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A typical urban lake (Xinghu Lake) in the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area was selected as the study area, and the density flotation method was used to extract microplastics from surface sediments. The spatiotemporal occurrence characteristics of microplastic were presented, and the potential ecological risks of microplastic were revealed, and the spatial autocorrelation of microplastic abundance was analyzed. The results showed that the average abundances of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake were (637±392) and (1765±883) particles/kg during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Here, the colors of microplastic were mainly blue and black, lines were the dominant microplastic shapes, and the size of microplastic was concentrated in the range of 100 to 2000µm. Rayon, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate were the main polymer types of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake during the wet and dry seasons. The abundances of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake showed a strong spatial autocorrelation during different seasons, and the sampling interval for microplastic should be less than 435m here. Meanwhile, the average comprehensive potential ecological risk indexes of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake were 53.0 9and 344.08 during the wet and dry seasons, which were the slight and very strong risk levels, respectively. Furthermore, the potential ecological risks of rayon microplastics were relatively high.

, correspAuthors=Yan-peng CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bo LI, Jian-yun XIE, Bin HONG, Yan-peng CAI, Jin-ping PENG, Bo-wen LI, Qun-po JIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106401421840735, articleId=1234106387505140354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=城市湖泊沉积物微塑料赋存特征和生态风险, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以粤港澳大湾区典型城市湖泊(星湖)为研究区,使用密度浮选方法提取表层沉积物中微塑料,研究微塑料时空赋存特征,揭示微塑料潜在生态风险,并对微塑料丰度的空间自相关性进行分析.结果表明,丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料平均丰度分别为(637±392),(1765±883)particles/kg,颜色以蓝色和黑色为主,形状以线条为主,尺寸集中在100~2000µm范围,人造丝、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯是主要的聚合物类型.不同时期,星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度均具有强烈的空间自相关性,其微塑料采样间隔应低于435m.同时,丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料综合潜在生态风险指数平均值分别为53.09和344.08,分别处于轻微和很强风险水平,且人造丝微塑料潜在生态风险较高.

, correspAuthors=蔡宴朋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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李波(1992-),男,重庆长寿人,讲师,博士,主要从事新污染物环境行为研究.发表论文9篇..

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李波(1992-),男,重庆长寿人,讲师,博士,主要从事新污染物环境行为研究.发表论文9篇..

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李波(1992-),男,重庆长寿人,讲师,博士,主要从事新污染物环境行为研究.发表论文9篇..

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Grading standard of potential ecological risk evaluation

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等级
RIRI<6060≤RI<120120≤RI<240RI≥240
风险程度轻微中等较强很强极强
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412507385991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

潜在生态风险评估分级标准

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等级
RIRI<6060≤RI<120120≤RI<240RI≥240
风险程度轻微中等较强很强极强
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412654186648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The types of microplastic polymer in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake during the wet and dry seasons

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聚合物类型简写丰水期(%)枯水期(%)
聚丙烯PP16.9016.22
人造丝RY12.6831.42
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET7.5110.80
低密度苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯SBS5.41
聚丙烯酰胺PAM7.044.73
聚丙烯-聚乙烯共聚物PP-PE7.043.38
聚乙烯亚胺PEI5.624.39
聚丙烯共聚物PPC4.69
聚酰胺PA4.231.69
聚丙烯晴(丙烯酸)共聚物PAN4.23
低密度聚乙烯LDPE3.762.36
纤维素聚合物PCP2.36
聚丙烯酸PAA2.03
纤维素聚合物CP3.76
聚乙烯PE3.762.36
聚酯纤维PES3.293.38
其他15.499.47
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412834541732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料聚合物类型

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聚合物类型简写丰水期(%)枯水期(%)
聚丙烯PP16.9016.22
人造丝RY12.6831.42
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET7.5110.80
低密度苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯SBS5.41
聚丙烯酰胺PAM7.044.73
聚丙烯-聚乙烯共聚物PP-PE7.043.38
聚乙烯亚胺PEI5.624.39
聚丙烯共聚物PPC4.69
聚酰胺PA4.231.69
聚丙烯晴(丙烯酸)共聚物PAN4.23
低密度聚乙烯LDPE3.762.36
纤维素聚合物PCP2.36
聚丙烯酸PAA2.03
纤维素聚合物CP3.76
聚乙烯PE3.762.36
聚酯纤维PES3.293.38
其他15.499.47
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412968759475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Element compositions of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake

