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The reed biochar was chemically modified using hydrochloric acid, dicyandiamide, and magnesium chloride as activators. This study investigated the effects of varying pH values, addition amounts, and initial solution concentrations on the nitrate nitrogen adsorption capacity of four types of biochar. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics of the biochars for nitrate nitrogen removal were analyzed. When reed straw is pre-carbonized at 500℃ for 2hours and subsequently activated with modified materials at 700℃ for 2hours, the resultant dicyandiamide-modified biochar (DBC) exhibits the best adsorption performance, achieving a removal efficiency of 75.5%. Compared to unmodified biochar (BC), the surface morphology of the modified biochars becomes more concave, with denser pores, increased functional groups, and a specific surface area enhanced by 7 to 10 times. When the potassium nitrate concentration is 500mg/L, the optimal dosages are 1g for BC, DBC, and magnesium chloride-modified biochar (MBC), and 0.8g for hydrochloric acid-modified biochar (HBC). The nitrate nitrogen adsorption performance of DBC is favorable in a slightly alkaline environment, with the highest adsorption capacity observed at a pH of 9. The nitrate nitrogen adsorption behavior of all four biochars aligns well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and their isothermal adsorption curves fit the Langmuir equation, suggesting predominantly monomolecular layer adsorption. Overall, DBC demonstrates excellent nitrate nitrogen adsorption performance and offers a promising solution for mitigating nitrate pollution in aquatic environments.

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以盐酸、双氰胺、氯化镁为活化剂,对芦苇生物炭进行改性处理,研究不同pH值、添加量、初始溶液浓度对4种生物炭吸附硝态氮的影响,分析生物炭吸附硝态氮的吸附动力学、热力学特性.结果表明,将芦苇秸秆在500℃、2h预碳化,与改性材料在700℃、2h的条件下活化,获得的DBC的吸附性能最佳,去除率达75.5%.与未经活化的BC相比,改性生物炭表面凹陷,孔隙密集,官能团增加,比表面积增加7~10倍.硝酸钾浓度为500mg/L时,BC(芦苇生物炭)、DBC(双氰胺改性生物炭)、MBC(氯化镁改性生物炭)的最适添加量为1g,HBC(盐酸改性生物炭)为0.8g;微碱环境下DBC对硝态氮的吸附效果良好,并在pH值为9时吸附量最大.4种生物炭对硝态氮的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附曲线更适用于Langmuir方程拟合,说明其以单分子吸附为主.DBC对硝态氮的吸附性能优良,可为去除水环境中的硝酸盐污染提供新途径.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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水金保(1997-),男,四川黑水人,宁夏大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境材料与化工研究.发表论文1篇..

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水金保(1997-),男,四川黑水人,宁夏大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境材料与化工研究.发表论文1篇..

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水金保(1997-),男,四川黑水人,宁夏大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境材料与化工研究.发表论文1篇..

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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SEM images of biochar, figureFileSmall=TcGD/PpSvNG6FsTwaM4kTA==, figureFileBig=6bNucoxP19k5wld1i1Nv6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402260710059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388641805075, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生物炭扫描电镜, figureFileSmall=TcGD/PpSvNG6FsTwaM4kTA==, figureFileBig=6bNucoxP19k5wld1i1Nv6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402634003161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388641805075, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The fully automatic specific surface area and porosity of biochar, figureFileSmall=rVduk5vLYPvFW08ZEQrN9Q==, figureFileBig=Nwt1g+t0+x0dS1cq8lfLDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402789192427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388641805075, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生物炭全自动比表面积及孔隙度, figureFileSmall=rVduk5vLYPvFW08ZEQrN9Q==, 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Specific surface area and pore diameter analysis table of biochar

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参数类型BCHBCDBCMBC
比表面积(m2/g)22.7110153.5380176.1170240.6590
中孔(nm)6.59901.35604.52005.3690
总容积(cm3/g)0.03600.18720.50550.1556
平均孔径(nm)6.34704.87581.14812.5869
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生物炭比表面积及孔径

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参数类型BCHBCDBCMBC
比表面积(m2/g)22.7110153.5380176.1170240.6590
中孔(nm)6.59901.35604.52005.3690
总容积(cm3/g)0.03600.18720.50550.1556
平均孔径(nm)6.34704.87581.14812.5869
