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To elucidate the interaction mechanisms between iron-manganese minerals and antibiotics/antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), enhance the understanding of their environmental degradation behaviors, and advance remediation technologies, this study systematically investigates the multifaceted degradation mechanisms of antibiotics by iron-manganese minerals. The mechanisms are explored through the following pathways: synergistic catalysis through surface Brønsted acid sites, Lewis acid sites, and hydroxyl groups promoting antibiotic hydrolysis; semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic degradation via electron-hole pair generation; direct oxidation by redox-active components such as Fe(III)/Mn(IV) coupled with activation of persulfate/hydrogen peroxide to yield reactive species for complete mineralization; concomitant radical-induced damage to ARGs through phosphodiester bond cleavage and base pair destruction, effectively inhibiting their horizontal transfer and evolution. The practical efficacy of iron-manganese minerals has been demonstrated in diverse environmental matrices including soils, aquatic systems, sludge, and livestock manure, with degradation efficiency dynamically regulated by pH, organic matter content, co-existing ions, and moisture conditions. Future research should prioritize establishing integrated databases mapping antibiotic-ARG co-degradation pathways and toxicity profiles, developing in situ dynamic characterization techniques for mineral interface reactions, engineering environment-adaptive mineral- based composite materials.

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为了阐明铁锰矿物与抗生素和抗性基因间的作用机制,深化对环境中抗生素与抗性基因降解行为的理解,改善抗生素与抗性基因修复技术,本文系统揭示了铁锰矿物对抗生素的多元降解机制:表面Brønsted酸、Lewis酸和羟基位点协同催化抗生素水解;基于半导体特性介导的抗生素光降解;矿物中Fe(III)/Mn(IV)等变价组分直接氧化抗生素或活化过硫酸盐/过氧化氢产生活性自由基实现深度矿化;同时,上述过程产生的自由基也可破坏抗性基因,抑制其迁移转化过程.铁锰矿物已证实可有效去除土壤、水体、污泥及畜禽粪便等环境介质中的抗生素及其抗性基因,其降解行为受环境pH值、有机质含量、共存离子浓度及水分条件等因素动态调控.本文进一步提出未来研究应聚焦于抗生素和抗性基因降解途径和毒性、原位动态表征技术以及铁锰矿物应用工艺等研究方向.

, correspAuthors=秦好丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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程鹏飞(1992−),男,河南商丘人,博士,主要从事土壤污染控制与修复研究.发表论文14篇..

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程鹏飞(1992−),男,河南商丘人,博士,主要从事土壤污染控制与修复研究.发表论文14篇..

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程鹏飞(1992−),男,河南商丘人,博士,主要从事土壤污染控制与修复研究.发表论文14篇..

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Environmental Science & Technology201953(18):10645-10653., articleTitle=Hydrolysis of chloramphenicol catalyzed by clay minerals under non-aqueous conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106422057825189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388796994327, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=75, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=89, authorNames=曹志远, 卞浩然, 解祖坤, journalName=贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹志远,卞浩然,解祖坤,等.Ti改性Mn基催化剂常温去除臭氧的性能研究与改进[J]. 贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版)202442(4):75-83., articleTitle=Ti改性Mn基催化剂常温去除臭氧的性能研究与改进, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106422263346095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388796994327, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=75, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=90, authorNames=Cao Z Y, Pian H R, Xie Z K, journalName=Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Sciences), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao Z YPian H RXie Z K,et al. Research and improvement on the performance of Ti modified Mn based catalysts for removing ozone at room temperature [J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Sciences)202442(4):75-83., articleTitle=Research and improvement on the performance of Ti modified Mn based catalysts for removing ozone at room temperature, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106402105520784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388796994327, awardId=BK20240886, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20240886), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1234106402256515755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388796994327, awardId=42407028; 