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元素红色线条(%)蓝色线条(%)红色碎片(%)绿色线条(%)
C63.1420.9852.808.18
O25.1251.0130.9746.92
Na1.391.041.87
Al1.028.861.5213.51
Si3.399.082.0514.68
Cl1.391.51
Mg0.311.39
K3.38
Fe3.182.0412.61
Zn4.552.167.242.71
), ArticleFig(id=1234106413086199998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

星湖表层沉积物微塑料表面元素组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素红色线条(%)蓝色线条(%)红色碎片(%)绿色线条(%)
C63.1420.9852.808.18
O25.1251.0130.9746.92
Na1.391.041.87
Al1.028.861.5213.51
Si3.399.082.0514.68
Cl1.391.51
Mg0.311.39
K3.38
Fe3.182.0412.61
Zn4.552.167.242.71
), ArticleFig(id=1234106413212029133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Semivariogram parameters of microplastic (MP) and its polymer in surface sediments from Xinghu Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节项目模型决定系数(R2)残差(RSS×108)变程(m)块金值(C0)基台值(C0+C1)块金系数(%)自相关性
丰水期MP球面0.414293.0004351001725000.06
PET线性0.0600.05018862315291079.55
PP球面0.0090.99025018501846010.02
RY高斯0.6360.2394641096900.10
枯水期MP指数0.6812170.0002616380009800003.88
PET线性0.00170.7001886686496874999.85
PP指数0.53775.400179435001384002.53
RY指数0.00626.60020149001026004.78
), ArticleFig(id=1234106413363024090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387505140354, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

星湖表层沉积物微塑料(MP)及其聚合物类型半方差函数参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节项目模型决定系数(R2)残差(RSS×108)变程(m)块金值(C0)基台值(C0+C1)块金系数(%)自相关性
丰水期MP球面0.414293.0004351001725000.06
PET线性0.0600.05018862315291079.55
PP球面0.0090.99025018501846010.02
RY高斯0.6360.2394641096900.10
枯水期MP指数0.6812170.0002616380009800003.88
PET线性0.00170.7001886686496874999.85
PP指数0.53775.400179435001384002.53
RY指数0.00626.60020149001026004.78
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城市湖泊沉积物微塑料赋存特征和生态风险
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李波 1, 2 , 谢建雲 1 , 洪滨 3 , 蔡宴朋 2, * , 彭进平 4 , 李博文 2 , 贾群坡 5
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3289-3298
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3289-3298
城市湖泊沉积物微塑料赋存特征和生态风险
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李波1, 2 , 谢建雲1, 洪滨3, 蔡宴朋2, * , 彭进平4, 李博文2, 贾群坡5
作者信息
  • 1.重庆三峡学院,三峡库区水环境演变与污染防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆 404020
  • 2.广东省流域水环境治理与水生态修复重点实验室,生态安全与绿色发展广东省基础研究卓越中心,广东 广州 510006
  • 3.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510535
  • 4.广东工业大学轻工化工学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 5.生态环境部黄河流域生态环境监督管理局生态环境监测与科学研究中心,河南 郑州 450000
  • 李波(1992-),男,重庆长寿人,讲师,博士,主要从事新污染物环境行为研究.发表论文9篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Occurrence characteristics and ecological risks of microplastic in sediments from an urban lake
Bo LI1, 2 , Jian-yun XIE1, Bin HONG3, Yan-peng CAI2, * , Jin-ping PENG4, Bo-wen LI2, Qun-po JIA5
Affiliations
  • 1.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404020, China
  • 2.Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3.South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
  • 4.School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 5.Ecological and Environmental Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yellow River Basin Ecological and Environmental Administration Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou 450000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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以粤港澳大湾区典型城市湖泊(星湖)为研究区,使用密度浮选方法提取表层沉积物中微塑料,研究微塑料时空赋存特征,揭示微塑料潜在生态风险,并对微塑料丰度的空间自相关性进行分析.结果表明,丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料平均丰度分别为(637±392),(1765±883)particles/kg,颜色以蓝色和黑色为主,形状以线条为主,尺寸集中在100~2000µm范围,人造丝、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯是主要的聚合物类型.不同时期,星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度均具有强烈的空间自相关性,其微塑料采样间隔应低于435m.同时,丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料综合潜在生态风险指数平均值分别为53.09和344.08,分别处于轻微和很强风险水平,且人造丝微塑料潜在生态风险较高.