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Kinetic parameters for adsorption of NO3--N by biochar

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模型模型参数BCHBCDBCMBC
准一级动力学模型K11.12291.78591.03041.4169
Qe3.45154.55525.09954.2029
R20.97610.97150.94860.9983
准二级动力学模型K20.44680.71950.25450.5341
Qe3.70694.74015.54274.4281
R20.99810.98030.98530.9847
颗粒内扩散模型Kd11.65272.03732.38111.5148
C0.57821.50310.79901.4299
R20.99310.77700.93170.7567
Kd20.27210.05540.42820.0813
C2.62674.39043.69353.9349
R20.96150.88850.95450.9764
Kd30.0376---
C3.4643---
R20.7873---
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407335817230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388641805075, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物炭吸附NO3--N的动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型模型参数BCHBCDBCMBC
准一级动力学模型K11.12291.78591.03041.4169
Qe3.45154.55525.09954.2029
R20.97610.97150.94860.9983
准二级动力学模型K20.44680.71950.25450.5341
Qe3.70694.74015.54274.4281
R20.99810.98030.98530.9847
颗粒内扩散模型Kd11.65272.03732.38111.5148
C0.57821.50310.79901.4299
R20.99310.77700.93170.7567
Kd20.27210.05540.42820.0813
C2.62674.39043.69353.9349
R20.96150.88850.95450.9764
Kd30.0376---
C3.4643---
R20.7873---
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407478423574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388641805075, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption of NO3--N by biochar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料反应温度(℃)Langmuir模型Freundlich模型热力学参数
Qm(mg/g)KL(L/mgR21/nKf(mg/g)R2反应温度(℃)ΔGΔHΔS
BC157.6890.0100.9541.3480.1350.92015-1.77836.0194.52
2541.9460.0020.9891.2030.1270.98025-2.061
359.5020.0090.9791.3680.1600.93035-1.872
HBC1531.7360.0030.9911.2410.1420.96615-1.93125.462.20
2541.940.000.9891.2030.1270.97925-2.061
3519.5240.0050.9961.2810.1650.97435-2.000
DBC1534.9410.0030.9981.1820.1300.97415-2.02722.85-7.24
2544.2670.0020.9941.2030.1270.97925-2.061
3559.7010.0020.9921.1880.1410.96935-2.156
MBC1520.080.0040.981.320.1560.94815-1.81126.666.58
2531.030.0020.991.190.1140.98725-2.082
3513.110.0080.991.370.1890.95935-1.864
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407608447016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106388641805075, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生物炭吸附NO3--N的热力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料反应温度(℃)Langmuir模型Freundlich模型热力学参数
Qm(mg/g)KL(L/mgR21/nKf(mg/g)R2反应温度(℃)ΔGΔHΔS
BC157.6890.0100.9541.3480.1350.92015-1.77836.0194.52
2541.9460.0020.9891.2030.1270.98025-2.061
359.5020.0090.9791.3680.1600.93035-1.872
HBC1531.7360.0030.9911.2410.1420.96615-1.93125.462.20
2541.940.000.9891.2030.1270.97925-2.061
3519.5240.0050.9961.2810.1650.97435-2.000
DBC1534.9410.0030.9981.1820.1300.97415-2.02722.85-7.24
2544.2670.0020.9941.2030.1270.97925-2.061
3559.7010.0020.9921.1880.1410.96935-2.156
MBC1520.080.0040.981.320.1560.94815-1.81126.666.58
2531.030.0020.991.190.1140.98725-2.082
3513.110.0080.991.370.1890.95935-1.864
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双氰胺改性芦苇生物炭对水中硝态氮吸附特性
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水金保 1 , 夏苑 1 , 齐娅荣 3 , 肖廷琦 2 , 钟艳霞 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3092-3101
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3092-3101
双氰胺改性芦苇生物炭对水中硝态氮吸附特性
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水金保1 , 夏苑1, 齐娅荣3, 肖廷琦2, 钟艳霞1, *
作者信息
  • 1.宁夏大学生态环境学院,宁夏 银川 750021
  • 2.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,宁夏 银川 750021
  • 3.清华大学环境学院,北京 100084
  • 水金保(1997-),男,四川黑水人,宁夏大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境材料与化工研究.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Adsorption characteristics of nitrate nitrogen in water by dicyandiamide-modified reed biochar
Jin-bao SHUI1 , Yuan XIA1, Ya-rong QI3, Ting-qi XIAO2, Yan-xia ZHONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 3.School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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以盐酸、双氰胺、氯化镁为活化剂,对芦苇生物炭进行改性处理,研究不同pH值、添加量、初始溶液浓度对4种生物炭吸附硝态氮的影响,分析生物炭吸附硝态氮的吸附动力学、热力学特性.结果表明,将芦苇秸秆在500℃、2h预碳化,与改性材料在700℃、2h的条件下活化,获得的DBC的吸附性能最佳,去除率达75.5%.与未经活化的BC相比,改性生物炭表面凹陷,孔隙密集,官能团增加,比表面积增加7~10倍.硝酸钾浓度为500mg/L时,BC(芦苇生物炭)、DBC(双氰胺改性生物炭)、MBC(氯化镁改性生物炭)的最适添加量为1g,HBC(盐酸改性生物炭)为0.8g;微碱环境下DBC对硝态氮的吸附效果良好,并在pH值为9时吸附量最大.4种生物炭对硝态氮的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附曲线更适用于Langmuir方程拟合,说明其以单分子吸附为主.DBC对硝态氮的吸附性能优良,可为去除水环境中的硝酸盐污染提供新途径.