41967003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42407028; 41967003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1234106402357179066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388796994327, awardId=2024M760597, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后基金资助项目(2024M760597), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1234106402520756941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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The degradation efficiency and mechanisms of antibiotics and ARGs in the environment mediated by iron-manganese minerals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁锰矿物活性物种抗生素/抗性基因反应机理降解效率环境条件文献
磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、菱铁矿Lewis酸、Bronsted酸、≡Fe-OH氯霉素水解磁赤铁矿,1.1856d-1干燥矿物[8]
赤铁矿,0.1737d-1
针铁矿,0.1164d-1
菱铁矿,0.0179d-1
针铁矿≡Fe-OH青霉素水解0.025~0.25mim-1废水[13]
针铁矿-Zn(II)≡Fe-OH/Zn(II)6-氨基青霉烷酸、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、青霉素水解6-氨基青霉烷酸,0.174h-1悬浊液[10]
氨苄西林,0.438h-1
阿莫西林,0.516h-1
青霉素,1.140h-1
针铁矿≡FeOH、≡Fe2OH四环素类抗生素氧化第一阶段,0.0532h-1悬浊液[33]
第二阶段,0.0122h-1
针铁矿Fe(II)、h+、•OH、光照阿莫西林光降解0.0152h-1悬浊液[60]
赤铁矿、水铁矿、针铁矿Fe(II)、h+、•OH、H2O2、光照四环素光降解赤铁矿,0.2289min−1悬浊液[7]
水铁矿,0.0507min−1
针铁矿,0.0411min−1
磁铁矿Fe(II)/Fe(III)、ROS磺胺甲恶唑氧化降解率可达71.56%废水[61]
赤铁矿SO4•-、O2•−四环素氧化去除率可达86.9%废水[62]
黄铁矿h+、•OH、O2•−泰乐菌素光降解泰乐菌素,光照,0.069h-1悬浮液[21]
泰乐菌素-黄铁矿,光照,0.155h-1
泰乐菌素-黄铁矿,黑暗,0.046h-1
黄铁矿Fe(II)/Fe(III)四环素、恩诺沙星氧化生物降解去除率40%~90%人工湿地[63]
赤铁矿量子点-沸石钛硅•OH四环素、脱氧土霉素光降解3h去除率四环素39.5%、脱氧土霉素42.5%悬浊液[25]
赤铁矿•OHARGs光降解ARGs丰度降低降低3~5个数量级自然水体[15]
磁铁矿ARGs促进生物降解ARGs丰度降低37.6%~70.73%猪粪[59]
铁锰二元氧化物ARGs促进生物降解ARGs丰度降低24.7%猪粪[9]
铁锰二元氧化物-过硫酸盐•OH、Fe(III)/Fe(II)、Mn(III)/Mn(II)、SO4•-磺胺甲恶唑氧化降解率可达94.4%自然水体[41]
MnO2-腐殖酸半醌自由基磺胺甲恶唑氧化0.0098~0.2252min-1悬浊液[64]
天然锰矿物Mn(III)/Mn(IV)恩诺沙星氧化0.0066~0.3845h-1悬浊液[47]
γ-MnO2γ-MnO2磺胺甲恶唑氧化H2O:MnO2=85MnO2, 12g/L, 0.048d-1悬浊液[65]
H2O:MnO2=62MnO2, 16g/L, 0.056d-1
H2O:MnO2=49MnO2, 21g/L, 0.063d-1
H2O:MnO2=30MnO2, 34g/L, 0.085d-1
H2O:MnO2=4MnO2, 260g/L, 0.429d-1
水钠锰矿Mn(IV)/Mn(III)左痒氟沙星氧化8mmol/L,水钠锰矿,10d降解率61.8%悬浊液[66]
水钠锰矿Mn(IV)/Mn(III)磺胺二甲嘧啶氧化pH 4.5, 0.334min-1悬浊液[6]
pH 5.5, 0.302min-1
pH 6.5, 0.057min-1
pH 7.5, 0.023min-1
pH 4.5, 0.01mol/L NaCl, 0.188min-1
pH 4.5, 0.10mol/L NaCl, 0.171min-1
水钠锰矿Mn(IV)/Mn(III)氯四环素氧化pH 3.77, MnO2, 50g/L, 37.5h-1悬浊液[46]
生物氧化锰Mn(II)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV)氧氟沙星氧化48h降解率最大79%悬浊液[67]
α-MnO2•OH、O2•−磺胺甲恶唑光降解0.0250min-1悬浮液[68]
Mn3O4-γ-MnOOHO2•−和h+诺氟沙星光降解0.0720min−1悬浮液[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106401912582770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388796994327, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铁锰矿物作用下环境中抗生素和抗性基因降解效率和降解机理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁锰矿物活性物种抗生素/抗性基因反应机理降解效率环境条件文献
磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、菱铁矿Lewis酸、Bronsted酸、≡Fe-OH氯霉素水解磁赤铁矿,1.1856d-1干燥矿物[8]
赤铁矿,0.1737d-1
针铁矿,0.1164d-1
菱铁矿,0.0179d-1
针铁矿≡Fe-OH青霉素水解0.025~0.25mim-1废水[13]
针铁矿-Zn(II)≡Fe-OH/Zn(II)6-氨基青霉烷酸、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、青霉素水解6-氨基青霉烷酸,0.174h-1悬浊液[10]
氨苄西林,0.438h-1
阿莫西林,0.516h-1
青霉素,1.140h-1
针铁矿≡FeOH、≡Fe2OH四环素类抗生素氧化第一阶段,0.0532h-1悬浊液[33]
第二阶段,0.0122h-1
针铁矿Fe(II)、h+、•OH、光照阿莫西林光降解0.0152h-1悬浊液[60]
赤铁矿、水铁矿、针铁矿Fe(II)、h+、•OH、H2O2、光照四环素光降解赤铁矿,0.2289min−1悬浊液[7]
水铁矿,0.0507min−1
针铁矿,0.0411min−1
磁铁矿Fe(II)/Fe(III)、ROS磺胺甲恶唑氧化降解率可达71.56%废水[61]
赤铁矿SO4•-、O2•−四环素氧化去除率可达86.9%废水[62]
黄铁矿h+、•OH、O2•−泰乐菌素光降解泰乐菌素,光照,0.069h-1悬浮液[21]
泰乐菌素-黄铁矿,光照,0.155h-1
泰乐菌素-黄铁矿,黑暗,0.046h-1
黄铁矿Fe(II)/Fe(III)四环素、恩诺沙星氧化生物降解去除率40%~90%人工湿地[63]
赤铁矿量子点-沸石钛硅•OH四环素、脱氧土霉素光降解3h去除率四环素39.5%、脱氧土霉素42.5%悬浊液[25]
赤铁矿•OHARGs光降解ARGs丰度降低降低3~5个数量级自然水体[15]
磁铁矿ARGs促进生物降解ARGs丰度降低37.6%~70.73%猪粪[59]
铁锰二元氧化物ARGs促进生物降解ARGs丰度降低24.7%猪粪[9]
铁锰二元氧化物-过硫酸盐•OH、Fe(III)/Fe(II)、Mn(III)/Mn(II)、SO4•-磺胺甲恶唑氧化降解率可达94.4%自然水体[41]
MnO2-腐殖酸半醌自由基磺胺甲恶唑氧化0.0098~0.2252min-1悬浊液[64]
天然锰矿物Mn(III)/Mn(IV)恩诺沙星氧化0.0066~0.3845h-1悬浊液[47]
γ-MnO2γ-MnO2磺胺甲恶唑氧化H2O:MnO2=85MnO2, 12g/L, 0.048d-1悬浊液[65]
H2O:MnO2=62MnO2, 16g/L, 0.056d-1
H2O:MnO2=49MnO2, 21g/L, 0.063d-1
H2O:MnO2=30MnO2, 34g/L, 0.085d-1
H2O:MnO2=4MnO2, 260g/L, 0.429d-1
水钠锰矿Mn(IV)/Mn(III)左痒氟沙星氧化8mmol/L,水钠锰矿,10d降解率61.8%悬浊液[66]
水钠锰矿Mn(IV)/Mn(III)磺胺二甲嘧啶氧化pH 4.5, 0.334min-1悬浊液[6]
pH 5.5, 0.302min-1
pH 6.5, 0.057min-1
pH 7.5, 0.023min-1
pH 4.5, 0.01mol/L NaCl, 0.188min-1
pH 4.5, 0.10mol/L NaCl, 0.171min-1