星湖  /  沉积物  /  微塑料  /  赋存特征  /  空间自相关性  /  生态风险

A typical urban lake (Xinghu Lake) in the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area was selected as the study area, and the density flotation method was used to extract microplastics from surface sediments. The spatiotemporal occurrence characteristics of microplastic were presented, and the potential ecological risks of microplastic were revealed, and the spatial autocorrelation of microplastic abundance was analyzed. The results showed that the average abundances of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake were (637±392) and (1765±883) particles/kg during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Here, the colors of microplastic were mainly blue and black, lines were the dominant microplastic shapes, and the size of microplastic was concentrated in the range of 100 to 2000µm. Rayon, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate were the main polymer types of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake during the wet and dry seasons. The abundances of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake showed a strong spatial autocorrelation during different seasons, and the sampling interval for microplastic should be less than 435m here. Meanwhile, the average comprehensive potential ecological risk indexes of microplastic in surface sediments of Xinghu Lake were 53.0 9and 344.08 during the wet and dry seasons, which were the slight and very strong risk levels, respectively. Furthermore, the potential ecological risks of rayon microplastics were relatively high.

Xinghu Lake  /  sediment  /  microplastic  /  occurrence characteristic  /  spatial autocorrelation  /  ecological risk
李波, 谢建雲, 洪滨, 蔡宴朋, 彭进平, 李博文, 贾群坡. 城市湖泊沉积物微塑料赋存特征和生态风险. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3289 -3298 .
Bo LI, Jian-yun XIE, Bin HONG, Yan-peng CAI, Jin-ping PENG, Bo-wen LI, Qun-po JIA. Occurrence characteristics and ecological risks of microplastic in sediments from an urban lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3289 -3298 .
