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Based on the InVEST model, Hierarchy of Needs Theory, and ecosystem service supply-demand analysis, we utilized Linkage Mapper and other tools to extract ecological sources, corridors, and pinch points in the Sichuan Basin from 2005 to 2020, following the least-cost path theory. The ecosystem service supply-demand relationship was analyzed to construct the ecological security pattern of the basin. Spatially, ecosystem service supply and demand in the Sichuan Basin exhibited a negative correlation. Despite an overall ecological surplus (supply exceeding demand), spatial mismatches between supply and demand intensified regional contradictions. From 2005 to 2020, the area of ecological sources in the basin was 68700km2, 63900km2, 63100km2, and 64800km2, respectively, presenting a “dense periphery-sparse center” ring-shaped distribution. The total length of ecological corridors across four periods increased continuously (6693.38km, 8342.29km, 8594.62km, and 14130.94km), forming a “periphery-connected, sparse-center, dense-east” network structure. Ecological pinch points were clustered at source junctions, while obstacle points were concentrated near fragmented source patches, particularly in the eastern parallel ridge-valley region. Integrating ecosystem service supply-demand dynamics and existing ecological security patterns, we proposed an optimized protection framework termed “Three Belts, Four Zones, and Five Cores”. Three Belts: East-west axial belts in the basin’s southern and northern regions, and a north-south axial belt in the eastern basin. Four Zones: Ecological security protection zone (eastern Sichuan), ecological restoration zones (western and northern Sichuan), and an ecological fragility recovery zone (central Sichuan). Five Cores: Key connectivity nodes in the southern basin and the eastern parallel ridge-valley area.

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基于InVEST模型、需求层次理论和生态系统服务供需分析,使用Linkage Mapper等工具根据最小成本路径理论提取了2005~2020年四川盆地生态源地、生态廊道和生态夹点等,分析了四川盆地生态系统服务供需关系,构建了四川盆地生态安全格局.结果表明:空间上,四川盆地生态系统服供需呈负相关,总体供过于求,处于生态盈余,但生态系统服务供需在空间上呈错位匹配,加剧了盆地内生态服务的空间供需矛盾.2005~2020年,四川盆地生态源地分别为6.87,6.39,6.31和6.48万km2,空间上呈外密-中疏的环状分布;四期生态廊道总长度分别为6693.38,8342.29,8594.62和14130.94km,呈现持续增长的趋势,空间上呈边缘贯通-中疏-东密的网状结构;生态夹点则呈点状分布在生态源地连接处,生态障碍点主要分布在破碎源地斑块附件,以川东平行岭谷最为集中.基于四川盆地生态系统服务供需关系和生态安全格局,提出了四川盆地“三带四区五核心”的生态安全优化保护格局,即盆地南、北部东-西轴向带,盆地东部南-北轴向带,川东生态安全保护区,川西、川北生态安全修复区和川中生态脆弱恢复区,盆地南部、川东平行岭谷区等5个生态安全关键连接点.

, correspAuthors=张军以, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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邱大鹅(1997-),女,云南昭通人,重庆师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为区域生态安全与可持续发展..

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邱大鹅(1997-),女,云南昭通人,重庆师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为区域生态安全与可持续发展..

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Meteorological Monthly201743(10):1162-1175., articleTitle=Characteristics analyses of extreme rainstorm events in Sichuan Basin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106403321860655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, awardId=23BJY156, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BJY156), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1234106403485438531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, awardId=KJZD-K202300507, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市教委科学技术重点项目(KJZD-K202300507), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1234106403628044880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, awardId=BWLJ2023013, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆师范大学博望学者培育项目(BWLJ2023013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106394098586479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, xref=1., 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Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=Yd2ulhrsijIjga9yOFmvRg==, figureFileBig=ZpCiOvoy8nobit7q8LBg9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399089807596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=图3, caption=四川盆地生态系统服务需求, figureFileSmall=Yd2ulhrsijIjga9yOFmvRg==, figureFileBig=ZpCiOvoy8nobit7q8LBg9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399257579771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ratio of supply to demand for ecosystem services of Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=0GD9tTEG0i0IcGcbGAiMzQ==, figureFileBig=vmEmNnnTQE4MyctSKDKagg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399400186117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=图4, caption=四川盆地生态系统服务供需比, figureFileSmall=0GD9tTEG0i0IcGcbGAiMzQ==, figureFileBig=vmEmNnnTQE4MyctSKDKagg==, tableContent=null), 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caption=Ecological securitu pattern of Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=dweyRP4M/yvBdt05WAPuLw==, figureFileBig=KLvfgvhxmfWUSYx3hvXf2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106401774162303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=图8, caption=四川盆地生态安全格局, figureFileSmall=dweyRP4M/yvBdt05WAPuLw==, figureFileBig=KLvfgvhxmfWUSYx3hvXf2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402118095259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Identification of ecological security restoration patterns, figureFileSmall=WTZh5RWX8naFNnnTvtIJGg==, figureFileBig=PbkDkGDb1ziwDJFum8Wk+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402264895911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=图9, caption=四川盆地的生态安全优化格局, figureFileSmall=WTZh5RWX8naFNnnTvtIJGg==, figureFileBig=PbkDkGDb1ziwDJFum8Wk+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402415890880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Research data types, years, resolution and sour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型空间分辨率(m)数据来源
土地利用类型30中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)
植被覆盖指数1000LAADS DAAC(https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/)
标准煤消耗量中国能源统计年鉴(2006/2011/2016/2021)
流域边界美国航空航天局地球数据中心(https://dio.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1566
地理高程数据30地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn/)
土壤数据30世界土壤数据库(https://www.resd.cn)
行政区边界地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn/
蒸发量/降水量500青藏高原国家数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)
人口密度1000中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)
人均粮食消耗《重庆市统计年鉴(2006/2011/2016/2021)》《四川省统计年鉴(2006/2011/2016/2021)》
), ArticleFig(id=1234106402566885842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究主要数据类型、年份、分辨率与来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型空间分辨率(m)数据来源
土地利用类型30中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)
植被覆盖指数1000LAADS DAAC(https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/)
标准煤消耗量中国能源统计年鉴(2006/2011/2016/2021)
流域边界美国航空航天局地球数据中心(https://dio.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1566
地理高程数据30地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn/)
土壤数据30世界土壤数据库(https://www.resd.cn)
行政区边界地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn/
蒸发量/降水量500青藏高原国家数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)
人口密度1000中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)
人均粮食消耗《重庆市统计年鉴(2006/2011/2016/2021)》《四川省统计年鉴(2006/2011/2016/2021)》
), ArticleFig(id=1234106402671743457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Methods of evaluating supply of ecosystem services

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务供给计算公式变量解释
固碳服务CSS=(Ca+Cb+Cd+Cs)CSS为碳储存量供给,t/hm2;Ca为地上生物碳密度,t/hm2;Cb为地下生物碳密度,t/hm2;Cd为死亡有机物中碳密度,t/hm2;Cs为土壤碳密度,t/hm2[37]
粮食生产GPS为粮食供给,t/hm2;Fsum为四川盆地粮食总产量,t;NDVIi为栅格单元i的归一化植被数;NDVIsum为归一化植被指数的和,采用全年最大NDVI指数表示粮食的空间分布
土壤保持SCS=R×K×LS×(1-C×P)SCS为土壤保持量,R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可侵蚀性因子,采用EPIC模型[41];L为坡长系数,使用Fournier指数的基本公式计算[42];S为坡度;C为植被覆盖因子;P为土壤保持因子
水源涵养WPS=Pi-AETiWPS为水源涵养供给量,t,Pi为栅格i的年平均降水量,mm;AETii栅格年实际蒸发量,mm
生境质量HQS为生境质量供给量;Hjj类土地利用类型的生境适宜度;Dxjj类生境在栅格x处受到的威胁程度;z是常数,为2.5;K为半饱和系数,为0.5
休闲文化服务RSS=A×PpopRSS为休闲文化服务供给量,m2;A为四川省和重庆市实际平均人均公园绿地供给面积,根据统计年鉴2006/2011/2016/2021年分别为6.5, 11.7, 14, 14m2,Ppop为人口密度
), ArticleFig(id=1234106402839515641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生态系统服务供给定量评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务供给计算公式变量解释
固碳服务CSS=(Ca+Cb+Cd+Cs)CSS为碳储存量供给,t/hm2;Ca为地上生物碳密度,t/hm2;Cb为地下生物碳密度,t/hm2;Cd为死亡有机物中碳密度,t/hm2;Cs为土壤碳密度,t/hm2[37]
粮食生产GPS为粮食供给,t/hm2;Fsum为四川盆地粮食总产量,t;NDVIi为栅格单元i的归一化植被数;NDVIsum为归一化植被指数的和,采用全年最大NDVI指数表示粮食的空间分布
土壤保持SCS=R×K×LS×(1-C×P)SCS为土壤保持量,R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可侵蚀性因子,采用EPIC模型[41];L为坡长系数,使用Fournier指数的基本公式计算[42];S为坡度;C为植被覆盖因子;P为土壤保持因子
水源涵养WPS=Pi-AETiWPS为水源涵养供给量,t,Pi为栅格i的年平均降水量,mm;AETii栅格年实际蒸发量,mm
生境质量HQS为生境质量供给量;Hjj类土地利用类型的生境适宜度;Dxjj类生境在栅格x处受到的威胁程度;z是常数,为2.5;K为半饱和系数,为0.5
休闲文化服务RSS=A×PpopRSS为休闲文化服务供给量,m2;A为四川省和重庆市实际平均人均公园绿地供给面积,根据统计年鉴2006/2011/2016/2021年分别为6.5, 11.7, 14, 14m2,Ppop为人口密度
), ArticleFig(id=1234106402982121991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Methods of evaluating supply of ecosystem supply

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务需求计算方法变量解释
固碳服务CSD=DCP×PpopCSD为固碳需求量,t;Dcp为人均碳排放量,t;Ppop为人口密度.
粮食生产GPD=Fp×FpopGPD为粮食需求量,kg;Fp为人均食物需求量,kg;Fpop为人口密度.
土壤保持SCD=R×K×LS×C×PSCD表示土壤保持需求量,式中RK、LS、CP含义同SCs.
水源涵养WPD=Dp×PpopWPD为水资源需求量,t,Dp为人均耗水量,t;Ppop为人口密度.
生境质量HQds为生境质量需求标准;HQD为生境质量需求;Qi为栅格i的生境质量数;S为研究区面积,km2.
休闲文化服务RSD=R×PpopRSD为像元的休闲文化服务需求量,m2;R为四川盆地人均公园绿需求量,根据重庆与四川国民经济和社会发展规划,2006, 2011, 2016, 2021年分别为7.9, 11.18,13.16, 14.8m2;Ppop为人口密度.
), ArticleFig(id=1234106403124728341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387463197313, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生态系统服务需求定量评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务需求计算方法变量解释
固碳服务CSD=DCP×PpopCSD为固碳需求量,t;Dcp为人均碳排放量,t;Ppop为人口密度.
粮食生产GPD=Fp×FpopGPD为粮食需求量,kg;Fp为人均食物需求量,kg;Fpop为人口密度.