芦苇秸秆  /  双氰胺  /  改性生物炭  /  硝态氮  /  吸附特性

The reed biochar was chemically modified using hydrochloric acid, dicyandiamide, and magnesium chloride as activators. This study investigated the effects of varying pH values, addition amounts, and initial solution concentrations on the nitrate nitrogen adsorption capacity of four types of biochar. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics of the biochars for nitrate nitrogen removal were analyzed. When reed straw is pre-carbonized at 500℃ for 2hours and subsequently activated with modified materials at 700℃ for 2hours, the resultant dicyandiamide-modified biochar (DBC) exhibits the best adsorption performance, achieving a removal efficiency of 75.5%. Compared to unmodified biochar (BC), the surface morphology of the modified biochars becomes more concave, with denser pores, increased functional groups, and a specific surface area enhanced by 7 to 10 times. When the potassium nitrate concentration is 500mg/L, the optimal dosages are 1g for BC, DBC, and magnesium chloride-modified biochar (MBC), and 0.8g for hydrochloric acid-modified biochar (HBC). The nitrate nitrogen adsorption performance of DBC is favorable in a slightly alkaline environment, with the highest adsorption capacity observed at a pH of 9. The nitrate nitrogen adsorption behavior of all four biochars aligns well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and their isothermal adsorption curves fit the Langmuir equation, suggesting predominantly monomolecular layer adsorption. Overall, DBC demonstrates excellent nitrate nitrogen adsorption performance and offers a promising solution for mitigating nitrate pollution in aquatic environments.

reed straw  /  biochar  /  nitrate nitrogen  /  adsorption  /  dicyandiamide
水金保, 夏苑, 齐娅荣, 肖廷琦, 钟艳霞. 双氰胺改性芦苇生物炭对水中硝态氮吸附特性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3092 -3101 .
Jin-bao SHUI, Yuan XIA, Ya-rong QI, Ting-qi XIAO, Yan-xia ZHONG. Adsorption characteristics of nitrate nitrogen in water by dicyandiamide-modified reed biochar[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3092 -3101 .
硝酸盐污染是水环境治理中的重点问题,其在水体中的过量存在可通过多重途径对人类健康及生态系统构成严重威胁[1-3].在干旱与半干旱区域,硝酸盐污染问题尤为突出.受制于土壤有机质匮乏、pH值偏高、盐渍化普遍以及微生物活性受限等特殊环境条件,此类区域的硝态氮固持能力较湿润地区显著降低[4].这种地理差异性特征不仅造成氮肥利用效率低下,更导致农业面源污染风险系数增加[5],硝酸盐氮的高度化学稳定性使其在含水层中迁移距离可达数公里,半衰期长达数十年[6],这进一步加剧了污染治理的复杂性.针对硝酸盐污染的治理技术,当前已形成包括离子交换[7]、电渗析[8]、催化反硝化[9]和吸附[10]在内的技术体系,其中吸附的高性能和低成本等优点被认为是最有效的方法之一[11].
