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Based on the acidic and phosphorus-rich properties of phosphogypsum (PG), it was dope-modified (PO-PG) to cement (PO) and used for lead removal from acid mine wastewater. The results showed that PO-PG removed more than 99% of lead at different concentrations (15~100mg/L) with suitable dosage; under the reaction conditions of initial pH=3, PO-PG dosage of 0.2g/L, and 25℃, the effect of PO-PG on the removal of lead from 30mg/L Pb2+ was completely removed in 20min instead of 120min for PO; meanwhile, PO-PG had a high affinity for lead, and the removal effect of lead remained stable in the simulated wastewater with complex composition. Mechanistic analysis showed that isomorphous replacement and surface heterogeneous chemical precipitation were the main mechanisms for lead removal by PO-PG, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3 and Ca5(PO3)3 OH were the main lead removal factors in PO-PG, and Pb2+ is removed by lattice displacement and other chemical reactions with Ca2+ to form a water-insoluble precipitate, and the products of the lead removal mainly included PbCO3, Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3 OH precipitates. In summary, the doping of acidic PG can accelerate the hydration rate of alkaline PO, thus improving the reaction efficiency and alleviating the problem of high pH in PO-treated effluent, in addition to the presence of phosphates in PG can be an effective species for lead removal. This study provides a cost-effective and efficient new method for the removal of lead from acid mine wastewater and can realize the resource utilization of phosphogypsum.

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基于磷石膏(PG)的酸性和富磷特性特征,将其对水泥(PO)进行掺杂改性(PO-PG),并用于酸性矿山废水中铅的去除.结果表明,PO-PG在适宜的投加量下对不同浓度铅(15~100mg/L)的去除效率均高于99%;在初始pH值为3、PO-PG投加量0.2g/L、25℃反应条件下,PO-PG对30mg/L的Pb2+完全去除时间由PO的120min缩短至20min;同时,PO-PG对铅具有较高的亲和力,在成分复杂的模拟废水中,对铅的去除效果仍然稳定.机理分析可知,晶格置换和表面异质化学沉淀是PO-PG除铅的主要机制,其中PO-PG中Ca(OH)2、CaCO3和Ca5(PO3)3OH是主要的除铅因子,Pb2+通过与Ca2+发生晶格置换及其他化学反应形成难溶于水的沉淀而被去除,除铅后的产物主要包括PbCO3、Pb(OH)2、Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2和Pb5(PO4)3OH沉淀.综上,酸性PG的掺杂可加快碱性PO的水化速率,提高反应效率,并缓解PO处理出水pH值偏高的问题,PG中磷酸盐的存在也可成为有效的除铅物种.

, correspAuthors=谢燕华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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刘淑婕(2000-),女,山东济宁人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水体中铅的去除..

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刘淑婕(2000-),女,山东济宁人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水体中铅的去除..

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刘淑婕(2000-),女,山东济宁人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水体中铅的去除..

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Journal of Cleaner Production2018187:650-661., articleTitle=Preparation of a porous hydroxyapatite-carbon composite with the bio-template of sugarcane top stems and its use for the Pb(Ⅱ)removal, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106411798556951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, awardId=41977170, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41977170), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106398687162757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106398695551368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, companyId=1234106398687162757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu university of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China), 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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, language=CN, label=图10, caption=PO-PG除铅前后的XPS图谱, figureFileSmall=GmCtqn4g6mYBlWJ6IRluqw==, figureFileBig=jdEpsOpFItBHJKF8AKgp9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410670289073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Mechanism of Pb2+ removal by PO-PG, figureFileSmall=Gk9HO6hNuofrQh/lYdut1Q==, figureFileBig=fHiCAvo3crC8kG6dKSK8IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410796118203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, language=CN, label=图11, caption=PO-PG除铅机理, figureFileSmall=Gk9HO6hNuofrQh/lYdut1Q==, figureFileBig=fHiCAvo3crC8kG6dKSK8IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410951307462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical reagents

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序号试剂分子式试剂等级生产厂家
1硝酸HNO3分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
2高氯酸HClO4分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
3盐酸HCl分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
4氢氧化钠NaOH分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
5硫酸钠Na2SO4分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
6氯化钠NaCl分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
7硝酸钠NaNO3分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
8磷酸二氢钾KH2PO4分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
9重铬酸钾K2Cr2O7分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
10氯化铜CuCl2分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
11氯化锌ZnCl2分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
122.5水二氯化镉CdCl2·2.5H2O分析纯成都科龙化工试剂
13高岭土Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O工业级成都科龙化工试剂
14硅酸盐水泥Al2Ca2O15Si5工业级抚顺市大伙房水泥公司
15磷石膏CaSO4·2H2O工业级成都科龙化工试剂
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411089719506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387509342985, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化学试剂一览