土壤保持SCD=R×K×LS×C×PSCD表示土壤保持需求量,式中RK、LS、CP含义同SCs.
水源涵养WPD=Dp×PpopWPD为水资源需求量,t,Dp为人均耗水量,t;Ppop为人口密度.
生境质量HQds为生境质量需求标准;HQD为生境质量需求;Qi为栅格i的生境质量数;S为研究区面积,km2.
休闲文化服务RSD=R×PpopRSD为像元的休闲文化服务需求量,m2;R为四川盆地人均公园绿需求量,根据重庆与四川国民经济和社会发展规划,2006, 2011, 2016, 2021年分别为7.9, 11.18,13.16, 14.8m2;Ppop为人口密度.
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基于不同需求层次生态服务供需的四川盆地生态安全格局构建
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邱大鹅 1 , 张军以 1, 2, * , 杨晓雪 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3343-3358
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3343-3358
基于不同需求层次生态服务供需的四川盆地生态安全格局构建
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邱大鹅1 , 张军以1, 2, * , 杨晓雪1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院,重庆 401331
  • 2.重庆师范大学,三峡库区地表过程与生态修复重庆市重点实验室 重庆 401331
  • 邱大鹅(1997-),女,云南昭通人,重庆师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为区域生态安全与可持续发展..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Construction of ecological security pattern in Sichuan Basin based on the supply and demand of ecological services at different demand levels
Da-e QIU1 , Jun-yi ZHANG1, 2, * , Xiao-xue YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
  • 2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Ecological Restoration in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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基于InVEST模型、需求层次理论和生态系统服务供需分析,使用Linkage Mapper等工具根据最小成本路径理论提取了2005~2020年四川盆地生态源地、生态廊道和生态夹点等,分析了四川盆地生态系统服务供需关系,构建了四川盆地生态安全格局.结果表明:空间上,四川盆地生态系统服供需呈负相关,总体供过于求,处于生态盈余,但生态系统服务供需在空间上呈错位匹配,加剧了盆地内生态服务的空间供需矛盾.2005~2020年,四川盆地生态源地分别为6.87,6.39,6.31和6.48万km2,空间上呈外密-中疏的环状分布;四期生态廊道总长度分别为6693.38,8342.29,8594.62和14130.94km,呈现持续增长的趋势,空间上呈边缘贯通-中疏-东密的网状结构;生态夹点则呈点状分布在生态源地连接处,生态障碍点主要分布在破碎源地斑块附件,以川东平行岭谷最为集中.基于四川盆地生态系统服务供需关系和生态安全格局,提出了四川盆地“三带四区五核心”的生态安全优化保护格局,即盆地南、北部东-西轴向带,盆地东部南-北轴向带,川东生态安全保护区,川西、川北生态安全修复区和川中生态脆弱恢复区,盆地南部、川东平行岭谷区等5个生态安全关键连接点.

生态安全格局  /  生态系统服务供需  /  需求层次理论  /  电路理论  /  四川盆地

Based on the InVEST model, Hierarchy of Needs Theory, and ecosystem service supply-demand analysis, we utilized Linkage Mapper and other tools to extract ecological sources, corridors, and pinch points in the Sichuan Basin from 2005 to 2020, following the least-cost path theory. The ecosystem service supply-demand relationship was analyzed to construct the ecological security pattern of the basin. Spatially, ecosystem service supply and demand in the Sichuan Basin exhibited a negative correlation. Despite an overall ecological surplus (supply exceeding demand), spatial mismatches between supply and demand intensified regional contradictions. From 2005 to 2020, the area of ecological sources in the basin was 68700km2, 63900km2, 63100km2, and 64800km2, respectively, presenting a “dense periphery-sparse center” ring-shaped distribution. The total length of ecological corridors across four periods increased continuously (6693.38km, 8342.29km, 8594.62km, and 14130.94km), forming a “periphery-connected, sparse-center, dense-east” network structure. Ecological pinch points were clustered at source junctions, while obstacle points were concentrated near fragmented source patches, particularly in the eastern parallel ridge-valley region. Integrating ecosystem service supply-demand dynamics and existing ecological security patterns, we proposed an optimized protection framework termed “Three Belts, Four Zones, and Five Cores”. Three Belts: East-west axial belts in the basin’s southern and northern regions, and a north-south axial belt in the eastern basin. Four Zones: Ecological security protection zone (eastern Sichuan), ecological restoration zones (western and northern Sichuan), and an ecological fragility recovery zone (central Sichuan). Five Cores: Key connectivity nodes in the southern basin and the eastern parallel ridge-valley area.

ecological security pattern  /  ecosystem service supply and demand  /  hierarchy of heeds theory  /  circuit theory  /  Sichuan Basin
邱大鹅, 张军以, 杨晓雪. 基于不同需求层次生态服务供需的四川盆地生态安全格局构建. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3343 -3358 .
Da-e QIU, Jun-yi ZHANG, Xiao-xue YANG. Construction of ecological security pattern in Sichuan Basin based on the supply and demand of ecological services at different demand levels[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3343 -3358 .
20世纪以来,全球城镇化水平由17.9%增长至63.9%,快速大规模城镇化进程成为人类社会经济发展最显著的特征[1-2].大规模城镇化建设给人类发展带来巨大福祉的同时,也侵害了自然生态环境的平衡,对农业造成挤压,导致生态景观破坏、生物多样性丧失、生态系统服务功能下降等一系列生态安全问题,严重威胁了区域生态安全,侵蚀了区域可持续发展基础[3-4].优化修复区域生态环境,构建科学合理的生态安全格局,就成为实现区域高水平生态安全与可持续发展的关键[5-7].