水体中微塑料可以通过一系列物理、化学和生物作用沉降到沉积物[1-2].沉积物是湖泊生态系统的重要组成要素[3],可以作为微塑料的蓄积库[4],同时也是水环境健康的指示剂[5].目前,研究者主要关注沉积物微塑料提取和识别技术、时空分布、生物毒性、环境效应等[6-9],对湖泊沉积物微塑料赋存特征和生态风险较少研究.当湖泊沉积物对微塑料的接纳能力超过其最大负荷时,沉积物就会转变成微塑料内源污染物的提供者[1].尽管已有研究对海洋沉积物微塑料丰度的空间自相关性进行了初步研究[10],但湖泊沉积物微塑料空间分布关系尚不清楚.随着湖泊沉积物微塑料污染日益严重[3],对微塑料进行有效的生态风险评估已成为当务之急[11].目前,微塑料生态风险评估没有统一的方法,导致研究者无法科学评估微塑料对环境的潜在威胁[12].
城市湖泊作为人类社会接触最密切的区域,人类活动显著加快了城市湖泊沉积物中微塑料的累积[2],导致城市湖泊也面临着较大的微塑料污染风险.已有研究表明英国城市湖泊沉积物微塑料赋存丰度已经达到250~300particles/kg[13].目前,我国湖泊沉积物中也发现了微塑料的存在[14-15].研究表明,星湖作为粤港澳大湾区典型城市湖泊,对微塑料的“汇”作用显著高于“源”作用,且表层水体中微塑料具有较强的生态风险[16].星湖所在区域城市化进程加快了微塑料在沉积物中垂向累积[2],但星湖表层沉积物微塑料赋存特征、生态风险和空间自相关性等仍缺乏详细调查和研究.因此,本研究以星湖为研究区,分别在丰水期和枯水期采集表层沉积物,探究表层沉积物微塑料时空分布规律、赋存特征及生态风险,并对不同时期微塑料及其聚合物丰度的空间自相关性进行分析,以期为城市湖泊沉积物微塑料污染防治提供科学依据.
星湖位于广东省肇庆市端州区城市中心区域,是粤港澳大湾区典型的城市湖泊[16].星湖由5个浅水湖泊(青莲湖、中心湖、波海湖、仙女湖、里湖)组成,入湖河流是盘古坑河和石牌坑河,出湖河流是东岗河,其水域面积为6.6km2(图1).星湖是第四纪时期地质作用的产物,经过多年演变,逐渐由天然湿地转变为半人工湿地.星湖是第一批国家重点风景名胜区和世界级生物圈保护区,也是南亚热带鸟类的重要栖息地和国际候鸟迁徙的停歇地、繁殖地和越冬地[17].星湖既是肇庆市“山水城市”格局的重要基础,也是肇庆市的“城市绿色心脏”.星湖现有船舶均为旅游观光性质客船,且多数为纤维增强的塑料船,在自然和人为作用下存在微塑料污染的潜在可能.
分别于2020年8月(丰水期)和2021年3月(枯水期)到星湖采集表层沉积物样品.采用相对均匀的布点方式,采样点尽可能覆盖整个湖泊,在星湖共布设了33个采样点(图1).采样过程中,使用柱状沉积物采样器(PSC-600G,中国)采集湖底0~10cm深度的沉积物.为避免一个采样点仅采一个样品可能产生的随机误差,每个采样点都随机采集3个重复样,混合均匀后重新取一个混合样品(约1kg).将采集的表层沉积物样品置于4℃便携式冰箱冷藏保存,在一周内运回实验室进行后续分析处理.
沉积物样品带回实验室后置于已经清洗过的金属托盘,先去除石头、贝壳、植物等比较显著的杂质,然后在阴凉通风处使其自然风干.由于微塑料密度主要在0.9~1.3g/cm3范围[18-19],所以采用较为成熟的密度分离浮选方法来提取沉积物中微塑料[20].首先选择100g干燥后的沉积物样品放入1000mL烧杯,加入500mL密度为1.5~1.6g/cm3的氯化锌溶液(ZnCl2),并使用磁力搅拌器(九连NB-6,中国)充分搅拌30min(转速为1500r/min),用铝箔纸覆盖后静置24h,使沉积物中微塑料能够自然悬浮在上层水体,然后将微塑料从溶液中分离出来.为了尽可能地提取沉积物中微塑料,将上述分离步骤重复3次.分离溶液中仍有可能存在有机物质,会影响后续微塑料识别过程,所以加入200~300mL过氧化氢溶液(30%)静置过夜[21],直到溶液完全澄清.采用真空过滤装置(予华SHZ-D,中国)和孔径为1µm的玻璃纤维滤膜(Whatman, GF/B)来提取上述分离溶液中的微塑料,然后将带有微塑料样品的滤膜置于保存盒,并在40℃烘箱(DHG-9240A,中国)干燥48h.
采用目视判别方法,将干燥后的滤膜放置于倒置荧光显微镜(Olympus CKX53,日本)上识别微塑料,并记录微塑料颜色、形状和数量,并使用Cellsens Dimension 3.22软件(德国)测量微塑料尺寸.为了进一步确定微塑料聚合物类型,挑选疑似微塑料颗粒,使用显微红外光谱仪(Nicolet IN10,美国)分析其聚合物类型.然后,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜(Zeiss Sigma 300,德国)观察微塑料微观形貌和微孔特征,通过能量色散X射线光谱仪(Bruker 630M,德国)检测微塑料表面元素组成.
实验所需的试剂溶液和水都用直径为1µm的玻璃纤维滤膜(Whatman, GF/B)过滤一遍,将使用的玻璃仪器用超纯水清洗3次.同时,将提取微塑料所使用的ZnCl2溶液和超纯水作为空白样品,其实验步骤和沉积物中微塑料提取程序相同.经检测,空白样品微塑料丰度为5particles/kg,后续所有采样点微塑料丰度均扣除空白值.实验室样品处理过程中穿着100%纯棉衣服,且均在洁净的通风橱进行.同时,通过显微红外光谱仪(Nicolet IN10,美国)共检测了509个疑似微塑料颗粒的聚合物类型,塑料材料选取精度为97%,标准图谱与样品红外图谱匹配度均高于80%.采用Li等人[2]的方法进行加标回收实验,聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚乙烯(PE)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)微塑料回收率分别为97%、95%、97%和93%.