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试剂分子式试剂等级生产厂家
1硝酸HNO3分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
2高氯酸HClO4分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
3盐酸HCl分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
4氢氧化钠NaOH分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
5硫酸钠Na2SO4分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
6氯化钠NaCl分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
7硝酸钠NaNO3分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
8磷酸二氢钾KH2PO4分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
9重铬酸钾K2Cr2O7分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
10氯化铜CuCl2分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
11氯化锌ZnCl2分析纯成都科龙化工试剂厂
122.5水二氯化镉CdCl2·2.5H2O分析纯成都科龙化工试剂
13高岭土Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O工业级成都科龙化工试剂
14硅酸盐水泥Al2Ca2O15Si5工业级抚顺市大伙房水泥公司
15磷石膏CaSO4·2H2O工业级成都科龙化工试剂
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Experimental instruments and equipment

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序号仪器名称型号生产厂家
1电子天平BSA2245赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司
2恒温水浴锅KW-400上虞佳星仪器厂
3超声波清洗器HKC-40A天津欧诺仪器股份有限公司
4电热恒温鼓风干燥箱101-3上海申贤恒温设备厂
5火焰原子吸收光谱仪GGX-830北京海光仪器有限公司
6pH酸度计FE-28梅特勒-拖利仪器(上海)有限公司
7优普系列超纯水器UPT-I-10T四川优普超纯科技有限公司
8水浴恒温振荡器SHZ-82常州国宇仪器制造有限公司
9便携式浊度仪2100P美国HACH公司
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实验仪器设备

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序号仪器名称型号生产厂家
1电子天平BSA2245赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司
2恒温水浴锅KW-400上虞佳星仪器厂
3超声波清洗器HKC-40A天津欧诺仪器股份有限公司
4电热恒温鼓风干燥箱101-3上海申贤恒温设备厂
5火焰原子吸收光谱仪GGX-830北京海光仪器有限公司
6pH酸度计FE-28梅特勒-拖利仪器(上海)有限公司
7优普系列超纯水器UPT-I-10T四川优普超纯科技有限公司
8水浴恒温振荡器SHZ-82常州国宇仪器制造有限公司
9便携式浊度仪2100P美国HACH公司
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磷石膏掺杂改性水泥对酸性矿山废水中铅的去除
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刘淑婕 1 , 胡明月 1 , 罗本福 3 , 左开霞 1 , 刘天 1 , 谢燕华 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3118-3127
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3118-3127
磷石膏掺杂改性水泥对酸性矿山废水中铅的去除
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刘淑婕1 , 胡明月1, 罗本福3, 左开霞1, 刘天1, 谢燕华1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 2.成都理工大学,地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 3.西华大学建筑与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610039
  • 刘淑婕(2000-),女,山东济宁人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水体中铅的去除..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Lead removal from acid mine water by phosphogypsum modified cement
Shu-jie LIU1 , Ming-yue HU1, Ben-fu LUO3, Kai-xia ZUO1, Tian LIU1, Yan-hua XIE1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu university of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 3.School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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基于磷石膏(PG)的酸性和富磷特性特征,将其对水泥(PO)进行掺杂改性(PO-PG),并用于酸性矿山废水中铅的去除.结果表明,PO-PG在适宜的投加量下对不同浓度铅(15~100mg/L)的去除效率均高于99%;在初始pH值为3、PO-PG投加量0.2g/L、25℃反应条件下,PO-PG对30mg/L的Pb2+完全去除时间由PO的120min缩短至20min;同时,PO-PG对铅具有较高的亲和力,在成分复杂的模拟废水中,对铅的去除效果仍然稳定.机理分析可知,晶格置换和表面异质化学沉淀是PO-PG除铅的主要机制,其中PO-PG中Ca(OH)2、CaCO3和Ca5(PO3)3OH是主要的除铅因子,Pb2+通过与Ca2+发生晶格置换及其他化学反应形成难溶于水的沉淀而被去除,除铅后的产物主要包括PbCO3、Pb(OH)2、Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2和Pb5(PO4)3OH沉淀.综上,酸性PG的掺杂可加快碱性PO的水化速率,提高反应效率,并缓解PO处理出水pH值偏高的问题,PG中磷酸盐的存在也可成为有效的除铅物种.