近年来,生态安全格局研究已在城市规划与景观设计[8]、生物多样性保护[4]、生态系统服务评估[8-10]和旅游生态安全[11]等研究中受到广泛关注与实践.其研究方法主要涉及生态敏感性分析[12]、景观格局指数[13]、生态适宜性分析[14]、多情景分析[15-16]、综合指标评价[10]等.相关研究主题涉及生态安全格局时空演化[10,14]、区域生态安全评价[8,16]、生态韧性评估[17]、生态分区管理[18]、生态系统服务供需平衡与未来生态安全预测等[18-20].研究尺度上,生态安全格局研究一般可分为小-中-大3个层级.小尺度主要以单个县域、省市级行政区划为研究单元[9];中尺度则聚焦于存在紧密联系的多个行政单元或其构成的经济带、城市群等为研究对象[20-22];大尺度则多以国家或跨国流域等为研究单位[23].基于“生态源地—阻力面—生态廊道”是目前是生态安全格局构建的基本范式[17-18],其一般步骤为:①生态源地提取.生态源地是生态系统相对稳定且对生态安全具有辐射功能的基础性生境斑块,主要通过自然保护区[23]、生态保护用地[24]、生态系统服务供需[25]、形态学空间格局分析[26]和构建评价指标体系[24]等方法识别.②阻力面构建.阻力面反映生态系统内不同景观差异和人类活动对物种迁徙的阻碍度,通常采用土地覆被类型直接赋值确定[27],但其不能有效区分相似土地覆被类型下不同位置景观的内部阻力差异,需结合景观连通性[26-28]、地形起伏度[13,18]、夜间灯光数据[20]和人口密度[22,26]等数据进行修正.③廊道识别.生态廊道是不同景观间物质流与能量流的桥梁,其提取多使用MCR模型[29]和电路理论[30].相较MCR模型,电路理论可有效实现对生物随机游走性、物种随机迁移、廊道宽度等信息的识别而被广泛使用[28-31].整体上,生态安全格局研究经历由定性规划、定量格局分析,再到静态生态安全格局优化、动态生态安全格局模拟及状态趋势演化分析的发展.现有研究成果对区域生态修复和生态安全构建起到了重要作用,但不同区域自然基底和社会经济发展条件差异显著,决定了区域生态服务的供需关系和基本生态安全格局.
目前生态安全格局研究一般将区域视为均质的一体,在尺度上也多以行政单元区划为研究对象.但从生态系统的特性来讲,以自然地理区划相对独立、生态环境相对封闭的自然生态地理单元为研究对象更为合理.同时,生态系统服务的供需关系与区域发展水平密切相关.区域社会经济发展水平的空间异质性,导致人类对不同类型生态系统服务需求的差异,从而影响区域生态系统服务的供需平衡.根据需求层次理论,人的需求从低到高依次为生理需求、安全需求、社交需求、尊重需求和自我实现5个层次[32-33],直接受社会经济发展水平影响.不同社会经济发展水平下人类对水源涵养、粮食服务、休闲文化等生态系统服务功能的需求不同.为科学合理的识别区域生态安全格局,就必须有效识别不同社会经济发展水平下人类对不同生态服务供需对区域生态安全格局的影响.因此,生态安全格局研究要充分考虑区域发展水平的异质性以及自然生态单元的相对独立性、封闭性对区域生态服务供需矛盾、区域生态安全格局的影响.
四川盆地位于中国西南部,是长江上游重要水源涵养区和重要生态屏障带,也是全球生物多样性保护的重点地区[34].盆地边缘由云贵高原、青藏高原东缘、秦岭山脉和湘西山地环绕,形成了地理环境相对封闭的深盆地形.盆地生态系统空间、功能联系更为紧密,生态系统服务功能的整体性高,受外界影响程度较小,具有相对独立性,可视为一个独立的生态系统单元.本文选取水源涵养、粮食生产和文化休闲服务等六类关键生态系统服务类型耦合需求层次理论,基于电路理论提取生态廊道,识别四川盆地生态安全格局,构建盆地生态保护格局并提出优化对策,为四川盆地生态安全建设提供参考.
四川盆地(102°50′~109°15′E,27°39′~32°45′)位于中国西南部,地处长江上游,地理空间涉及四川省、重庆市大部,总面积约20万km2(图1).四川盆地中部地形以浅丘和平原为主,四周以山地、丘陵为主,属于亚热带季风性湿润气候区,年降水量800~1700mm,植被类型以亚热带常绿阔叶林为主,平均植被覆盖率为43%.耕地资源和水资源丰富,是中国西南地区农业和社会经济发展水平最高的地区,拥有成都和重庆两个国家级重心城市,工商业发达,是长江上游重要的经济中心.2020年,四川盆地(四川省、重庆市)GDP约8.2万亿元,常住人口9800万人,城镇化率61.5%.四川盆地是长江、黄河上游重要的水源涵养地、水源补给区、全球生物多样性保护重点地区,在全国生态安全格局中具有重要地位.但人类活动空间与生态空间交织,社会经济的高速发展使四川盆地面临着水土流失等诸多生态安全问题.
数据主要涉及四川盆地2005,2010,2015,2020年地表植被覆盖数据、地形地貌数据、水文气象数据、行政区划数据以及人口密度、人均粮食消费量等自然生态与社会经济数据,其中社会经济数据主要采用四川省与重庆市的均值.所有地理信息数据均采用WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_49N投影坐标系,栅格数据像元大小统一为1000m.具体见表1.