水钠锰矿Mn(IV)/Mn(III)氯四环素氧化pH 3.77, MnO2, 50g/L, 37.5h-1悬浊液[46]
生物氧化锰Mn(II)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV)氧氟沙星氧化48h降解率最大79%悬浊液[67]
α-MnO2•OH、O2•−磺胺甲恶唑光降解0.0250min-1悬浮液[68]
Mn3O4-γ-MnOOHO2•−和h+诺氟沙星光降解0.0720min−1悬浮液[69]
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铁锰矿物作用下环境中抗生素和抗性基因的降解行为
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程鹏飞 1, 3 , 李代微 2 , 颜子竣 1 , 田芹 2, 3 , 戴志聪 1 , 秦好丽 2, 4, * , 刘同旭 3
中国环境科学 | 农业与农村新污染物 2025,45(6): 3359-3369
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中国环境科学 | 农业与农村新污染物 2025, 45(6): 3359-3369
铁锰矿物作用下环境中抗生素和抗性基因的降解行为
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程鹏飞1, 3 , 李代微2, 颜子竣1, 田芹2, 3, 戴志聪1, 秦好丽2, 4, * , 刘同旭3
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学环境与安全工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 2.贵州师范大学化学与材料科学院,贵州 贵阳 550001
  • 3.广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所,华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心,广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室,广东 广州 510650
  • 4.贵州省材料化学重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 程鹏飞(1992−),男,河南商丘人,博士,主要从事土壤污染控制与修复研究.发表论文14篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
The degradation behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in the environment mediated by iron-manganese minerals
Peng-fei CHENG1, 3 , Dai-wei LI2, Zi-jun YAN1, Qin TIAN2, 3, Zhi-cong DAI1, Hao-li QIN2, 4, * , Tong-xu LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2.School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550001, China
  • 3.National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
  • 4.The Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry in Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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为了阐明铁锰矿物与抗生素和抗性基因间的作用机制,深化对环境中抗生素与抗性基因降解行为的理解,改善抗生素与抗性基因修复技术,本文系统揭示了铁锰矿物对抗生素的多元降解机制:表面Brønsted酸、Lewis酸和羟基位点协同催化抗生素水解;基于半导体特性介导的抗生素光降解;矿物中Fe(III)/Mn(IV)等变价组分直接氧化抗生素或活化过硫酸盐/过氧化氢产生活性自由基实现深度矿化;同时,上述过程产生的自由基也可破坏抗性基因,抑制其迁移转化过程.铁锰矿物已证实可有效去除土壤、水体、污泥及畜禽粪便等环境介质中的抗生素及其抗性基因,其降解行为受环境pH值、有机质含量、共存离子浓度及水分条件等因素动态调控.本文进一步提出未来研究应聚焦于抗生素和抗性基因降解途径和毒性、原位动态表征技术以及铁锰矿物应用工艺等研究方向.

铁矿物  /  锰矿物  /  抗生素  /  抗生素抗性基因  /  降解

To elucidate the interaction mechanisms between iron-manganese minerals and antibiotics/antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), enhance the understanding of their environmental degradation behaviors, and advance remediation technologies, this study systematically investigates the multifaceted degradation mechanisms of antibiotics by iron-manganese minerals. The mechanisms are explored through the following pathways: synergistic catalysis through surface Brønsted acid sites, Lewis acid sites, and hydroxyl groups promoting antibiotic hydrolysis; semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic degradation via electron-hole pair generation; direct oxidation by redox-active components such as Fe(III)/Mn(IV) coupled with activation of persulfate/hydrogen peroxide to yield reactive species for complete mineralization; concomitant radical-induced damage to ARGs through phosphodiester bond cleavage and base pair destruction, effectively inhibiting their horizontal transfer and evolution. The practical efficacy of iron-manganese minerals has been demonstrated in diverse environmental matrices including soils, aquatic systems, sludge, and livestock manure, with degradation efficiency dynamically regulated by pH, organic matter content, co-existing ions, and moisture conditions. Future research should prioritize establishing integrated databases mapping antibiotic-ARG co-degradation pathways and toxicity profiles, developing in situ dynamic characterization techniques for mineral interface reactions, engineering environment-adaptive mineral- based composite materials.

iron minerals  /  manganese minerals  /  antibiotics  /  antibiotic resistance genes  /  degradation
程鹏飞, 李代微, 颜子竣, 田芹, 戴志聪, 秦好丽, 刘同旭. 铁锰矿物作用下环境中抗生素和抗性基因的降解行为. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3359 -3369 .
Peng-fei CHENG, Dai-wei LI, Zi-jun YAN, Qin TIAN, Zhi-cong DAI, Hao-li QIN, Tong-xu LIU. The degradation behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in the environment mediated by iron-manganese minerals[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3359 -3369 .