磷石膏  /  水泥  /  掺杂  /  除铅  /  机制

Based on the acidic and phosphorus-rich properties of phosphogypsum (PG), it was dope-modified (PO-PG) to cement (PO) and used for lead removal from acid mine wastewater. The results showed that PO-PG removed more than 99% of lead at different concentrations (15~100mg/L) with suitable dosage; under the reaction conditions of initial pH=3, PO-PG dosage of 0.2g/L, and 25℃, the effect of PO-PG on the removal of lead from 30mg/L Pb2+ was completely removed in 20min instead of 120min for PO; meanwhile, PO-PG had a high affinity for lead, and the removal effect of lead remained stable in the simulated wastewater with complex composition. Mechanistic analysis showed that isomorphous replacement and surface heterogeneous chemical precipitation were the main mechanisms for lead removal by PO-PG, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3 and Ca5(PO3)3 OH were the main lead removal factors in PO-PG, and Pb2+ is removed by lattice displacement and other chemical reactions with Ca2+ to form a water-insoluble precipitate, and the products of the lead removal mainly included PbCO3, Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3 OH precipitates. In summary, the doping of acidic PG can accelerate the hydration rate of alkaline PO, thus improving the reaction efficiency and alleviating the problem of high pH in PO-treated effluent, in addition to the presence of phosphates in PG can be an effective species for lead removal. This study provides a cost-effective and efficient new method for the removal of lead from acid mine wastewater and can realize the resource utilization of phosphogypsum.