与其他常见的吸附材料相比,衍生自生物资源在限氧条件下热解的生物炭,具有三维网状和多孔结构,可为污染物粘附提供场所[12],具有吸附效率高、营养物质回收潜力大、良好的循环使用性能的特点[13].生物炭和多种技术结合(如微生物[14]、电化学[15-16]、生物膜[17]、植物修复[18]等)已被广泛开发用于环境修复[19].利用生物资源制备硝酸盐吸附剂的研究日益增多[20].尽管生物炭在吸附领域具有应用潜力,但原始生物炭的吸附性能存在明显局限,其硝酸盐吸附能力显著低于改性生物炭[21],为此,包括物理[22]、化学[23]和生物[24-25]在内的多种改性技术,通过优化生物炭的孔隙结构、表面官能团等特性,有效提升了材料吸附效能.
针对生物炭表面呈负电性[26]导致的阴离子污染物吸附受限问题,学界已发展出多重改性策略.酸改性可在生物炭表面引入质子化官能团,显著增加阳离子交换位点密度[27].从而增强对硝酸根等阴离子的静电吸附能力,在此基础上,基于植物营养协同原理的改性策略展现出独特优势:采用镁离子修饰生物炭不仅能通过配位作用固定阴离子污染物,其缓释的镁元素还可驱动光合作用关键酶激活、促进同化物运输[28],特别是在镁易流失的盐碱地系统中,该技术可同步实现污染物吸附与土壤养分调控的双重目标[29-32].对于硝态氮污染控制,除吸附强化外,硝化抑制技术具有重要补充价值.以双氰胺(DCD)为代表的碱性硝化抑制剂,可通过竞争性抑制亚硝化单胞菌的氨单加氧酶活性,阻断铵态氮向硝态氮的生物转化过程[33-35].该化合物在土壤中最终降解为CO2、NH3和H2O,其低挥发性与无毒性残留特性.使其兼具环境友好性与农艺操作性优势[36].因此,本研究提出使用盐酸(HCl)、双氰胺(DCD)、氯化镁(MgCl2)分别对芦苇秸秆生物炭进行改性,研究不同因素(即pH值、吸附剂添加量、初始溶液浓度)的影响.采用电镜扫描(SEM)、比表面积及孔径分布(BET)、X-射线衍射(XRD)以及傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对改性后的生物炭进行表征,用吸附动力学模型和吸附热力学对硝酸盐的吸附数据进行拟合,研究其对硝酸盐的吸附性能,为水中硝酸盐的去除和芦苇秸秆资源化利用提供参考.
原始生物炭:芦苇秸秆采自宁夏平罗县野生芦苇.将芦苇杆剪成1~2cm的小段,用去离子水冲洗,进行自然风干后,放置70℃烘箱内烘至干燥,将烘干后的芦苇秸秆放入马弗炉内,抽真空后进行限氧热解处理.热解过程先从10℃/min升温到100℃,保温1h,当材料受热均匀后,将炭化温度设定为500℃.升温速率为5℃/min,保温2h,冷却至室温后,取出称其质量后,放入密封袋保存,记为BC.
改性生物炭:取原始生物炭各100g分别置于1mol/LHCl、DCD、MgCl2溶液中,并在室温下以300r/min的速度搅拌48h,用去离子水冲洗改性生物炭数次至pH值呈中性.将其在60℃下脱水24h,加热至120℃并保持90min,随后冷却至室温.然后将其于马弗炉中700℃下高温热解2h,待冷却至室温后,取出称重,放入密封袋保存,分别记为HBC、DBC和MBC.
原始生物炭和改性生物炭通过电镜扫描(德国ZEISS Sigma 300,)在0.2,20,200kX放大下观察其组织形态和结构性质.采用全自动比表面积及孔隙度分析仪(美国Quantachrome EVO)计算样品的比表面积、微孔和中孔尺寸分布.材料的表面官能团通过傅里叶红外变换光谱(美国Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS20)在中红外区域的500~4000cm-1分析.XRD图数据来自具有CuKa辐射的X射线衍射仪(德国Bruker D8Advance),衍射角(2θ)从10°扫描到80°.