抗生素能有效抑制细菌生长和繁殖,广泛应用于医学、畜牧业和水产养殖等领域[1].抗生素在生物体内不易被吸收降解,多数以母体或代谢产物的形式排入环境中.我国水体、土壤、沉积物、畜禽粪便等环境中普遍检测到抗生素污染的存在[2],抗生素残留不仅影响生物多样性和生态平衡,还导致抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)产生.抗性基因可通过接合、转导、转化等途径在细菌间传播[3],可能导致微生物的耐药性增强,从而影响人类健康和生态安全.抗生素降解行为是减少其毒性效应和环境危害的重要过程,探究抗生素和抗性基因在环境中的降解行为具有重要意义.
抗生素在环境中可通过生物和非生物降解过程来减少污染.微生物降解依赖于特定微生物代谢活动,其效率受温度、营养物质、pH值等环境因素影响较大[4].此外,微生物生长繁殖需要一定时间,在一定程度上限制了其对抗生素的降解效率.非生物降解研究中,臭氧、高锰酸钾、次氯酸等高氧化材料以及TiO2、ZnO等光催化材料,还有微波、电离辐射等高能被广泛应用[1,5].这些技术虽然对抗生素具有较好的降解效果,但同时存在高能耗、高成本、高风险等缺点.寻求绿色高效降解材料是减少抗生素和抗性基因危害的关键.
铁锰矿物作为土壤和沉积物中重要活性矿物组分,在调控有机污染物降解过程中扮演重要角色[6-7].铁锰矿物界面抗生素氧化降解过程最早被发现,近年来不同结构铁锰矿物界面抗生素电子转移和自由基催化过程逐渐清晰[6].而由铁锰矿物与过硫酸盐等组成的高级氧化体系对抗生素降解表现出更优异效能.作为半导体材料,铁锰矿物产生的空穴(h+)以及活性氧物种(·OH、O2·-和H2O2)显著催化抗生素光降解,且对抗生素降解表现出广谱性[7].而非均相体系研究促进了抗生素水解领域的发展,铁锰矿物表面Brønsted酸性位点、Lewis酸性位点和表面羟基能够介导氯霉素、青霉素等抗生素的水解[8].同时,铁锰矿物在土壤、水体、沉积物、污泥以及畜禽粪便等环境中对抗生素的去除展现出卓越的修复效果[9].铁锰矿物不仅能够有效地降解抗生素,还因其可循环使用的特性,为环境修复提供了一种可持续的解决方案.同时,不同种类的抗生素在铁锰矿物作用下的降解活性、降解途径以及毒性效应呈现出明显差异.例如,氯霉素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类等抗生素,由于其化学结构和性质的不同,与铁锰矿物的相互作用机制也各不相同.因此,铁矿锰是去除环境中抗生素和抗性基因的绿色高效材料,相关机制复杂,尚缺乏系统梳理.本文系统探讨了铁锰矿物介导抗生素降解过程中的多重机制,分析了其在去除环境中抗生素和抗性基因的实际应用与挑战,解析了环境因素对降解过程的影响,并提出未来发展方向,以期为铁锰矿物作用下抗生素和抗性基因降解机制研究进一步发展提供理论和技术依据.
抗生素在环境中的降解行为是当前环境科学研究的热点之一,铁锰矿物在这一过程中可通过不同机制促进抗生素降解.本节系统阐述了抗生素在铁锰矿物作用下的水解、光降解以及氧化降解行为,揭示其背后的复杂机制,为有效控制抗生素污染、降低其环境风险提供科学依据.
水解反应是环境中抗生素降解的重要途径之一,铁锰矿物可加速抗生素分子中酰胺键或酯键断裂,促进其快速转化为较小分子和失去活性.铁锰矿物促进抗生素水解的能力,主要通过其表面Brønsted酸性位点、Lewis酸性位点以及表面羟基形成的氢键来实现(图1).不同铁锰矿物因表面性质不同而展现出不同的催化水解过程.Wu等[8]发现氯霉素在不同铁矿物界面降解速率顺序为:磁赤铁矿(1.1856d-1)>赤铁矿(0.1737d-1)>菱铁矿(0.1164d-1)>针铁矿(0.0179d-1).磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿表面存在大量Lewis酸位点,而针铁矿表面则主要由铁羟基构成.磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿借助表面Lewis酸促进氯霉素水解.针铁矿则通过其表面羟基与抗生素形成的氢键来催化抗生素水解.磁赤铁矿因拥有较多Lewis酸性强的四面体Fe位点而表现出最高的催化活性. Sheng等[10]研究表明,针铁矿主要通过表面双齿和三齿羟基吸附和降解青霉素分子,氟离子掩蔽针铁矿单齿羟基结构并不影响青霉素水解速率.Chen等[11]向水溶液中投入20mmol/L磁铁矿,48h后氨苄西林几乎完全降解.当溶液pH值降低时,磁铁矿在水溶液中发生溶解,释放的Fe(III)促进氨苄西林的水解反应.有关锰矿物作用下抗生素降解的研究较少,Huang等[12]发现在去离子水和自然水体中Mn(II)能够促进氨苄西林的水解反应.转化产物分析表明,游离的Fe(III)和Mn(II)与氨苄西中羧基和叔氮相结合,加速了氨苄西水解反应.吸附在铁锰矿物表面的金属离子也会起到相同作用,Sheng等[10]发现针铁矿表面吸附的Zn(II)可作为强亲核试剂,破坏抗生素内酰胺环结构,加速青霉素水解.Liu等[13]将针铁矿应用于废水中抗生素去除,青霉素类抗生素(氨苄西林、阿莫西林、无侧链青霉素)能够快速水解,而头孢哌酮和氯霉素并无明显变化.同时,向体系中加入Zn(II)能够提高青霉素类抗生素水解速率.