phosphogypsum  /  cement  /  doping  /  lead removal  /  mechanism
刘淑婕, 胡明月, 罗本福, 左开霞, 刘天, 谢燕华. 磷石膏掺杂改性水泥对酸性矿山废水中铅的去除. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3118 -3127 .
Shu-jie LIU, Ming-yue HU, Ben-fu LUO, Kai-xia ZUO, Tian LIU, Yan-hua XIE. Lead removal from acid mine water by phosphogypsum modified cement[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3118 -3127 .
铅锌尾矿堆存量大,占用土地面积广,其中的硫化矿在氧化作用下,会产生酸性矿山废水[1],未进行妥善处理的酸性矿山废水排放后,会淋溶出大量重金属离子[2].其中,重金属铅离子(Pb2+)的危害尤为严重,因此亟需开发更加经济高效的处理技术.
目前,去除酸性矿山废水中铅的主要方法包括离子交换法、人工湿地法、吸附法和中和沉淀法等[3-5].离子交换法在中性及偏酸性条件下对Pb2+去除效果较好,去除率可达95.54%[6],具有广泛适用性和可再生性等优点.然而,浓缩废液处理和离子交换树脂的老化等问题需要进一步研究和优化;人工湿地法对Pb2+的去除率超过97%,具有投资少、能耗低、净化效果好等优点,但存在寒冷气候下废水净化能力差、水生植物易受伤害、堵塞风险占用土地面积大等问题[7];吸附法适用于Pb2+浓度较低的废水,对于高浓度Pb2+溶液(300mg/L),去除率仅达66.5%,而对于低浓度(50~3000µg/L),去除率可达97.4%[8],吸附法易于操作和维护、可再生[9],但如何进一步提高吸附剂的吸附容量和对废液进行妥善处理等问题需要进一步研究和优化;中和沉淀法较适用于高浓度、强酸性废水中重金属的去除,其对Pb2+的去除率超过99%,具有材料易得、设备和操作简单等优势,现行最常用的中和剂为石灰,但采用石灰作为中和剂去除水体中的重金属时存在出水pH值高、浊度高、沉淀较慢和泥量较大等问题[10].
硅酸盐水泥(PO)因廉价易得、溶解速率缓慢、中和酸性废水等优势,同时克服了石灰除铅出水浊度高和沉淀较慢的问题,常被用于矿山废水涌水的封堵[11],故本文尝试将PO用于酸性矿山废水中重金属的去除.利用磷石膏(PG)的酸性和富磷特性,缓解处理出水pH值偏高的问题,在加快碱性PO水化速率的同时,提高反应活性.此外,磷石膏是湿法磷酸工艺中产生的酸性固体废物,目前进入使用阶段的磷石膏库中大部分都快达到服务期限,且磷石膏量的增加使得磷石膏库的运行费用也在不断增多[12],在本研究方法中,以磷石膏为部分原料去除酸性矿山废水中的铅,可以实现磷石膏的资源化利用.
本实验中所用主要试剂见表1,本实验中所用常规仪器设备见表2.
称取磷石膏与硅酸盐水泥之比为1:10的材料共3g,置于六联混凝试验搅拌机内,加入500mL的去离子水,并在(25±1)℃下以200r/min转速振荡30min,然后将悬浊液使用0.45µm滤膜进行过滤烘干,得到磷石膏改性水泥基材料(PO-PG).
本研究通过一系列室内模拟实验研究了各种环境因素对酸性废水中除铅的影响,该实验基本方法如下:控制反应条件为Pb2+浓度为30mg/L、PO-PG投加量为0.20g/L、pH值为3、温度为(25±1)℃,通过单一变量法研究初始浓度、投加量、pH值、温度、共存离子及浊度对PO-PG除铅的影响;之后依照大治某铅锌矿山废水中的平均离子含量配置模拟废水,Pb2+为30mg/L,Zn2+为100mg/L,Cr6+、Cd2+和Cu2+为1mg/L,pH值为4,取100mL废水放入血清瓶中,向瓶中分别加入0.05,0.10,0.15和0.20mg/L的PO及PO-PG材料,实验均以200r/min的速率振荡2h,取得水样经0.45µm滤膜过滤后测定Pb2+、Zn2+及Cr6+等其他重金属浓度.
水样中的Pb2+采用《水质 铜、锌、铅、镉的测定 原子吸收分光光度法》(GB 7475-87)[13]测定,水样中其他重金属采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定.采用美国MIPOOMERITICS公司生产的ASAP2020型全自动比表面积孔径分布分析仪、英国Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90的纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪、德国的Zeiss Merlin Compact型扫描电子显微镜、德国的Zeiss Merlin Compact型仪、日本Rigaku D/max-A型X射线衍射仪及美国的Thermo Scientific K-AlphaX射线光电子能谱仪等对反应前后的材料样品进行表征.
