转移主要为资源型和工业型城市向省会城市和副省级城市流出隐含碳,如淄博→青岛,部分为双向流动,如唐山↔石家庄.此外,山东、河北、内蒙古等省的部分工业城市间,广东、浙江等省的少数中心城市间隐含碳转移量也较高,如包头↔鄂尔多斯、深圳→广州.省内隐含碳转移总量较高的主要为北部沿海和中部省份,山东、江苏和河北省内的城市隐含碳转移量最高,其次是河南、四川、湖北、安徽等省.
跨省城市隐含碳转移网络密度仅为0.25,说明跨省城市隐含碳流动较稀疏.网络呈现由黄河流域和环渤海地区的榆林、鄂尔多斯、唐山等资源型城市和工业型城市向北京、沪杭甬苏、重庆、广深等全国和区域中心城市流出隐含碳的放射状格局(图4(b)),在胡焕庸线东西两侧、秦岭-淮河一线南北两侧具有东密西疏、北密南疏的差异.1~2层级网络中,榆林对隐含碳流出具有极强的控制力,分别有近80%和近50%的隐含碳由榆林流出,其余隐含碳流出源主要为唐山和鄂尔多斯.北京、重庆、沪杭甬苏汇聚了最多的隐含碳流入,其次为广深、郑州、武汉、长沙等主要城市群中心城市,以及长三角城市群的嘉兴、无锡等部分普通地级城市.值得注意的是,长三角城市群表现出区域性向外转移碳排放压力的强劲态势.
运用ERGM模型探究中国城市全工业贸易隐含碳转移网络的内生和外生影响机制.首先检验节点属变量和外生网络变量的共线性,发现VIF值均小于5,说明不存在共线性.ERGM模型的拟合结果如表6所示,模型1~7的拟合结果均收敛.模型1引入边数,为基准模型,边数相当于回归模型中的截距项,一般不做解释.模型2引入边数和互惠性、扩散性和聚敛性3个内生结构变量,检验隐含碳转移网络的内生影响机制.模型3引入边数和7个节点属性变量,通过发出效应和接收效应来考察节点属性对城市流出和流入隐含碳的影响,其中经济发展水平、人口规模、人均消费、产业结构高级化检验接收效应,资源型产业专业化程度、能源效率和环境规制检验发出效应.模型4引入边数和7个节点属性变量,通过异配性效应来考察两城市属性差异对隐含碳转移的影响.模型5引入边数和3个外生网络变量,检验地理邻近、政策邻近和技术邻近对城市隐含碳转移的影响.此外,节点属性的异配性统计量以及外生网络变量均为无向变量,而城市隐含碳转移网络为有向网络.因此,为避免变量方向不一致对拟合结果产生影响,以城市全工业贸易隐含碳净转移网络(无向对称网络)为被解释变量,另外构建模型6和模型7作为对照,模型6和模型7的变量引入分别与模型4和模型5保持一致.
内生结构效应.模型2中,互惠性变量系数显著为正,说明城市相互之间倾向于发生双向的隐含碳转移,即互惠性促进了双向隐含碳转移关联,推动了城市隐含碳转移网络的形成.模型2中,扩散性系数较高且显著为负,说明存在隐含碳流出高度活跃的“明星节点”,主要是少数能源富集的资源型城市和工业型城市,广泛地为其它城市供应资源密集型和资本密集型工业产品.这容易引发少数城市承受大量碳排放压力的集中转移,也可能会降低隐含碳转移网络结构的稳定性和抗风险能力.聚敛性系数亦较高且显著为负,说明也存在少数隐含碳流入高度活跃的“明星节点”,主要是碳消费型的全国和中心城市,大量调入中间产品和最终产品的过程中汇聚了较多的隐含碳.隐含碳流出的扩散性和隐含碳流入的聚敛性也体现了城市隐含碳转移的偏好依附效应,这驱动城市隐含碳转移网络表现出无标度特征.
节点属性效应.模型3中,经济发展水平、人口规模、人均消费的接收效应系数均显著为正,意味着经济发达、人口密集、人均消费水平高的城市,倾向于从其他城市调入工业产品来满足自身社会经济发展中的消费和投资需求,故更多地流入隐含碳和向外转移碳排放压力.产业结构高级化的接收效应系数显著为正,城市产业结构越高级化,服务业发展水平也越高,对能源、原材料和初级加工产品的调入依赖越强,进而促使城市具有较高的隐含碳流入量.资源型产业专业化程度的发出效应系数显著为正,资源型城市是保障国家资源能源安全的战略基地,为其它城市供应能源资源密集产品的同时也承担了大量碳排放压力.能源效率的发出效应系数显著为负,说明能源效率越低的城市越倾向于流出更多的隐含碳.能源效率较低的城市其碳强度通常较高,调出产品生产中会产生更多隐含碳.对比模型4和模型6,模型6的AIC和BIC值均明显小于模型4,拟合优度更高,且异配性系数的显著情况优于模型4,因此节点属性异配性的拟合结果以模型6为准.模型6中,除能源效率外,其余6个变量的异配性系数均显著为正,体现了隐含碳转移网络具有很强的异配性特征.两城市在经济发展水平、人口规模、人均消费、资源禀赋、产业高级化和环境规制方面的异质性越强,它们从对方调入和向对方调出的产品在规模、结构和碳强度上也差异越大,故城市间隐含碳净转移量越高.这也说明经济发展、人口集聚、资源分布、产业结构和环境规制的空间差异共同驱动了城市间隐含碳净转移量的形成.