空间变异结构能够有效呈现污染物在空间上的变化特征,也是污染物采样研究的重要基础[22].本研究使用半方差函数来衡量微塑料及其聚合物丰度的空间变异结构,其公式计算如下:
式中:γ(h)是半方差函数值;N(h)是距离h处的样点数量;Z(xi)和Z(xi+h)分别是xixi+h处样本测量值.这些采样点之间的空间关系可以用半方差函数模型拟合[23],即线性模型(lin)、高斯模型(gau)、球面模型(sph)和指数模型(exp),模型计算公式分别为:
式中:C0是块金值;C1是结构方差;C0+C1是基台值;a是地统计学中的变程.本研究采用GS+ 9.0软件计算半方差函数,采用最小二乘法计算函数参数,使用最高决定系数(R2)来选择合适的模型,其计算方法如下:
式中:hi是距离i处微塑料实测值;是距离i处微塑料模拟值;是距离i处实测微塑料平均值.微塑料空间自相关性取决于块金值(C0)和基台值(C0+C1)之间的比率,即块金系数.块金系数在0~25%之间表示各变量具有较强空间自相关性,25%~75%之间表示中等空间自相关性,高于75%表示空间自相关性较弱[22].
尽管微塑料具有不同形态和聚合物成分,对水环境具有不同生态效应[24],但潜在生态风险指数方法可以综合评估湖泊水环境微塑料潜在生态风险[9,25],该方法计算过程如下:
式中:是微塑料聚合物i单一风险指数;是聚合物i毒性响应系数;Ci是检测的沉积物聚合物丰度;是微塑料聚合物i安全丰度.此外,RI是微塑料综合潜在生态风险指数;m是微塑料聚合物数量.本研究使用微塑料聚合物最高评分作为其毒性响应系数,主要评估微塑料聚合物对人体健康和生物的影响[26],最终以单一风险指数和综合潜在生态风险指数初步呈现微塑料污染对生态系统的潜在风险.根据Lithner等[26]的研究,星湖表层沉积物PP和PET毒性响应系数为1和4.考虑到目前没有人造丝(RY)的毒性响应系数,且人造丝和尼龙都是纺织工业的主要原材料,所以采用尼龙的毒性系数来代替(即50)[26].为了揭示星湖微塑料长期的潜在生态风险,使用1957~1965年星湖微塑料丰度作为安全值,RY和PET安全值分别为90和20particles/kg[2].由于星湖沉积物中PP首次发现于1986~1991年,因此以相对应的PP丰度作为安全值,即109particles/kg[2].
从综合潜在生态风险指数的计算过程来看,微塑料生态风险衡量标准并不是一成不变,而是根据所评估的聚合物类型和数量来确定.如果直接使用原有微塑料生态风险评估标准,不能客观地评估星湖表层沉积物微塑料潜在生态风险,所以根据研究的微塑料聚合物种类将潜在生态风险评估标准进行了调整[16].其中,第一级上限为所有评估污染物中最大毒性响应系数,其余各级上限依次加倍.将污染物毒性响应系数之和取10位整数,得到RI第一级标准,其余各级上限依次加倍.最后,星湖表层沉积物微塑料潜在生态风险评估分级标准如表1.
采用Excel 2016进行数据初步处理与分析,采用克里金插值方法呈现丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料整体空间分布模式.沉积物微塑料丰度以“particles/kg”(干重)为单位,使用单因素方差分析或非参数检验来分析数据显著性,并通过SPSS 19.0进行皮尔逊相关分析来解释相关性,使用Origin 9.0制作统计图.
图2所示,丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料平均丰度分别为(637±392)和(1765±883)particles/kg,两者之间存在显著差异性(r=0.001,P<0.05).无论是丰水期还是枯水期,星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度均高于世界其他湖泊,如英国城市湖泊[27]、意大利Bolsena和Chiusi湖[28].这可能是因为城市湖泊水流量较小,缓慢的水文过程加速了星湖微塑料沉积.枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度显著高于丰水期,这是因为枯水期星湖水体微塑料丰度更高[16],而水体中微塑料大部分会在沉积物中累积[4].
丰水期波海湖、中心湖、青莲湖、里湖、仙女湖表层沉积物微塑料平均丰度分别为1112,479,896,547,524particles/kg,而枯水期微塑料平均丰度分别为2557,1458,1831,1070,2227particles/kg,星湖5个子湖泊枯水期微塑料平均丰度均高于丰水期.丰水期和枯水期,波海湖表层沉积物微塑料平均丰度均高于其他4个子湖泊,这可能与波海湖长期存在渔业养殖活动有关,而渔网、渔具等塑料制品是微塑料的来源之一[14].同时,无论是丰水期(r=0.043,P<0.05)还是枯水期(r=0.039,P<0.05),星湖5个子湖泊表层沉积物微塑料丰度均存在显著差异.城市湖泊面临的人为干扰强度要显著高于那些远离城市区域的湖泊,进而改变微塑料在湖泊生态系统中分布模式[29],这也是丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度差异较大的原因.