不同初始铅浓度及不同PO及PO-PG投加量下铅的去除情况如图1所示.在同一初始浓度下,随着PO及PO-PG投加量逐渐增加,除铅效率均明显提高,这是因为投加量的增加会使反应体系的pH值增加,同时体系中反应活性位点也将增加,从而提高对铅离子的去除能力;在初始铅浓度分别为15,30,50及100mg/L时,PO较优的投加量分别为0.10,0.20,0.35和0.45g/L,处理后出水的pH值分别为8.63,8.87,8.53和8.34;PO-PG较优的投加量分别为0.09,0.18,0.25和0.40g/L,处理后出水的pH值分别为8.12,8.32,7.89和8.31,此时铅的去除率均达到99.9%以上.当达到较优投加量后,进一步增加PO及PO-PG的投加量时,铅的去除效率不再增加,同时反应体系的pH值将会进一步升高,并超过《污水综合排放标准GB 8978-1996》[14]的限值.
对比改性前的PO材料,在相同的初始铅浓度下,PO-PG的较优投加量均小于PO,即改性后PO-PG材料的除铅能力优于改性前,从而可降低材料的投加量.原因可能为改性后PO-PG材料含有许多可与铅发生反应的活性物质,如Ca(OH)2、CaCO3、Ca5(PO4)3(OH)等,同时改性后材料的比表面积增大,有利于铅的去除[15].
综上表明,在较宽的初始铅浓度范围内(15~100mg/L),经适量的PO及PO-PG处理后,均能达到较好的除铅效果.
不同初始pH值对PO及PO-PG对铅(30mg/L)的去除效果如图2所示.相关研究表明,在中性及碱性条件下,Pb2+易在水中发生水解,会生成部分氢氧化铅和水合氧化物沉淀,因此仅需研究在溶液初始pH<6条件下体系对铅的去除性能,从而避免沉淀的产生影响实验结果[16].由图2可知,总体而言,随着pH值的升高,PO及PO-PG材料对铅的去除率逐渐增加.在相同pH值下,经掺杂改性后,PO-PG的除铅速率远快于PO,表明改性后材料的除铅能力优于改性前.特别地,当pH=3、材料投加量为0.2g/L时,PO-PG对Pb2+完全去除的时间由PO的120min降低至20min,即PG的掺杂大大地加快了反应速率,缩短了反应平衡时间.但当溶液初始pH≤2时,两种材料对铅的去除效率均不佳,需通过增加材料投加量或提高反应温度等方法,提高反应体系的pH值和反应效率.综上,PG的掺杂增强了酸性环境下PO对铅的去除效率.
图3为在(15±1)、(25±1)、(35±1)、(45±1)℃下PO及PO-PG对铅(30mg/L)的去除效果.温度升高会加快PO及PO-PG除铅的反应速率和效率.随着温度从15℃升高至45℃,PO及PO-PG对铅的去除率大幅度上升,PO对铅的去除率在前30min从71.80%增加到99.9%,PO-PG对铅的去除率在前10min从79.54%增加到99.9%.可能原因为:温度升高及PG的掺杂会加快水泥的水化过程,将材料中的硅酸二钙(C2S)、硅酸三钙(C3S)等快速转化为氢氧化钙,促使溶液中的铅离子与氢氧化钙中的钙离子快速交换,生成氢氧化铅沉淀而被去除,意味着该材料具有吸热性质,这与其他碱性金属混合材料相似[17-18];提高温度会使材料中的硅酸盐矿物更易溶解并释放离子[19],同时加快溶液中分子运动速率,提升离子在溶液与材料间的碰撞速度,增强除铅能力[20].
与改性前的PO材料相比,改性后的PO-PG材料在相同温度下展现出了更好的除铅性能,例如在常温25℃下,改性后的PO-PG材料除铅反应平衡时间显著缩短,由原来的120min大幅度减少至20min.此外,在不利的低温条件下(15℃),随着去除时间延长至30min,PO-PG对铅的去除率也能接近于100%,而反应进行了140min后PG对铅的去除率仅为90%.结果表明,较PO而言改性材料PO-PG更能抵御低温对反应的不利影响.
共存离子对PO-PG去除Pb2+(30mg/L)的结果如图4所示.共存阴离子(SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、F-)和阳离子(Cr6+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+)在不同浓度下对Pb2+的去除均无明显不利影响,铅去除率均高于99.0%.因阴离子不会与铅离子产生竞争作用,不同浓度的SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-和F-的存在对材料除铅影响较小.不同浓度阳离子对PO-PG去除铅也无明显不利影响,表明PO及PO-PG对铅均具有较高的亲和力[3],可能原因为:PO-PG中可与铅发生反应的活性物质主要包括Ca(OH)2、CaCO3、Ca5(PO4)3(OH)等,而Pb2+的离子半径(1.19Å)与Ca2+的离子半径(1.00Å)接近,可更好地与Ca2+进行交换而生成沉淀;PO-PG改性材料中新生成的Ca5(PO4)3(OH)更易与Pb2+发生反应,生成羟基磷酸铅沉淀,且Ca5(PO4)3(OH)很难与其他重金属离子发生反应[21].