已有研究表明大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类、氯霉素类、青霉素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类抗生素均可发生水解反应,但铁锰矿物作用下抗生素的水解过程研究仍然较少,尚不能对比水解速率及相关机制的差异[11,14].而抗生素水解产物鉴定发现,铁矿物作用下抗生素只水解生成小分子酸,并不能进一步氧化.锰矿物界面上抗生素水解过程的讨论尚不充分,可能由于水解产物会被快速氧化降解.有必要进一步开展研究,以明确在锰矿物界面上抗生素水解过程中水解产物的生成情况及其后续的氧化降解行为,从而为揭示锰矿物在抗生素降解中的作用机制提供更有力的证据支持.同时,虽然有研究表明,水分非饱和土壤中氯霉素的水解速率与土壤中的无定型Fe(R2=0.41)和结晶型Fe(R=0.43)含量呈正相关,但在自然环境体系中研究铁锰矿物介导抗生素水解的研究仍然非常匮乏,亟需开展更多研究,以填补真实体系下抗生素水解过程研究空白[16].
抗生素在环境中可以发生直接光解、光敏化降解和光催化降解,铁锰矿物作为半导体材料对其光催化降解发挥重要作用.光照下铁锰矿物能够驱动光子向电子转移,激发电子跃迁,产生光生电子(e-)、空穴(h+)以及活性氧物种(·OH、O2·-和H2O2),从而促进抗生素的光降解(图1)[17-18].光照也会促进有机污染物与铁锰矿物中过渡金属离子发生电子转移,导致C-H、C-C、C-O等共价键断裂,以达到降解抗生素的作用[19].研究表明,光照下铁矿物中绿锈和锰矿物中三斜晶系的水钠锰矿表面·OH产量是TiO2的3~5倍[20].康晓跃等[21]发现天然黄铁矿(FeS2)在1h内对泰乐菌素的降解率可达到97%,其中·OH和O2·-发挥主要作用.FeS2在循环利用4次后,泰乐菌素降解率仍能保持80%.Alinda等[22]将合成的低带隙(0.99eV)纳米α-MnO2在白炽灯下照射,70min后表面四环素(TC)的去除率为51.55%.Li等[7]则研究了四环素在含赤铁矿、针铁矿和水铁矿的水体中光降解情况,四环素去除率分别为94.1%、75.0%、63.2%.四环素去除效率与3种铁矿物的·OH产率呈线性相关.·OH主要由H2O2分解产生,高结晶针铁矿和赤铁矿中Fe-O键对O2具有较高吸附能,O2易与导带上Fe原子发生电荷转移生成H2O2.H2O2的生成则是由O2诱导Fe(Ⅱ)发生氧化反应以及导带上Fe原子直接还原O2两种作用共同促成的.Zheng等[23]则发现光照下铁矿物表面·OH产量顺序为针铁矿(0.648nmol/(L·min))、赤铁矿(0.459nmol/(L·min))和磁铁矿(0.237nmol/(L·min)).光照下不同结构铁矿物中ROS产量不具有固定的比较性,实际中要针对特定的自然或合成铁矿物进行测定.而锰矿物具有较低的带隙,光催化活性普遍要强于铁矿物[20].
实际应用中常将铁锰氧化物负载在其他材料上,用于阻碍e-与电子空穴h+的复合或者增强材料对可见光的吸收能力[24].Meng等[25]将α-Fe2O3量子点负载在沸石钛硅上,使沸石钛硅的光催化性能由2.0%增加到58.6%,对四环素的光降解率达到70%.电子空穴h+与四环素的电子转移过程对降解起主要作用,其次是·OH和O2·-.鉴于过渡金属Fe/Mn的优异光电性能[26-27],也可将单金属原子嵌入材料.Al-Gariaa等[28]合成了Mn(Ⅱ)掺杂的ZnO,Mn(II)掺杂使光照2h后ZnO对头孢噻肟的降解率从48.5%增加至100%.Mn(Ⅱ)可以作为捕获载流子的表面界面中心,使载流子的寿命延长并阻止e-和h+的复合.这类研究铁锰矿物界面抗生素降解机理也具有一定启发作用.不同抗生素光降解效率受其直接光降解和催化降解能力影响,直接光解中单线态氧和光催化过程中·OH对不同抗生素降解贡献具有差异,但现有研究很少定量铁锰矿物光催化对抗生素降解的贡献.此外,铁锰矿物可与抗生素竞争吸收光,其屏蔽作用对抗生素降解的影响,目前尚缺乏有力的研究方法来进行深入探究.