吸附实验包括吸附动力学、等温吸附、热力学、吸附解吸循环、不同添加量和不同溶液初始pH值吸附实验.准确称取0.3g生物炭,将其添加至30mL浓度为500mg/L的KNO3溶液中,置于恒温振荡器,设转速和时间分别为150r/min、24h,用0.22µm滤膜过滤,用紫外可见分光光度计在220~275nm处测定滤液中硝态氮的浓度,并测量吸附后的pH值.平衡时的吸附容量及去除效率分别按式(1)、式(2)计算.
式中:Qe为吸附材料对NO3--N的平衡吸附量,mg/g;C0为吸附溶质初始质量浓度,mg/L;Ce为吸附溶质平衡质量浓度,mg/L;V为溶液体积,L;m为吸附材料添加质量,g;Re为吸附率,%.
影响因素试验:吸附材料投加量的影响,分别设置投加量为0.25,0.5,0.8,1,1.5,2g/L,将其添加至30mL浓度为500mg/L的KNO3溶液中.pH值对吸附硝态氮的影响,通过NaOH和HCl调节溶液pH值为6,7,8,9,10.
吸附动力学:溶液初始质量浓度为500mg/L硝酸钾(以N计),按照30mL初始溶液,添加0.3g生物炭,在0.5h~24h内连续测定NO3--N质量浓度随时间的变化量,采用准一级动力学模型、准二级动力学模型和内扩散模型拟合,推断吸附反应机制.
吸附等温线及热力学:分别用Langmuir、Freundlich模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合.热力学温度设置为15,25,35℃.温度的变化可以引起吉布斯自由能ΔG、焓变ΔH、熵变ΔS等热力学参数的变化,可以推测作用力的大小和性质[37].
吸附解吸循环实验:以2mol/LKOH作为解吸剂于25℃脱附24h,取样品过滤进行3次连续的吸附-解吸循环试验来评价吸附材料的再生性能.
用Excel 2021整理数据,使用Origin 2021绘图.
图1所示,BC表面呈无定型片状结构,片层相互堆叠形成缝隙,可吸附位点较少.此外,由于灰分的存在,图1(a)中可以观察到一些游离颗粒.图1(b)和(c)中可观察到HBC、DBC由于脱灰,矿物/灰分从BC去除,孔隙率增大.图1(d)中MBC表面凹凸不平,呈多孔的蜂窝状结构,且表面分布白色颗粒状物质,这可能是由于改性过程中镁氧化物形成沉淀负载在表面造成的.
表1所示,比表面积排序分别为:MBC(240.66cm2/g)>DBC(176.12cm2/g)>HBC(153.54cm2/g)>BC(22.71cm2/g),相比于BC,HBC、DBC、MBC的孔容分别增加5、14、4倍.以MBC为例分析,比表面积增加可能是生物炭表面孔隙增加,镁盐分布在生物炭表面,使得比表面积增大;孔径减少可能是镁的氧化物填充了生物炭内部的微孔结构.由图2(a)所示,HBC、DBC、MBC的等温线呈现出比BC更高的吸附量,且具有更大的比表面积和孔体积,DBC具有比其他吸附剂更大的吸附量.表明在用HCl、DCD、MgCl2活化后,吸附剂可增加对硝酸盐的吸附容量. HBC和DBC的吸附曲线在相对压力大于0.9时再次上升,且HBC比DBC增加缓慢.根据IUPAC,其吸附-解吸曲线与中孔和大孔结构产生的II型等温线相匹配,说明二者吸附过程为非孔性或者大孔吸附剂上典型的物理吸附过程.然而,在BC和MBC中未观察到这种上升的趋势,这类等温线被归类为I型,即Langmuir.当相对压力高于0.5时,HBC的解吸曲线呈现H2型滞后环,推测该材料孔型为狭缝孔.如图2(b)所示,除了HBC孔径分布在2~18nm,BC、DBC、MBC的孔径均从2~34nm连续分布,结合BJH方法测定孔径分布,吸附剂的孔结构基本为微孔和介孔,并且改性生物炭的孔径分布数量明显高于原始生物炭.