图3所示,丰水期星湖表层沉积物蓝色微塑料平均比例最高(59%),枯水期黑色微塑料平均比例最高(54%),且紫色微塑料平均比例最低,分别为0.48%和0.29%.丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料主要呈线条、颗粒、纤维、碎片状(平均比例之和大于90%),线条状微塑料最高平均比例分别出现在仙女湖(79%)和青莲湖(67%).丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物中尺寸大于2000µm的微塑料所占比例分别为12%和8%.丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物中发现的微塑料最小尺寸为4µm,微塑料尺寸均集中在100~2000µm,其平均比例超过60%.目前,受研究方法限制,使用传统的密度分离方式提取沉积物微塑料仍具有较大挑战,可以使用一些新方法来更加准确地识别较小尺寸微塑料,比如自动分析或机器学习等方式[30-31].
星湖表层沉积物微塑料聚合物类型较为丰富,此处发现了数10种微塑料聚合物类型(表2),这是因为星湖位于城市中心区域,人类活动频繁,微塑料来源广泛[2].丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料聚合物类型均以RY、PP、PET为主,两个时期这3种聚合物类型所占比例分别为37.09%和58.44%.枯水期RY比例显著高于丰水期,且两者之间存在显著差异性(r=0.001,P<0.05),这与Wang等[29]研究结果一致.星湖表层沉积物中也发现了一些密度较小的微塑料,比如PP、PE等[18-19],这是由于水体中密度较小的微塑料是微生物生长载体,并有可能和沉积物中有机物产生团聚效应,最终使其密度增加,从而沉降到沉积物[32-33].
图4所示,受紫外线辐射、机械磨损(颗粒碰撞和摩擦等)、化学或生物风化(温度、氧气和微生物)等影响[34],这些微塑料表面均出现裂痕、褶皱和破碎痕迹,具有明显老化现象.在物理磨损和紫外线辐射共同作用下,塑料垃圾会逐渐破碎成更小的碎片[32],进而沉降到沉积物,这也是星湖表层沉积物微塑料来源之一.借助能量色散X射线光谱仪,发现微塑料表面元素主要由碳(C)和和氧(O)组成,其比例之和超过55%(表3).此外,微塑料表面也发现了许多金属元素,如Na、Al、Fe和Mg,这也进一步证明微塑料可以吸附或释放其他金属元素[11,35].受沉积物微塑料提取技术限制,星湖表层沉积物微塑料表面吸附的重金属元素(Zn)有可能来源于实验过程中所使用的氯化锌溶液,其提取技术有待于进一步优化.
不同时期微塑料空间分布特征是有效治理微塑料污染的科学基础[7],尤其是类似于星湖这样的城市湖泊,在研究湖泊表层沉积物微塑料空间分布过程中需选择合适的采样距离,才能更好地分析该区域微塑料分布、来源及其影响因素的差异性规律.根据函数决定系数(R2),丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度分别使用球面模型和指数模型来进行半方差函数模拟(表4).结果显示,丰水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料采样距离高于变程距离后呈现稳定变化趋势,而枯水期在变程距离上还未达到稳定状态(图5).丰水期和枯水期,星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度均具有强烈空间自相关性,表明星湖微塑料丰度在空间上存在强烈的集聚特征,该区域内微塑料丰度存在强烈的相互依赖关系,且微塑料来源较为相似.随着采样距离增加,微塑料丰度的空间自相关性会逐渐减弱[36],结合星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度的变程结果来看,为了能够更加精确地反映表层沉积物微塑料空间变化特征,丰水期采样距离应该低于435m,而枯水期采样距离应低于2616m.本研究中丰水期和枯水期星湖每个采样点之间的距离均低于400m,能够较为准确地呈现微塑料在空间上的分布特征.
由于丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料聚合物类型均以PET、PP和RY为主,所以也分析了不同时期这3种聚合物在空间上的自相关性(表4图5).丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物PET空间自相关性均较弱,表明随机因素引起的空间变异逐渐增多,这与PET来源密切相关[14].为了客观反映星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度的空间自相关性,即使PET丰度数据未呈正态分布,本研究也没有对该数据进行转化,所以线性模型适用于丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物PET模拟[22].同时,这也是本研究中微塑料及其聚合物丰度空间自相关性模拟决定系数较低的原因,今后类似研究可以先采用对数或Box-Cox等数据转化方式来调整数据结构[22],其模拟效果有待于进一步研究.不管是丰水期还是枯水期,星湖表层沉积物PP和RY的块金系数均较小(表3),且均呈现强烈空间自相关性,表明这两种微塑料丰度受环境干扰因素影响较小[37].