铁锰矿物介导不同抗生素的光催化降解效率,主要受抗生素的光敏性及分子活性的影响.可通过评估抗生素的激发态能量和福井函数等电化学性质,来对这一降解效率进行分析和判断[29-30].抗生素降解过程虽具有差异,但一般为分子键断裂,进一步开环和矿化.喹诺酮类抗生素主要经历脱氟和脱羧反应,以及哌嗪环的脱羧、脱乙酰和氧化,生成的小分子最终生成CO2和H2O[1].四环素中敏感基团如氨基、羟基、羧基等会被O2·和·OH攻击引起分子的开环、断键、氧化和矿化等反应[31].这部分研究更多关注抗生素直接光解过程和自由基催化过程,适用于众多光催化体系.然而,对于铁锰过渡金属与抗生素分子之间具体的反应过程以及反应产物,还缺乏针对性的鉴定和深入研究,
铁锰矿物界面抗生素氧化降解过程与其他有机污染物相似,主要包括3个过程,(1)抗生素首先吸附在锰矿物表面;(2)抗生素与锰矿物发生电子转移;(3)降解产物与锰离子的释放(图1)[32].抗生素在铁锰矿物界面反应分为两个阶段,第一阶段是抗生素的吸附反应,第二阶段则是抗生素的转化反应,初始的快速期随后是连续的缓慢转化期[33].针铁矿界面抗生素转化过程中,溶解性Fe(III)和活性自由基并不是催化四环素降解的主要氧化物质,表面铁羟基发挥了主要作用,单配位羟基(≡FeOH)比双配位羟基(≡Fe2OH)表现出更高的活性.原位红外光谱和X射线能量光谱技术表明,抗生素可与铁矿物发生络合和电子传递过程[34].但也有研究表明,四环素可与溶液中Fe(II)或Fe(III)形成络合物,Fe(II)络合物在氧气作用可生成Fe(III)络合物和活性氧物种ROS,Fe(III)络合物内部可发生电子转移氧化反应[33].抗生素的降解能力受铁锰矿物结构影响显著.研究表明,60,300,600,900℃温度制备下的水钠锰矿,对环丙沙星的去除率随着温度升高而降低,900℃制备的水钠锰矿几乎不能降解环丙沙星[35].随制备温度的升高,锰氧化物的结晶度升高,晶粒生长,不利于二氧化锰吸附降解环丙沙星.研究表明,在锰矿物对抗生素的氧化降解过程,随着锰离子的不断释放,二氧化锰总量逐渐减少,导致活性不断损失.如何有效控制锰离子的释放,并实现二氧化锰的再生利用,是当前研究中一个至关重要的问题.Cai等[36]研究发现,负载二氧化锰的滤柱在对水溶液中环丙沙星降解时,降解效率随着运行周期的进行逐渐降低.通过使用高锰酸钾、过氧化氢和锰氧化菌处理滤柱均可提高滤柱对环丙沙星的去除效果,其中生物法效果更好且具有持久性.在锰矿物与抗生素体系中加入锰氧化菌可实现Mn(II)、Mn(III)和Mn(IV)的相互转化,从而有效维持锰矿物的活性.锰氧化菌的作用还会使锰矿物的结构变得更为松散,晶型特征减弱,同时表面积得到显著增加[37].生物源锰氧化物BioMnOx对抗生素的降解作用也是最近研究热点.BioMnOx不仅可以直接氧化抗生素,也可增加抗生素降解菌丰度,丰富抗生素的代谢途径和矿化率,从而有效促进抗生素去除,并降低ARGs的表达[38].锰氧化细菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa MQ2)氧化Mn(II)生成的锰氧化物在24h内去除了93%环丙沙星和96%四环素.该过程清除了抗生素压力下细菌产生的ROS,降低了ARGs的接合和转化,减缓了耐药性突变进程[39].锰氧化物的氧化能力在生成速率峰值时最高,Mn(III)的比例随锰氧化物形成逐渐增加,在Mn(II)氧化停止后降低,而Mn(III)与O2电子传递过程中生成得O2·-是主要氧化源[40].铁锰矿物也可通过Fe(II)/Fe(III)和Mn(II)/Mn(III)氧化还原对作用激发过硫酸盐等产生·OH和SO4·−间接降解抗生素[41].将铁锰矿物负载在碳材料上,也可显著提高高级氧化体系中抗生素的降解能力[42].而铁矿物与锰矿物对抗生素降解具有协同促进作用,20%水钠锰矿@针铁矿对四环素的去除率达98%.水钠锰矿@针铁矿具有高比表面积、表面羟基和氧化活性,促进了四环素的吸附[43].
氯霉素类抗生素、磺胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类抗生素、氨基糖苷类抗生素、四环素类抗生素已被证明可在铁锰矿物界面发生降解.不同结构抗生素在铁锰矿物界面转化效率不同.氢氧化铁胶体降解不同抗生素过程中,被还原程度顺序为庆大霉素>对氨基苯磺酰胺>磺胺甲恶唑>诺氟沙星>环丙沙星.磺胺类抗生素和氨基糖苷类中环酰胺基、氨基和羟基易与氢氧化铁胶体发生电子转移[34].Li等[33]研究了针铁矿和水钠锰矿对四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和头孢转化,针铁矿能够有效转化四环素和头孢,水钠锰矿对四类抗生素均具有转化作用.铁矿物界面抗生素降解产物以羟基化和脱甲基化产物为主,而锰矿物和高级氧化反应体系中活性自由基会攻击分子中碳碳键、碳氮键等生成小分子并矿化,降低其对环境的毒性影响[41].产物鉴定和理论计算表明,抗生素中电子密度较高的区域最容易氧化、开环、断链[44-45].Chen等[46]研究表明,δ-MnO2氯四环素中的C6和C12位羟基以及二甲胺基团是与δ-MnO2表面Mn-OH基团发生反应的关键活性位点.Zhang等[47]发现锰氧化物通过破坏恩诺沙星的哌嗪结构将其转化为小分子.铁锰矿物界面抗生素降解过程中生成的有机自由基中间体可发生偶联反应生成聚合物[48].目前,对于铁锰矿物结构如晶面性质、缺陷等结构性质对抗生素降解影响仍缺乏,不同抗生素降解途径和毒性效应研究仍然不充分.
环境中抗生素抗性基因可通过转移、转化和转导等过程传播[49],也会因为抗生素抗性菌灭活、DNA序列破坏而被消减,铁锰矿物对抗生素抗性基因环境行为具有较大影响.其中抗性基因的转移过程已有较多研究,铁锰矿物能够改变微生物细胞膜通透性和胞内ROS水平进而影响抗性基因转移水平[50-51].抗生素抗性基因降解是指ARGs的DNA序列被破坏,其失去编码抗性蛋白的能力,从而失去活性.铁锰矿物通过吸附作用对抗生素抗性基因的消减过程已有较多研究[52],但近年来抗生素抗性基因降解过程已开始引起关注,并取得一系列的进展.