外生网络效应.模型5和模型7中,三个外生网络变量的系数均显著.地理邻近性的系数均显著为负,即地理距离对城市隐含碳(净)转移具有显著约束作用.地理距离增加会提高贸易成本,尤其是煤炭、钢铁、石油等大宗货物主要通过铁路和公路运输,产品贸易受交通成本的影响更强.隐含碳随工业产品贸易而流动,其空间转移也受到地理距离的约束作用.政策邻近性系数均显著为正,说明同省份的城市间隐含碳(净)转移量更高,该结果与前文隐含碳转移网络的省界效应一致.技术邻近性系数均显著为负,说明大规模的隐含碳(净)转移主要发生在技术邻近性较低、产业结构差异较大的城市间.根据比较优势理论,产业结构差异决定了贸易双方调出、调入产品的结构差异,这一方面为资源互补和开展贸易提供基础,另一方面也影响了隐含碳流出量和流入量之间的差异.如产业技术化和服务化程度较高的中心城市倾向从资源型、重工业型城市调入资源密集型和资本密集型的高碳工业产品,而向其调出技术密集型工业产品,因此两类城市之间具有较高的隐含碳(净)转移量.
贸易隐含碳转移量在城市碳排放总量中占比较高,减排责任分配应充分考虑隐含碳转移.一方面,80%以上的隐含碳转移发生于跨省城市间,应建立兼顾生产和消费的碳排放核算体系,综合考量不同省份的隐含碳流入和流出情况,合理分解减排责任和减排目标.另一方面,隐含碳转移具有一定的省界效应,省域内部应重点推进省会城市、副省级城市与工业中心城市间的减排协作,尤其是山东、河北、江苏等省内隐含碳转移量较高的省份.
资源密集型工业和资本密集型工业是隐含碳转移的主要来源和减排重点,应根据城市在产业链中的位置,从消费端和生产端制定差异化的协同减排策略.①发挥全国和区域中心城市的低碳转型先导作用.首先,应积极优化能源消费结构,加快企业生产和居民生活消费向绿色低碳转型,提高对资源密集型和资本密集型工业产品的使用效率,减轻向外转移的碳排放压力.其次,全国和区域中心城市应加强对隐含碳高流出城市的资金补偿,并通过减排技术转移、绿色投资、人才支持、共建低碳示范产业园区等方式引领带动后者的低碳转型.另外,城市隐含碳转移的偏好依附效应可能会使榆林、鄂尔多斯等少数资源型城市承受的碳排放压力过重,故全国和区域中心城市应适当拓宽碳密集型工业产品的调入来源,分散环境风险.②推动隐含碳高流出城市经济-能源协同绿色转型.黄河流域和环渤海地区的资源型城市和工业型城市面临着经济转型和节能降碳的双重挑战,亟需协调好保障国家资源能源安全和碳减排目标的关系.首先,挖掘隐含碳流出主要来源行业的降碳潜力,重点关注采矿业、电力热力生产供应业、金属冶炼和化工等部门,加快提升减排重点部门的能源利用效率,引导减排技术推广应用和生产工艺绿色化、智能化改造,积极探索能源资源循环利用生产模式;加大落后产能削减力度,提高承接产业转移的环境准入门槛;大力支持光伏、风力、氢能等清洁能源的开发应用,提高清洁生产水平.其次,充分利用碳市场、碳税、财政奖补等方式激励减排重点企业节能减排.最后,应积极融入京津冀协同发展、黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展等区域重大战略,加强与省域、城市群和都市圈中心城市的创新协作,加强创新链和产业链对接,扶持和培育发展清洁能源、新材料、精细化工、高端装备制造等产业,加快推进产业转型升级.
3.1 中国城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络连接稠密但无标度性显著,具有小世界结构和异配性特征.城市工业贸易隐含碳转移量在城市工业碳排放总量中占比近60%,资源密集型工业和资本密集型工业贸易贡献了90%以上的隐含碳转移量.
3.2 隐含碳流出量和流入量以及净流出量和净流入量均集中于少部分城市.隐含碳流出量和净流出量较高的城市主要为黄河流域和环渤海地区的榆林、鄂尔多斯、唐山等资源型城市和工业型城市,城市隐含碳净流出量主要来源于资源密集型和资本密集型工业产品的输出.隐含碳流入量和净流入量较高的城市主要为胡焕庸线以东的全国和区域中心城市,其中北京、沪杭甬苏、重庆和广深处于领先位置,城市隐含碳净流入量主要来源于资源密集型和资本密集型工业产品的调入.
3.3 较大规模的隐含碳转移主要发生于省域内城市间,反映出城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络具有一定的省界效应.省内城市隐含碳转移网络围绕省域行政中心或工业中心城市形成“核心-边缘”结构,山东、江苏和河北省内隐含碳转移量最高.跨省城市隐含碳转移网络具有东密西疏、北密南疏的空间差异,隐含碳呈现由黄河流域和环渤海地区的资源型城市和工业型城市流入北京、沪杭甬苏、重庆、广深等中心城市的放射状空间格局.
3.4 中国城市工业贸易隐含碳转移网络受到内生结构、节点属性和外生网络的共同影响.互惠性和偏好依附效应是重要的内生影响机制.经济发达、人口规模大、人均消费水平高、产业结构高级化水平高的城市倾向流入更多的隐含碳.资源型产业专业化程度较高、能源效率较低的城市倾向流出更多的隐含碳.城市间经济发展水平、人口规模、人均消费水平、资源型产业专业化程度、产业结构高级化和环境规制的差异均正向影响隐含碳净转移量.政策邻近和地理邻近对城市隐含碳转移网络具有正向影响,技术邻近具有负向影响.
  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(24BGJ048)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
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国家社会科学基金资助项目(24BGJ048)
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    1.武汉大学资源与环境科学学院,湖北 武汉 430079
    2.湖北省生态环境科学研究院(省生态环境工程评估中心),湖北 武汉 430072

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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