图6所示,丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物PP生态风险指数分别为0~4.29和0~12.40,平均1.04和3.02,均处于轻微风险水平.丰水期星湖表层沉积物RY处于轻微风险水平,其平均风险指数为45.51,而枯水期RY处于很强风险水平,其平均风险指数介于200~400之间.RY毒性系数较高[26],对水生生物潜在生态威胁较大,建议替代或逐步淘汰这些危害高的塑料产品.两个时期星湖表层沉积物PET平均生态风险指数分别为6.55和37.51,均处于轻微风险程度,其最高风险指数分别出现在仙女湖(37.40)和波海湖(217.00).由于微塑料在自然环境中降解周期较长[38],可采取沉积物疏挖方式降低星湖表层沉积物微塑料潜在生态风险.
丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料综合潜在生态风险指数分别为0~215.00和5.32~1023.36,平均53.09和344.08,分别处于轻微和很强风险水平.丰水期星湖9%区域处于较强风险水平,枯水期27%区域处于较强风险水平,有67%区域处于很强风险水平.沉积物中微塑料具有较大的比表面积,容易吸附其他污染物[11],且较小尺寸的微塑料吸附能力更强[39-40],星湖表层沉积物微塑料潜在生态风险不容忽视.同时,城市湖泊容易形成水体“盲区”[41],导致微塑料更容易沉积[2],这无疑会加剧星湖表层沉积物微塑料的潜在生态风险.
3.1 丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度分别为(637±392),(1765±883) particles/kg,两者之间存在显著差异性(r=0.001,P<0.05).
3.2 丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料以蓝色和黑色为主,两个时期均以线条状微塑料为主,1~20µm微塑料所占比例均最小,且微塑料均出现了不同程度的老化痕迹.
3.3 丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物微塑料丰度均具有强烈空间自相关性,其微塑料采样距离间隔应低于435m,这样才能准确反映表层沉积物微塑料空间变化规律.
3.4 丰水期和枯水期星湖表层沉积物中RY平均生态风险指数均高于PP和PET,微塑料综合潜在生态风险指数平均值分别为53.09和344.08,分别处于轻微和很强风险水平.
  • 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX1132)
  • 重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202401219)
  • 重庆市万州区科技计划项目(wzstc-20240001)
  • 广东省引进创新创业团队项目(2021ZT090543)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
基金
重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX1132)
重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202401219)
重庆市万州区科技计划项目(wzstc-20240001)
广东省引进创新创业团队项目(2021ZT090543)
作者信息
    1.重庆三峡学院,三峡库区水环境演变与污染防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆 404020
    2.广东省流域水环境治理与水生态修复重点实验室,生态安全与绿色发展广东省基础研究卓越中心,广东 广州 510006
    3.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510535
    4.广东工业大学轻工化工学院,广东 广州 510006
    5.生态环境部黄河流域生态环境监督管理局生态环境监测与科学研究中心,河南 郑州 450000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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