铁锰矿物作用下ARGs的降解机制主要包括光催化降解和高级氧化降解(表1).·OH等活性氧自由基可通过脱氧核苷损伤或链断裂破坏环境DNA或ARGs,抑制其通过水平基因转移的繁殖风险[53].Wang等[15]研究发现,自然水体中添加40mg/L赤铁矿颗粒,可见光下ARGs降低3~5个数量级.ARGs降解发生在赤铁矿界面,AGRs与赤铁矿形成Fe-O-P键,暴露在半导体材料赤铁矿产生的·OH下(图1).赤铁矿界面·OH浓度和ARGs去除效率依赖于晶面,(001)面比(100)面产生更多·OH,对ARGs具有更高去除率.Saha等[54]研究表明,光照下携带有ARGs的质粒在铁矿物界面也会发生失活,其可能也是导致ARGs消减的重要原因之一.锰矿物在黑暗环境下即可自发产生活性氧表现出抗菌活性,可能抑制微生物活性,影响抗性基因水平,且金属离子的掺杂可产生更多ROS[55].高级氧化技术已广泛应用于去除环境中的抗性基因,经过Fe(II)和S2O82−氧化处理后深圳和上海两市污泥中四环素抗性基因可降低4个数量级[56].Ma等[57]发现铁基生物炭(主要成分为针铁矿和磁铁矿)和过硫酸二盐体的添加使水环境中抗生素抗性菌失活,对ARGs也具有很好去除作用,其中膜蛋白通道被破坏和三磷酸腺苷合成抑制是导致ARGs风险降低的主要原因.铁锰矿物界面ARGs降解研究仍处于起步阶段,铁锰矿物界面Lewis酸对ARGs风险降低的主要原因.铁锰矿物界面ARGs降解研究仍处于起步阶段,铁锰矿物界面Lewis酸对AGRs降解的影响,吸附态和游离态AGRs都是未来需要进一步探究的内容.
污泥、畜禽粪便是抗生素主要储存环境,铁锰矿物通过影响其处理过程的微生物结构和理化性质也改变抗生素抗性基因的降解过程.孙敏等[58]发现在污泥水热过程中,施加Fe、Fe(II)、Fe(III)会导致AGRs总丰度降低0.038~0.743个数量级,其中Fe(II)对AGRs的消减作用最为明显.Zhang等[59]则向猪粪厌氧消化过程添加磁铁矿,ARGs中ermF和tetM发生富集,mefA含量减少,Mantel检验和Procrustes分析显示,ARGs与微生物群落呈显著正相关,因此磁铁矿主要通过微生物群落的变化影响ARGs的命运.Chen等[9]发现在猪厂废水中加入250mg/L铁锰二元氧化物,厌氧消化过程中4个移动基因元件丰度相对于对照下降了31%.铁锰二元氧化物的加入可以降低移动基因元件的总丰度,从而降低ARGs的传播风险.习彦花等[70]发现磁铁矿可将畜禽粪便厌氧发酵中水解产酸菌丰度提高37.39%~75.86%,四环素类(tetAtetGtetHtetJ)和氨基糖苷类(aph(3)、aph(6))ARGs完全消减,磺胺酰胺类(sul1sul2)消减率为74.41%~96.55%.磁铁矿一方面加速厌氧发酵水解酸化来提高胞外ARGs的水解程度,另一方面则破坏了细胞的完整性而减弱了抗生素抗性菌的繁殖扩增.有关铁锰矿物作用下ARGs消减过程仍未受到广泛关注,铁锰矿物界面AGRs降解机制及环境中ARGs消减工艺技术亟待研究.
铁锰矿物的结构性质以及抗生素分子的活性皆受环境因素影响,本节总结了有机质、pH值、共存金属离子和含水量对抗生素降解效能的影响,并揭示了其内在影响机制.
有机质具有丰富羧基、羟基、羰基等活性官能团,与铁锰矿物结合能够改变其氧化还原电位等性质来影响抗生素的降解行为[68].有机质可以作为电子穿梭体,加速铁锰矿物被微生物异化还原的过程[71].同时,有机质与Fe(III)形成配合物可降低Fe(III)/Fe(II)氧化还原电位,提高Fe(II)/Fe(III)循环速率,加快活性氧物种产生,促进抗生素有效降解[72].有机质也有可能抑制铁锰矿物界面抗生素降解.酸性条件下,有机质会与Fe(II)或Fe(III)竞争H2O2,从而减少·OH的生成[73],而中性和碱性环境中则促进Fe(II)/Fe(III)循环,增加·OH产量[74].光照下溶解性有机物作为光敏剂产生活性氧会促进抗生素光降解,同时也可作为光掩蔽剂抑制抗生素光降解.杨兰兰[75]研究发现腐殖酸和富里酸对甲硝唑的光降解和光催化降解过程起抑制作用,两者不仅会与抗生素竞争吸收光电子,也会争夺催化剂表面空位和·OH.而Zhong等[64]首次证明了腐殖质在MnO2界面可生成半醌自由基,pH7.0时半醌自由基的电位(0.9643V)要高于MnO2(0.8598V)的电位,对MnO2表面磺胺甲恶唑降解发挥重要作用.