基于需求层次理论,将人类发展对生态系统服务的需求分为支持类服务、调节服务和文化类服务.其中,支持类服务选择支撑人类基本生存的粮食生产、水源涵养作为表征;调节类服务是在满足基本生存的基础上,对生存质量的追求,选取固碳服务、土壤保持和生境质量等3类服务;文化服务是人类社会发展的重要体现,在满足基本生存需求后往往追求自我创新,其创新也依赖于生态环境的刺激.基于上述分析,结合生态服务功能对人类福祉发展的实证研究[17].选取粮食生产、固碳服务、土壤保持、水源涵养、生境质量和休闲文化服务作为盆地生态服务功能供需关系的表征指标.
人类在不同社会经济发展水平下的生态服务,从低到高依次为生理需求、安全需求、社交需求、尊重需求和自我实现5个层次.人类不同需求层次下的生态系统服务的表现为在人类生存发展中人类首先追求维持自身生存的水资源、粮食等生态系统基础支持服务,其次是寻求维系人类生存健康、安全等调节服务,随着社会经济发展,生产力提高、收入增加,人类逐渐追求更高层次的精神文化类需求.基于以上理论,将水源涵养、粮食服务视为人类维持个体生存的生态系统服务,为第一层次;将土壤保持、固碳服务、生境质量视为维系人类生存健康、安全的调节类服务,为第二层次;休闲文化服务则是不断提升自我享受与服务、满足人类精神文化需求,为第三层次.根据划分社会经济发展水平确定不同层次生态系统服务的需求量,表征区域经济发展的空间异质性对生态系统服务需求的影响.
(1)生态系统服务供给定量评估:生态系统服务的供给是指生态系统通过其结构和功能,向人类社会提供直接或间接的利益的过程.运用InVEST模型[35]评估四川盆地粮食生产(GP)、固碳服务(CS)、土壤保持(SC)、水源涵养(WP)、生境质量(HQ)的供给量;休闲文化服务(RS)则采用四川盆地人均公园绿地供给量表示[36](表2).
(2)生态系统服务需求定量评估:生态系统服务需求是指人类为维持生存、提高生活质量而从生态系统中获取的服务,生态系统服务需求量主要由区域人口密度决定[38-39].文章固碳服务、粮食生产、水源涵养的需求量分别使用碳排放量、人均粮食和水资源消耗量评价;土壤保持需求量以人类期望能够被治理的实际土壤侵蚀量表示[40];休闲文化服务需求量则用四川省、重庆市发展规划的人均公园绿地面积期望值表征(表3).
(1)基于需求理论的生态系统服务供需权重分配:基于需求层次理论和选取的生态系统服务类型所在需求层次对生态系统服务供需定量计算.计算公式为:
式中:5代表需求层次理论中人类发展的5个需求层次;FESSi与FESDi分别为基于需求层次理论的第i类生态系统服务供给与需求;Li是第i类生态系统服务所属的需求层次;ESSi和ESDi分别为第i种生态系统服务的供给与需求.
(2)基于需求理论的生态系统服务供需的定量综合:生态系统服务供需比(ESDR)可以表示生态系统服务供需匹配状态以及生态系统可持续提供生态系统服务的能力[41-43].公式如下:
式中:RESSi为第i个栅格单元的生态系统服务供给量,FESDi为第i个栅格单元的生态系统服务需求量,FESSimax和FESDimax分别表示i类生态系统服务供给与需求的最大值.当ESDR<0表示ES供不应求;ESDR=0时表示ES供需平衡,ESDR>0时表示ES供给过剩.
生态系统服务综合供需比(CESDR)可以反映四川盆地生态系统服务的总体供需匹配:
式中:n表示生态系统服务类型总数;ESDRi表示第i类生态系统服务的供需比.
(1)生态源地提取.使用生态系统服务供给和供需比图层叠加,识别交集作为初始生态源地,该方法同时考虑了生态源地的质量与发展可持续性,更符合客观实际[37-39].此外,考虑到生态源地辐射范围受生态源地面积影响显著,故将面积大于100km2的生态斑块整合作为集中连片生态源地.(2)生态阻力面构建.生态阻力面根据不同土地利用类型赋阻力值表征,但该方法对生态景观差异识别不足.InVEST模型的生境质量模块可评估土地覆盖类型对特定物种的适宜性,表征生物存活和繁殖概率,并考虑了人类活动与景观差异对物种的胁迫,及胁迫源距离对物种的影响[40-41],故生境质量可以更好的表征生态阻力面.(3)生态廊道与生态战略点识别.生态廊道连接生态源地,保障生态源地间能量物质流通的通道,生态战略点含生态夹点与生态障碍点.生态夹点是维持生态源地间连通的狭窄地带,生态障碍点是阻碍物种在生态源地流动区域范围[42].基于电路理论,采用Linkage Mapper工具的最小成本路径识别生态廊道,利用Pinchpoint Mapper、Barrier Mapper工具提取生态夹点和生态障碍点.
2005~2020年,四川盆地除粮食生产与水源涵养外的各类生态系统服务供给整体呈中部低、四周高的空间分布格局,具有显著的空间异质性(图2).
四川盆地周边多为高山区,森林覆盖率高,其生态系统的固碳服务、土壤保持、生境质量、文化休闲等生态服务供给高于盆地中部.粮食生产与水源涵养的供给则成中部高、四周低的空间分布格局.盆地中部以浅丘平原为主,地势平坦、耕地肥沃、水源充足,是盆地农业生产的核心区,其中成都平原是中国九大商品粮基地之一,粮食生产供给能力强大.其中,水源涵养供给高值区位于以成都和重庆为核心的两大都市区周边.分析认为城市化引起的热岛效应和城镇大规模地表不透水面的显著增加是导致城镇区产水供给服务高的主要原因[44].此外,成都西部由于地形原因形成的华西雨屏带[45]也增加了成都周边地区的产水供给.