图3可知,4种生物炭吸附前后的FTIR图谱非常相似,差异仅在于峰的相对强度,在3444cm-1处有一个很强的吸收峰,这可能与材料内部存在结合水有关,为O-H键伸缩振动峰,可以看出改性后此处的峰值降低,推测是由于其作为亲水性官能团,参与到酸碱金属离子与生物炭表面发生化学反应中;1617cm-1处存在C=O振动峰、共轭的醌和酮基C=C骨架振动峰,说明改性前后的生物炭中均存在芳香异构体或烯烃的物质,其中,酚类-OH具有还原性,能够提供电子,醌类C=O具有氧化性,能够接收电子,二者共同组成生物炭的氧化还原特性.当生物炭H+负载后,会与生物炭表面的羟基发生相互作用,形成氢键或使羟基发生质子化,导致羟基伸缩振动峰的位置和强度发生变化,通常表现为吸收峰变宽[38].当生物炭Mg+负载后,与羰基发生络合作用或静电吸引,改变羰基的化学键性质和振动频率,使吸收峰强度变化.图3(a)中具有明显吸收峰变化[39],表明HBC、MBC负载了H+,Mg2+.
相比于BC,改性生物炭的峰值明显下降,说明其芳香化程度加剧,Csp3杂化转换为Csp2杂化[40],表面官能团数量显著减少,如羟基、羰基、芳香族化合物等在炭化和持续加热过程中逐渐消失,但稳定性有所提高;1401cm-1处为脂肪族-CH2变形,该基团与木质素和碳水化合物相关;在波长1164cm-1处的吸收峰是C-O羧基峰,证明了芦苇中含有羧基,为吸附硝态氮提供位点;波长749cm-1处有较弱振动峰,证明存在芳香族的C-H键,此处峰值减弱,表明生物炭经过改性后稳定性增加.图中改性前后的峰位置基本重合,说明生物炭在负载金属离子后的表面官能团组成相似,基本没有改变.研究中发现,经过特定改性的生物炭吸附硝态氮后,该峰向低波数方向略有位移,且强度有所增强,如图3(b)所示,吸附后的傅里叶红外曲线在1382cm-1有个吸收峰,说明是硝态氮的不对称伸缩振动峰,这表明硝态氮与生物炭表面发生了化学作用,影响了硝态氮的化学键振动模式. 848cm-1在明显的吸收峰,说明硝态氮与生物炭之间存在相互作用,可能是通过静电吸引、氢键等作用力结合在一起,在732cm-1有个小平峰与硝态氮的面外弯曲振动相关.可以清晰看出吸附后的吸收峰变得更加光滑,生物炭吸附硝态氮与表面官能团反应,导致生物炭表面减少官能团、环境均一化、孔隙填充、表面粗糙度降低.部分官能团会与硝态氮发生化学反应,致使官能团种类减少.官能团与硝态氮相互作用,周围环境趋于一致,振动频率更加集中,吸收峰变窄变平滑,硝态氮在表面形成相对均匀覆盖层[41].
图4可知,在2θ=22°、24°和44°处有特征性衍射峰,且2θ=22°和2θ=44°处的两个衍射峰的衍射强度值较大.相比于BC,HBC、DBC、MBC的图谱较为平滑,这是由于生物炭经过改性洗脱,不含盐分,所以未有尖锐的衍射峰[42-43].2θ=22°处的峰是BC的主峰,这是无定形碳出现的标志峰形,对应于无序石墨微晶结构的(002)晶面;2θ=44°处的峰对应于无序石墨微晶结构的(100)晶面.经过改性后,生物炭的主特征峰没有移动且稳定,这说明在改性过程中,材料表面的挥发性有机物分解,使灰分得以有效去除且晶体主体结构并未产生显著影响.而MBC中炭在镁盐改性下确实负载了氧化镁晶体,而且是MBC的主要晶体,其对吸附溶液中硝态氮起到不可忽视的作用.
图5可知,BC的最适pH值为7,HBC、DBC、MBC的最适pH值为9,随着BC的活化以及负载新官能团的增加,吸附剂对硝态氮吸附的最适pH值升高;BC随着pH值的升高吸附量下降,HBC、MBC随着pH值的升高先降低后升高;DBC对硝态氮的吸附量随着pH值的增加逐渐升高,pH值为10左右开始下降,相比于BC、HBC、MBC,DBC在微碱环境下吸附硝态氮趋于稳定.pH值达到9之前吸附平衡后的pH值在酸性和中性环境有所升高,是由于生物炭吸附氢离子螯合带正电从而使吸附量逐渐升高,在pH9之后,溶液pH下降,可证明溶液中OH-被生物炭不断吸附并螯合,从而使生物炭表面带负电,排斥硝态氮的吸附,使硝态氮吸附量减少,如图5(a)所示,改性生物炭吸附峰值有所提高,这有利于提高生物炭在微碱环境中的可利用度,由图6可知,生物炭在经过改性后等电点都有所不同程度下降,证明改性生物炭在水中分散体系更加稳定,容易在水中均匀分布,有利于对水中硝态氮的吸附[44].