矿山废水具有浊度较高的特点,因此采用外加高岭土来模拟浊度对PO及PO-PG除铅的影响.浊度对PO-PG除Pb2+的影响结果如图5所示,随着浊度的增加,PO及PO-PG对铅的去除性能无显著影响,铅的去除率仍高达99.9%,可能是由于硅酸盐水泥本身结构稳定,具有较高的化学吸附能力和选择性,能够有效地吸附和去除水中铅离子[22];除PO中有效的除铅成分外,改性材料中掺杂了磷石膏,其中磷酸盐与铅离子之间的沉淀过程也主要依赖于表面的化学反应,这一去除机制也不会受到悬浮颗粒物的影响.
总之,共存杂质离子和浊度对PO-PG除铅的影响可以被忽略不计,预示着PO-PG可作为一种有效的除铅材料,在实际的高浊度废水中仍能保持良好的去除性能.
图6所示,模拟废水中Pb2+为30mg/L,Zn2+为100mg/L,Cr6+、Cd2+和Cu2+为1mg/L,pH值为4,反应温度为(25±1)℃.随着材料投加量的增加,其对模拟实际废水中铅的去除效率也相应提高,对比改性前的PO材料,在相同条件下,掺杂改性后的PO-PG材料对模拟实际水体中铅的去除能力优于改性前.当PO-PG投加量为0.2g/L时,在去除的前20min内,废水中铅的浓度就由30mg/L降低为0mg/L.值得注意的是,此时反应后上清液中Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Cu2+含量几乎为0,表明PO-PG对其他重金属也具有良好去除效果.综上,在成分复杂的废水中,PO-PG对铅的去除效果仍然稳定,且比PO具有更高的除铅效率.
图7可知,PO-PG对铅的去除可以分成快速反应的第一阶段和缓慢反应达到平衡的第二阶段.这是由于在第一阶段中,PO-PG表面含有的大量空白活性点位与铅离子结合;在第二阶段中,随着Pb2+逐渐被去除和活性点位的逐渐减少,导致反应速率减慢[23].同时,随着初始铅浓度增加,达到反应平衡的时间延长[24].当铅浓度为30和50mg/L时,反应体系分别在10和20min时达到平衡,这是因为当材料投加量一定,铅浓度较低时,材料相对于铅浓度的比例较高,反应去除速率会增加[25].与PO除铅过程相比,在相同反应条件下反应平衡时间大大缩短;同时,随着初始浓度的增加,平衡吸附量也逐渐增加.
当铅浓度设定为30mg/L时,准一级和准二级动力学模型均能够很好地拟合PO-PG的除铅过程,其中R2分别为0.989和0.993.这一结果表明,在低浓度条件下,物理吸附和化学吸附均对反应过程产生显著影响,两者共同作为控制反应步骤的关键因素.随着铅浓度增加至50mg/L时,R2分别为0.897和0.968,准二级动力学模型比准一级动力学模型展现出了更高的拟合度,这一变化暗示着在高浓度铅离子环境中,化学吸附逐渐成为控制反应过程的主导步骤[26].
准一级和准二级动力学模型在低浓度条件下均能较好地描述PO-PG的除铅过程,但随着铅浓度的增加,化学吸附逐渐成为控制反应过程的主要步骤.
图8显示,与PO相比,PO-PG表面有许多细小颗粒附着,颗粒呈不规则的松散状,可能是因为磷石膏与水泥反应生成了较多蓬松的物质,并覆盖于材料表面与孔隙之中,使表观形态发生了改变;还可观察到改性材料表面出现了大面积的孔洞,形成了蜂窝状,可能是因为水化形成的氢氧化钙对材料表面的侵蚀作用所致[24].结合EDS数据,发现改性材料钙和铝的相对含量降低,而磷的相对含量增加,表明这些蓬松的物质可能为改性过程中产生的磷酸盐矿物[27].
SEM分析可知,PO-PG除铅后材料表面出现了大量的片状结构,这与白铅矿(PbCO3)的片状结果吻合[28-29];同时伴随有大量球状、椭球状物质的出现,这与李东平[30]制备的磷酸铅粒子的形态相似.结合EDS数据可知,PO-PG中含有大量的Ca、C和O和一定量的P,表明PO-PG材料可能含有大量碳酸钙物质和一部分磷酸钙;特别地,材料除铅后Ca大幅度降低,Pb的比例上升,表明Pb2+可能与Ca2+发生了置换作用,并与碳酸根和磷酸根反应生成含铅物质而被去除[31].
同时,PO的比表面积为2.580m2/g,而PO-PG比表面积达6.336m2/g,即水泥经磷石膏改性后复合材料的比表面积增加较明显,这可能是由于水化过程中会生成具有高比表面积的C-S-H以及大量的凝胶孔所致[32].此外,磷石膏呈极酸性,也可对PO起到酸化作用,导致原料孔道中的酸溶性盐(碳酸盐类)被溶解,使内孔扩宽,比表面积增加.
图9可见,PO-PG材料中主要含有Ca54MgAl2Si16O90、Ca3SiO5、Ca2SiO4、CaCO3、Ca(OH)2和Ca5(PO4)3OH等矿物成分.反应后材料Ca54MgAl2Si16O90、Ca(OH)2和Ca5(PO4)3OH等特征衍射峰减弱或消失,在2θ=26.18°,34.12°,53.22°,57.73°处出现了符合标准卡片(No.76-2056)中PbCO3的特征衍射峰;在2θ=19.86°,24.7°,33.42°处出现了符合标准卡片(No.13-0131)中Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2的特征衍射峰,这与Tangahu等[33]的研究相符合.这是因为硅酸盐相PO在除铅过程会发生溶解,释放Ca2+和OH-,进一步结合生成Ca(OH)2,再与Pb2+反应生成Pb(OH)2富集在材料表面;同时,溶液中高浓度Ca2+会吸收空气中的CO2产生碳酸钙沉淀,Pb2+与Ca2+进一步交换后生成更稳定的PbCO3沉淀.值得注意的是,反应后在2θ=27.18°、31.3°处出现了符合标准卡片(No.08-0259)中Pb5(PO4)3OH的特征衍射峰[34],可能是因为PO-PG材料中Ca5(PO4)3OH的Ca2+与Pb2+发生了晶格置换而生成了Pb5(PO4)3OH.