2005~2020年,四川盆地固碳服务、粮食生产、水源涵养、生境质量和文化休闲需求高值区成团状分布于以成都和重庆为核心的都市区,其余呈点状分布于各区县中心,且具有沿交通干线延伸的空间分布规律(图3).
人口密度是影响四川盆地生态系统服务需求时空分布的重要因素.四川盆地形成了以成都和重庆为核心的两大都市区.两大都市区是四川盆地的经济中心,社会经济发达,人口密度大,高密度的社会经济活动导致了对固碳服务、粮食生产、水源涵养、生境质量和文化休闲服务的需求显著增加.其中,固碳服务的增长主要来源工农业生产导致的巨量能源消费.
土壤保持受地形坡度的显著影响,高值区主要分布在盆地边缘以及东部平行岭谷区等高山丘陵区,同时紫色土易受侵蚀而产生水土流失.此外,川东三峡地区海拔>1500m的山地受温度梯度变化影响,形成了植被结构单一的灌木林带[46],水土流失高于其它林地.盆地中部地形平坦,多属于生产悠久的农业生产区,土壤侵蚀率低,为土壤保持需求低值区.
2005~2020年,四川盆地生态系统服务供需比总体供过于求,处于生态盈余,空间分布呈错位配置(图4).生态系统服务供需比赤字区由2005年的5.7%增加至2020年的10.11%,主要集中分布在以成都、重庆为核心的都市区和各区县建成区周边,生态系统服务供需空间极化效应凸显,生态系统服务供需矛盾加剧.
2005~2020年,四川盆地生态系统服务(文化休闲服务除外)供需空间上存在错位匹配,表现为生态系统服务供需比的高空间异质性(图4).其中,盆地固碳服务供需比总体赤字,但盆地局部地区存在盈余,盈余区主要分布在盆地边缘与川东平行岭谷区,而赤字区与盆地城镇空间分布基本一致.粮食服务供需比总体盈余,空间上表现为城镇区为高赤字,其中盆地中西部呈高盈余,盆地四周呈低盈余,这与成都平原作为中国商品粮基地的特征相吻合.土壤保持供需比也总体盈余,空间上表现为盆地中部高盈余,边缘呈低盈余的格局.水源涵养、生境质量供需比总体均呈盈余,均表现为四周高盈余、中部低盈余的空间分布特征,此外生境质量供需比在城镇区呈现为高赤字.文化休闲服务的供需比为负值,总体呈赤字状态,表现为盆地中部高赤字、四周低盈余的空间分布特征,其中以成都、重庆为核心都市区为文化休闲供需比为高赤字,其它城镇区呈低赤字.
生态系统服务供需比整体具有显著的空间异质性,表现为高密度团状聚集,低密度点状散布的空间分布特征.四川盆地边缘多高山区植被覆盖率高、人口密度小,自然生态禀赋高,具有高生态盈余和高生态系统服务供需比,区域生态系统服务可持续供给能力强.盆地中部生态系统服务供需比的空间分布特征主要有两个:一是盆地两个显著的高生态赤字和低生态系统服务供给区,即以成都和重庆为核心的两大都市区.两大都市区土地利用强度高、人口密集、社会经济发达,形成了两个生态服务需求极点.二是以各级城镇建成区为核心的次级的高生态赤字和低生态系统服务供需比区,其生态系统服务供需基本平衡,但生态系统服务供需比低,表明其生态本底相对较好,生态系统服务供给能力受到一定程度的人类活动胁迫.
2005~2020年,四川盆地生态源地面积整体呈先降后升的趋势,其规模基本稳定.2005, 2010, 2015, 2020年生态源地面积分别为6.87万,6.39万,6.31万和6.48万km2.分析认为生态源地面积变化主要与城镇化扩张和农业活动的发展水平及规模相关.城镇化和工农业发展驱动了林地利用转型,林地面积减少、林地内部碎片化显著,导致生态源地面积减少.退耕还林还草工程等生态修复工程的实施促进了盆地植被覆盖率的提高[47],生态源地面积增加.
四川盆地生态源地整体呈现外围密-中部疏环状空间分布结构,空间分布稳定(图5).识别得出四期生态源地平均面积为6.51万km2,占四川盆地总面积的24.94%.生态源地空间分布不均衡,“环状”空间特征显著,95%的生态源地分布在盆地边缘.盆地边缘带地貌以山地、丘陵为主,人类活动扰动相对较弱,原有植被覆盖率高,生态源地集中连片分布,生态系统服务供给可持续性强.盆地中部仅川东平行岭谷有少量破碎生态源地分布.生态源地的土地利用类型主要为耕地和林地,其中林地占绝对优势,约占生态源地的90.4%,耕地约占8.58%.
2005~2020年,四川盆地生态阻力高值区占比由2005年的4.64%增长至2020年的9.35%,高值区具有明显的空间集聚特征(图6).盆地城镇化建设与农业生产规模的持续发展是造成生态阻力增长、分布集中的根本原因.2005~2020年,四川盆地生态阻力呈高、低阻力面交错分布的空间演变特征,生态阻力高值区呈现扩张趋势.生态阻力高值区主要分布于以成都、重庆为核心的两大城市群以及各区县城镇,具有明显的空间集聚特征.盆地城市群及各区县城镇规模不断扩张,逐步形成了连片分布的城市群、不断扩张的次级城镇中心和高度发达的农业,导致人类活动高密区以城市群和各级城镇为中心呈放射状分布,明显阻碍了物种的迁徙和生态系统服务流,并奠定了盆地生态阻力的基本分布格局.此外,生态阻力低值区与生态源地分布基本一致,主要分布在盆地边缘带和东部平行岭谷区.