图5(b)所示,BC、DBC、MBC投加量小于1g时,生物炭对硝态氮的去除率随添加量的增加均呈明显上升趋势,添加量达到1g后达到吸附平衡,HBC在0.8g时达到吸附平衡.由图中可以明显看出3种改性生物炭的去除率均大于原始生物炭,分析原因可能是因为改性生物炭表面孔隙增多,比表面积增加,且表面杂质减少,官能团增加,从而使改性后的生物炭对硝态氮的吸附能力增强,其中吸附性能为DBC>HBC>MBC>BC.
在初始浓度为500mg/L的吸附体系中,如图7所示,改性生物炭的吸附速率和吸附量均优于原始生物炭,从吸附过程可分两个阶段:加速和平衡;在加速阶段内,随时间变化,生物炭对硝态氮的吸附量上升,平衡阶段内,吸附量平缓增加,基本达到饱和吸附量.其中BC、DBC约在4h达到吸附平衡,HBC约在2h时达到吸附平衡,而MBC约在1h时达到吸附平衡.由表2可知,准一级和准二级动力学方程对吸附动态拟合的R2为0.94861~0.99832,均能较准确地描述吸附动态,说明该吸附既有物理吸附也存在化学吸附.BC、HBC、DBC的准二级动力学方程R2较准且Qe与实际更接近,因此,准二级动力学模型能更好的描述生物炭对NO3--N的吸附过程,表明改性后的生物炭对NO3--N的吸附仍是以化学吸附为主.内扩散模型中,如果拟合曲线通过坐标原点,说明内扩散为反应的速控步骤.但本实验中所有生物炭内扩散拟合曲线均未通过坐标原点,表明在此吸附过程中内扩散不是唯一的速控步骤.由于吸附过程也受流体界膜扩散控制,并且内扩散拟合曲线均有一个拐点,因此吸附过程分为吸附剂周围流体界膜中吸附质的迁移(即外扩散)过程和平缓的吸附过程,在平缓的吸附过程中硝酸根内扩散过程是吸附速率主要控制步骤[45].Kd值逐渐减少,说明生物炭吸附位点被硝态氮所占据,吸附效率减慢从而达到平衡.BC为3段式,第1段是表面扩散,第2段是中孔内扩散,第3段是微孔内扩散.HBC、DBC、MBC为2段式,第1段是表面扩散,第2段是内扩散.
Langmuir和Freundlich模型对4种生物炭在不同硝酸盐浓度的吸附体系中对硝态氮的吸附数据拟合(图8),R2为0.920~0.996,说明这两种模型均能较好的描述生物炭对NO3--N的吸附行为.其中,Freundlich方程拟合的R2小于Langmuir,且模拟值与实测值较为接近,能更贴切地描述生物炭对NO3--N的吸附行为,表现为单分子吸附.Freundlich方程拟合吸附系数n<1,表明这种吸附较容易进行.HBC、DBC、MBC的Kf值相对BC显著增大,说明吸附性增强.热力学结果表明,ΔG均小于0,表明吸附过程是自发的,且ΔG随着温度的升高而减小,说明温度越高越有利于吸附,BC、HBC、MBC熵变ΔS大于0,表明固液相互作用不太稳定并具有随机性.焓变ΔH值大于0,表明吸附硝态氮是吸热过程,升高温度会促进吸附.之前的研究表明,当焓变为20.9~418.4kJ/mol之间时,表示为化学吸附,由表3可知,ΔH均大于20.9kJ/mol,说明该吸附为化学吸附过程.
强碱性条件显著抑制对硝态氮的吸附,以KOH浓度为2mol/L作为解吸剂进行吸附解吸循环试验,如图9所示,在3次循环后,DBC吸附量仍能维持为初始吸附量的94%,在实际水中有较强的应用潜力.