为了更好地表征除铅前后改性材料PO-PG的表面化学组成,进行了XPS扫描.如图10所示,在138.08,142.88eV结合能处出现的Pb4f7/2和Pb4f5/2轨道峰说明了铅在PO-PG表面的成功吸附;Pb4f7/2和Pb4f5/2的双峰分离为4.8eV,表明存在Pb-O键[35].此外发现,PO-PG除铅后,铅元素的相对含量升高,与此同时钙和磷元素的相对含量明显降低,故可以推断Pb-O键的形成可归因于Pb2+与Ca2+的交换,进而与PO43−和CO32-的结合所致,此结果与XRD的结果相吻合.XPS分析进一步证实反应后Pb2+通过形成稳定的碳酸铅和磷酸铅而被去除.
通过对除铅前后材料的表征分析和动力学拟合,概括了PO-PG的除铅机理.PO-PG材料主要是由Ca54MgAl2Si16O90、Ca3SiO5、Ca2SiO4、Ca(OH)2、CaCO3、和Ca5(PO4)3OH等矿物成分组成,当PO-PG与污染液接触时,PO-PG材料会继续发生水化反应,同时不断释放OH-,进一步与溶解的Ca2+反应生成Ca(OH)2;且Ca2+可通过吸收空气中的CO2生成CaCO3.PO-PG材料中Ca(OH)2、CaCO3和Ca5(PO4)3OH为主要的除铅物质.通过表征分析及动力学分析可知,同晶置换和表面异质化学沉淀是PO-PG除铅的主要机制,反应最终产生的铅沉淀物包括Pb(OH)2、PbCO3、Pb5(PO4)3OH和Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2,是由于Ca2+(0.99Å)和Pb2+(1.20Å)的离子半径较接近,Pb2+易与材料中的含钙物质如Ca(OH)2、CaCO3和Ca5(PO4)3OH中的Ca2+发生晶格置换形成Pb(OH)2、PbCO3和Pb5(PO4)3OH沉淀[36],Pb2+也可与水化作用产生的OH-和溶液中的CO32-反应生成Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2沉淀.PO-PG除铅的机理图如图11所示,可能的反应过程如式(1)~(6).
水化过程:
去除过程:
3.1 在15,30,50及100mg/L铅浓度下,PO-PG较优投加量分别为0.10,0.20,0.35和0.45g/L,可使铅去除率大于99.9%,且缓解了出水pH值偏高的问题.
3.2 对比PO对铅的去除,PO-PG具有显著低温适应性及较好的自调节pH值优势.增加温度可加快PO-PG的水化速率,提高材料对铅的去除能力,温度从15℃升至45℃时,反应10min时,铅去除率从79.54%提升至100%;pH=3时,0.2g/L PO-PG处理30mg/L铅仅需20min,较PO缩短了100min.
3.3 水体中共存离子、浊度及模拟废水中的杂质对PO-PG除铅的影响较小,表明PO-PG对含铅废水具有稳定、高效的去除效果及对铅的去除有较好的抗干扰能力.
3.4 PO-PG对铅的去除机理表明:动力学拟合结果表明PO-PG在除铅过程中存在物理吸附与化学吸附作用过程,且以化学吸附为主;除铅机理主要为晶格置换和表面异质化学沉淀作用,XRD等表征显示Ca(OH)2、CaCO3和Ca5(PO4)3OH是主要的除铅因子,Pb2+通过与Ca2+交换形成难溶于水的沉淀而被去除,结果表明除铅后最终产物为PbCO3、Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2、Pb(OH)2和Pb5(PO4)3OH沉淀.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41977170)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-06
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国家自然科学基金项目(41977170)
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    1.成都理工大学生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059
    2.成都理工大学,地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
    3.西华大学建筑与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610039

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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