pH值可从三方面影响铁锰矿物对抗生素的降解行为:(1)铁锰矿物表面电位(氧化还原性能);(2)铁锰矿物表面电荷密度(吸附性能);(3)抗生素的存在形态[76-77].铁锰矿物表面电荷和电位的改变对抗生素的吸附和催化降能力具有明显影响.酸性环境下铁锰矿物表面倾向于带正电荷,碱性环境中倾向于带负电荷,例如质子化形态≡FeOH2+1/2和去质子化形态≡FeOH-1/2[77].抗生素分子在不同pH值下呈现阳离子、两性离子或阴离子形态,例如四环素(TTC)正电荷(H3TTC+,pH < 3.3)、中性电荷(H2TTC0,3.3 < pH< 7.68)、一个负电荷(HTTC-,7.68 < pH < 9.68)或两个负电荷(TTC2-,pH > 9.68)[33].较低的pH值下,质子化≡FeOH2+1/2与中性分子H2TTC0络合并发生降解.而随着pH值增加,TTC转化为HTTC,与去质子化的≡FeOH−1/2形成具有较低反应性的络合物,降解速率降低.同样,Chen等[46]研究发现,水钠锰矿对氯四环素(CTC)的降解速率和Mn(Ⅱ)释放速率随着pH值升高逐渐降低.水钠锰矿表面带有负电荷,低pH值下带正电的氯四环素更容易被水钠锰矿吸附降解.但光催化体系研究发现,四环素随环境pH值升高呈现先增高后降低的规律,取决于不同形态分子与.OH发生反应的活性,HTTC-活性最强,其次是H2TTC0,TTC2-活性最弱.
共存金属离子对铁锰矿物界面抗生素降解具有明显影响.Cai等[36]发现共K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+均降低了环丙沙星的降解,阳离子与环丙沙星竞争性吸附二氧化锰表面位点,二价阳离子对二氧化锰表面的亲和力高于一价阳离子,对降解效率的影响更大.而Fe(III)、Mn(II)、Zn(II)与抗生素发生络合会加速抗生素分子的水解反应,可能与金属离子的电子结构有关[11].同时,竞争吸附和促进水解在环境体系中也可能同时发生,金属离子的影响要依据实际现象评价.而抗生素光解表明,Fe(III)会与喹诺酮类抗生素形成单齿和双齿配体光稳定结构,不利于抗生素光降解,但产生更多羟基化产物[44].磷酸盐等阴离子也会与抗生素发生竞争吸附,但最新研究发现,阴离子NO3-在光照下产生含N的活性物质及羟基自由基促进铁矿物体系中泰乐菌素的降解[21].
铁锰矿物水分状态也会影响界面抗生素的降解[78].Li等[65]研究表明随着γ-MnO2悬浊液中水分蒸发,更多磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)分子与γ-MnO2结合,通过电子转移生成产物并伴随Mn(III)和Mn(II)释放.但随着水分的逐渐减少,产生的Mn(II)可形成“MnO2-Mn(II)-SMX”三元复合物,抑制了SMX的进一步降解.同时,低含水量也会导致铁锰矿物质子酸性增强,促进铁锰矿物界面抗生素水解效率[79].而Wu等[8]研究也发现水分对铁矿物界面氯霉素水解起双面作用,随反应体系湿度增加,铁矿物催化氯霉素水解反应呈现先增后减,空气湿度在33%~76%下氯霉素水解速率最快.水分子过少不利于氯霉素转移到铁矿物表面活性位点,过多的自由水分子则会与氯霉素竞争铁矿物表面位点,氯霉素水解则受抑制[8,80].
铁锰矿物因其优异的催化活性以及丰富的自然储备,展现出强大的抗生素和抗性基因降解能力,在抗生素去除材料的研发和应用中备受青睐.铁锰矿物可通过表面Brønsted酸、Lewis酸和氢键作用催化抗生素水解,通过光生电子、空穴促进抗生素的光降解,通过电子传递反应驱动抗生素氧化降解.不同铁锰矿物结构特性,如晶型、晶面、价态等,对抗生素和抗性基因的降解效能和降解机制有着显著影响.此外,环境因素如pH值、有机质等,也在铁锰矿物降解抗生素过程中扮演重要角色.为推动该领域进一步发展,建议未来研究从以下方向进行深入探讨.
4.1 抗生素和抗性基因具有繁多的种类和复杂的结构,探究其在环境中的转化行为成为一个浩大且复杂的挑战.未来研究需致力于对铁锰矿物作用下抗生素和抗性基因降解行为的细致解析,建立抗生素降解数据库,并揭示其在自然环境中的转化机制.
4.2 抗生素降解途径和降解体系毒性转变的研究仍然不足,高毒性中间产物的产生和积累问题是亟待攻克的难题,深入探究如何有效减少高毒性中间产物的生成与积累,将是铁锰矿物降解抗生素研究领域中极具价值且关键的研究方向.
4.3 虽然pH值、有机质、湿度等对铁锰矿物作用下抗生素和抗性基因降解研究已开展较多研究,但主要集中于纯矿物体系.实际土壤和水体环境中自然铁锰矿物种类、含量以及环境因素对抗生素和抗性基因降解行为的影响应加强研究,旨在为污染环境修复提供深入理论依据.
4.4 利用同步辐射X射线吸收精细结构、三重四极质谱仪、傅里叶变换回旋共振质谱仪,结合理论计算分析,探究铁锰矿物作用下抗生素和抗性基因的降解机制和降解途径.进一步优化铁锰矿物合成及应用工艺等,实现铁锰矿物修复材料的推广应用.
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20240886)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42407028; 41967003)
  • 中国博士后基金资助项目(2024M760597)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2023B0303000006)
  • 广东省科技计划项目(2023B1212060044)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
基金
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20240886)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42407028; 41967003)
中国博士后基金资助项目(2024M760597)
广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2023B0303000006)
广东省科技计划项目(2023B1212060044)
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    1.江苏大学环境与安全工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
    2.贵州师范大学化学与材料科学院,贵州 贵阳 550001
    3.广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所,华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心,广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室,广东 广州 510650
    4.贵州省材料化学重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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