基于生态源地、生态阻力面的空间分布,使用Linkage Mapper和Pinchpoint Mapper识别盆地生态廊道与生态夹点.2005~2020年,四期生态廊道总长度分别为6693.38, 8342.29, 8594.62和14130.94km,呈现持续增长的趋势.盆地生态廊道整体呈边缘贯通-中疏-东密的网状空间结构.分析认为主要原因是盆地中西部地区,尤其是以成都平原为核心的盆地中部农业发达区生态源地缺失,迫使生态廊道由盆地边缘生态源地连接,导致生态廊道不断变长.其中,以成都平原为核心的盆地中西部地区生态廊道变化最为剧烈,川东平行岭谷区生态廊道最为密集.盆地西部以成都平原为核心的地区地势平坦、水源充沛,工农业发达且历史悠久,整体城镇发展水平较高,导致大面积生态源地严重缺失,且生态廊道的稳定性较差.川东平行岭谷区拥有少量生态源地但较为分散,造成其生态廊道分布较为密集.整体上,四川盆地内部地势平坦,农业发展条件良好,受工农业发展及城镇化建设的影响,其大面积生态源地严重缺失,生态廊道空间异质性显著.
四川盆地生物多样性丰富,拥有众多动植物,其中不乏珍稀物种,生态廊道的构建不仅要考虑动物的快速移动也要充分考虑其它生物的迁移流动问题,同时考虑到人类活动对生态廊道的影响,为保障生态服务流等正常流动将生态廊道增加一定宽度的缓冲区,以500m为生态廊道最小阈值.使用Linkage Mapper识别生态廊道发现当生态廊道阈值超过1500m时,廊道显著变宽,其本质上已不符合生态廊道内涵,其在功能上偏向生态源地.因此,基于盆地自然环境和社会经济发展现状、生态安全格局导致的生态用地与非生态用地的权衡,并参考已有研究成果[10,19-20],分别选取500, 1000和1500m作为生态廊道提取阈值.基于电路理论,取电流密度高值区作为生态夹点.结果显示,随着生态廊道阈值的增大,生态廊道变宽,生态夹点面积也相应的增大,且生态夹点土地覆被类型均为林地.生态廊道空间分布受生态廊道阈值变化影响较小,空间结构较稳定.
2005~2020年,四川盆地生态障碍点整体呈散点状分散于盆地中东部,川东平行岭谷分布最为密集.川东平行岭谷分割了农业生产和城镇建设空间连接,而农业生产和城镇建设形成的组团结构破坏了生态廊道联通性,对物种迁徙与生态服务流动形成了障碍.生态障碍点主要分布在破碎生态源地周围,障碍点主要地类为耕地和林地(图7).2005, 2010, 2015, 2020年盆地生态障碍点的面积分别为978.09, 776.3, 1801.98和940.25km2,呈现较大的波动.分析认为主要是受生态原地和生态廊道数量影响,2015年盆地生态源地面积最小而生态廊道长度第二.同时2015年的盆地遭受多次极端天气[48],也对生态障碍点的面积造成了一定影响.叠加盆地四期生态障碍点,得到18个连续生态障碍点,主要分布于生态源地周边,面积463.7km2.分析面积最大的四个连续生态障碍点的土地利用类型,其土地利用类型占比依次为耕地、建设用地以及水域和林地(图7).其中生态障碍点1、4主要为耕地和建设用地,生态障碍点2主要为林地,点3为耕地和水域.
四川盆地2005, 2010,2015和2020年生态安全格局整体呈现空心环状分布,生态安全格局对不同生态廊道阈值的敏感性较低,空间分布较稳定(图8).盆地生态源地集中于盆地边缘区域,其中川东巫山地区生态源地斑块面积最大最完整;川北剑门山和川西邛崃山的生态源地面积相对较大,构成次级生态源地核心区;南部生态源地则呈条带状有一定破碎;盆地中部生态源地缺乏,仅川东平行岭谷区有零星分布.各主要生态源地间存在显著的断裂缺口,生态源地网络的整体连通性差.盆地中部生态源地“空心化”导致盆地中部生态廊道变化显著且空间分布差异显著,集中分布在川东平行岭谷区,整体生态安全格局具有一定脆弱性,尤其是川东地区.生态夹点和生态障碍点多在源地断裂处和川东平行岭谷区广泛共存,两者相互转化的风险较大.
基于四川盆地生态安全格局中生态源地、生态廊道存在的主要问题.文章提出“三带四区五核心”的生态安全保护格局优化策略(图9).“三带”分别是盆地南-北部东-西轴向带和盆地东部南-北轴向带的三大生态廊道带.“三带”连接盆地边缘及川东平行岭谷生态源地,旨在提升生态源地的联通性,保障盆地生态源地生态系统服务的流通性.“三带”建设以现有破碎自然林带为基础,通过人工封育、植树造林等措施建设,注重乡土植物、藤蔓、灌木和乔木植物的合理搭配,以提高连接带生态系统的结构和功能稳定.“四区”分别川东生态安全保护区、川西、川北生态安全恢复区和川中生态脆弱恢复区.