图2可知,经过HCl、DCD脱灰,矿物/灰分从BC去除,孔隙率增加明显.结合BJH方法测定孔径分布的结果,吸附剂的孔结构基本为微孔和介孔,并且改性生物炭的孔径分布数量明显高于原始生物炭.改性后芦苇生物炭比表面积提升6.8~10.6倍,孔隙结构发达,存在大量微孔及介孔结构,能为硝态氮提供更多的吸附位点,从而使硝态氮通过孔隙填充作用吸附到生物炭上,其次生物炭的FTIR谱图也表明生物炭上官能团丰富,含有羟基、羧基等含氧官能团[46],这些官能团与氢原子形成共价键后,使氢原子带有部分正电荷,从而能够与硝态氮中的氧原子等电负性较大的原子形成氢键.可与硝态氮离子(NO3-)中的氧原子产生氢键作用增强生物炭对硝态氮的吸附,吸附后红外光谱平滑且在1382,848,732cm-1都表明有硝态氮.波长749cm-1处有较弱振动峰,证明存在芳香族的C-H键,此处峰值减弱,表明生物炭经过改性后稳定性增加.最终相较于原始生物炭对硝态氮的吸附都有提升,而硝态氮分子中的具有一定的共轭体系.当两者接近时,芳香环之间会发生π-π电子供体-受体(EDA)相互作用.同时硝态氮作为一种单性化合物,不同的pH下分别存在单一的离子形态,随着BC的活化以及负载新官能团的增加,吸附剂对硝态氮吸附的最适pH值升高;BC随着pH的升高吸附量下降,HBC、MBC随着pH值的升高先降低后升高;DBC对硝态氮的吸附量随着pH值的增加逐渐升高,pH=9~10开始下降,相比于BC、HBC、MBC,DBC在微碱环境下吸附硝态氮趋于稳定(图5(a)).主要是由于其表面形成氨基见(图3),通过络合作用吸附硝态氮,不同pH值下其吸附量较为稳定,氨基的峰比其他炭更为突出.pH值的研究也说明由于存在形式单一还会导致吸附过程中存在着一定强静电作用,HBC、MBC表面具有H+、Mg2+可通过异电荷互相吸引作用从而吸附硝态氮[47].其中硝态氮能够作为一定的π电子受体,可能与生物炭形成π-πEDA结构,通过π-π EDA相互作用去除硝态氮,但其受到溶液pH值的影响较大见(图5图6).综上所述,生物炭对硝态氮的吸附作用主要包括孔隙填充作用、分子间引力、氢键作用、络合作用、π-π EDA作用及静电作用.其中空隙填充作用和静电作用是BC、HBC、MBC吸附硝态氮的主要作用机理(图10).DBC吸附硝态氮主要通过空隙填充及络合作用.
3.1 4种生物炭的比表面积排序分别为:MBC>DBC>HBC>BC,相比于BC,HBC的比表面积和孔容分别比BC增加约7.5倍;DBC增加约8.14倍;MBC增加约10.4倍.原始生物炭的结构是长条形,表面粗糙且附着小颗粒,改性生物炭的大孔和中孔数量比BC明显增加,其中,MBC最为显著;其官能团主要由-OH、C=C、C=O、-C-O以及芳环-C-H组成.
3.2 随着吸附材料的增加,水溶液中NO3--N的去除率从43.2%逐步增加到75.5%,当BC、DBC、MBC的添加量大于1g,HBC的添加量大于0.8g时,去除率逐渐趋于平衡.生物炭的最适添加量为1g,HBC为0.8g;随pH值的升高BC的吸附量变化剧烈,其最适pH值为7,而3种改性材料HBC、DBC、MBC随pH的升高吸附量先升高后降低,最适pH值为9.
3.3 生物炭吸附NO3--N在初始阶段,随着BC与NO3--N接触时间的上升呈现明显增加的趋势,随后,处于吸附饱和状态,吸附过程开始趋于平缓,NO3--N的吸附量无明显性增加,NO3--N最佳吸附时间为4h,且吸附过程为化学吸附,更符合准二级拟合方程;生物炭吸附NO3--N为单层吸附,且吸附过程更符合Langmuir模型,HBC、DBC、MBC相对BC,吸附性能增强.
3.4 4种生物炭对硝酸盐氮的吸附机理包括孔隙填充、络合作用、π-π EDA和静电相互作用.
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277466)
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    1.宁夏大学生态环境学院,宁夏 银川 750021
    2.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,宁夏 银川 750021
    3.清华大学环境学院,北京 100084

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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