川东生态安全保护区生态环境基底较好,是盆地关键生态源地,限制人类生态旅游开发及农业生产活动的扰动,以封育保护为主.川西、川北生态安全恢复区作为次级生态源地核心区,生态源地内部受坡耕地耕种等人类扰动较大,生态源地内部连续性有待进一步提高,应在封育保护的基础上,加强退耕还林还草、水土保持等生态修复建设恢复,提高生态源地的质量.川中生态脆弱恢复区地势平坦,工农业发达,城镇化水平高,拥有以成都、重庆为核心的两大都市区及周边次级城镇,人类活动密集,导致川中生态脆弱恢复区难以实施大规模的生态源地建设,应在区内零散山丘林地的保育的基础,对坡耕地进行退耕还林,在城乡建设规划中全面加强农田防护林带、生态经济林带、城乡绿地、城乡村湿地的建设和保护,加强耕地生态保护等,增加微型生态源地,进一步降低生态压力和生脆弱性.“五核心”主要是“三带四区”未能覆盖的生态安全关键节点,主要分布于各生态源地断裂处,其生态夹点、生态障碍点分布集中.该区应在维持改善生态夹点的生态功能的基础上,通过强化人工造林、退耕还林还草、大力营造人工经济林、小流域水土流失综合治理、封山育林、飞播育林等多种措施减少生态障碍点的面积并降低其影响.
四川盆地生态系统服务数量上供过于求,但在空间上存在错位匹配.生态系统服务空间错位导致了盆地局部地区的供需矛盾加剧.盆地的地形地貌特征和区域历史发展等因素导致生态源地主要分布在盆地边缘,呈空心环状.由于盆地宏观地形的限制和盆地内部高密度高强度的人类工农业生产活动,使盆地内部成为生态系统服务供需的高赤字区,但区域发展等要求,无法在盆地内部建设大规模的生态源地.生态系统服务供需的空间错位匹配主要受区域宏观地形地貌的限制以及在此基础上形成的区域社会经济发展空间格局.应在盆地内山丘林地保育的基础上,在城乡建设规划中全面加强城乡绿地、城乡村湿地的建设增加微型生态源地,缓解局部的生态服务供需错配,通过生态服务在空间上的流动实现盆地宏观上生态服务供需的稳定.
文章根据四川盆地区域社会经济发展特征和宏观地形地貌特征,结合研究目标并充分参考已有研究的基础上[18,22],选取固碳服务、粮食生产、水源涵养等6大类生态系统服务类型对盆地生态服务供需进行评估.四川盆地天然上是相对封闭地理单元且面积巨大,其盆地的地貌地形进一步加剧了区域的封闭性,在表征盆地整体生态服务供需关系上,选取固碳服务、粮食生产、水源涵养等6类生态服务功能进行评估,虽然可以有效满足对研究区整体生态服务供需关系的描述,但在细致刻画研究区内部生态服务供需矛盾,尤其是供需矛盾的空间分异上尚显不足,不能在更小尺度上刻画生态服务供需矛盾的空间分异特征.区域生态安全格局可以视为区域生态安全的建设框架,是区域生态安全建设的宏观描述.从这个意义讲,区域尤其是大尺度区域生态安全格局构建要具有一定的战略性.不同尺度上的生态系统服务供需关系的识别可以明确生态服务供需赤字,也可以为环境政策工具箱中生态补偿等实施提供有效的计算依据,同时可以在小尺度上指导生态修复建设.但在宏观生态安全格局建设中,中小尺度生态系统服务供需关系的识别并不能显著影响区域生态安全格局构建和建设,在一定程度上甚至会产生一定负面“噪音效应”.
生态安全格局本质含义上是区域生态服务功能的地域分工问题.四川盆地内部紫色土广布,耕地肥沃,气候温暖湿润,自古就是工农业发达,人口密集的地区,形成了以成渝为核心的成渝双城城市群.同时盆地的地貌地形进一步强化了区域的非生态用地和生态用地的空间格局矛盾,导致研究区在宏观层面上难以很好的实现生态系统服务供需的权衡协同,因此在小尺度局部实现生态系统服务供需的协同就成为必然选择.通过区域生态安全格局的优化,即“三带四区五核心”的建设,在宏观和小尺度加强生态系统服务供需协同效应.四川盆地的宏观的地形地貌及其导致的区域发展空间格局,导致其生态安全的优化必须以区域生态效率为优先,在宏观尺度实现生态系统服务供需的协同效应,这就限制了中尺度上区域生态安全格局的优化.
4.1 盆地生态系统服务供需空间上呈负相关,总体供过于求,但空间错位匹配矛盾突出.生态赤字区主要分布在以成渝为核心的两大都市区及次级城镇中心,盈余区分布在盆地边缘区.
4.2 盆地生态源地整体呈“外密-中疏”的环状分布格局,生态源地面积呈“先降后升”的趋势.其中,集中连片生态源地主要分布在盆地边缘;生态廊道整体呈“边缘贯通- 中疏-东密”的网状结构;生态夹点和生态障碍点空间分布主要受生态廊道长度影响.生态夹点主要分布在生态源地连接处,生态障碍点主要分布在的破碎生态源地周边,其中以川东平行岭谷区最为显著.
4.3 提出了盆地“三带四区五核心”的生态安全优化格局,即盆地南-北部东-西轴向带和东部南-北轴向带生态廊道带和川东生态安全保护区、川西、川北生态安全修复区、川中生态脆弱恢复区的“四区”以及盆地南-北部、川东平行岭谷等五核心生态安全建设点,并提出了“三带四区五核心”的建设优化策略.
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BJY156)
  • 重庆市教委科学技术重点项目(KJZD-K202300507)
  • 重庆师范大学博望学者培育项目(BWLJ2023013)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-26
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国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BJY156)
重庆市教委科学技术重点项目(KJZD-K202300507)
重庆师范大学博望学者培育项目(BWLJ2023013)
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    1.重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院,重庆 401331
    2.重庆师范大学,三峡库区地表过程与生态修复重庆市重点实验室 重庆 401331

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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