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This study involved the collection and analysis of bacteria and fungi samples in water and sediment from ten typical sub-lakes of Poyang Lake. A hydrological connectivity index system for sub-lakes was established to quantitatively assess the effect of hydrological connectivity on microbial community structure. The results indicate significant differences in the α-diversity of water bacteria, sediment bacteria, and fungal communities during different stages of the dry season, sediment bacteria and fungi showed higher α-diversity during the mid-dry season. The difference in β diversity of water bacterial community was more obvious in different periods, and the β diversity of sediment bacterial and fungal communities showed spatial differences. With the increase of hydrological connectivity, the similarity of sediment bacterial and fungal communities was lower. The water area ratio (WSP) and water depth (WD) were the main hydrological connectivity variables affecting the water bacterial community structure. Lake basin elevation (LE) and WD were the main hydrological connectivity variables affecting sediment bacteria and fungi community structure. Hydrological connectivity explained less variation in water bacterial community structure (7.6%) compared to sediment bacteria (33.3%) and fungal (29.7%) community structures. The co-interpretation rate of hydrological connectivity and physicochemical factors on bacterial community structure in water was only 2.4%, and the co-interpretation rates of bacterial and fungal community structure in sediments were 9.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Sediment bacterial and fungal communities were predominantly shaped by stochastic and deterministic processes, respectively, while both processes jointly influenced water bacterial communities. Under moderate hydrological connectivity, water bacterial communities showed stronger stochastic processes, whereas as connectivity increased, stochastic processes in sediment bacteria and fungi weakened.

, correspAuthors=Peng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-yang SHE, Peng WANG, Ming-jun DING, Hua ZHANG, Huan ZENG, Ming-hua NIE, Gao-xiang HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106397072355516, articleId=1234106387161215751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=水文连通性对鄱阳湖碟形湖微生物群落结构的影响, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在鄱阳湖典型湿地10个碟形湖进行水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌样品采集分析,构建了碟形湖水文连通性指标体系,以期定量分析水文连通性对微生物群落结构的影响程度.结果表明:水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌群落α多样性枯水初、中和后期存在显著差异,其中沉积物细菌和真菌群落枯水中期更高;随着水文连通性的升高,水体细菌α多样性呈下降趋势,沉积物细菌和真菌在中水文连通性下α多样性较高.水体细菌群落β多样性在不同时期差异更明显,沉积物细菌和真菌群落β多样性在空间上差异更明显.湖水面积比(WSP)和水深(WD)是影响水体细菌群落结构的主要水文连通性变量.湖盆高程(LE)和WD是影响沉积物细菌和真菌的主要水文连通性变量.水文连通性对水体细菌群落结构解释率(7.6%)低于对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构解释率(分别为33.3%和29.7%).其中水文连通性与理化因子对水体细菌群落结构交互解释率为2.4%,对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构交互解释率分别为9.7%和6.2%.沉积物细菌和真菌分别以随机性和确定性过程主导,水体细菌受确定性和随机性共同主导.中等水文连通性碟形湖水体细菌群落随机性构建过程更强;沉积物细菌和真菌群落构建随着水文连通性的增强,随机性构建过程减弱.

, correspAuthors=王鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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折远洋(1987-),男,甘肃陇南人,副教授,江西师范大学博士研究生,主要从事水环境与水生态研究.发表论文15篇..

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折远洋(1987-),男,甘肃陇南人,副教授,江西师范大学博士研究生,主要从事水环境与水生态研究.发表论文15篇..

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折远洋(1987-),男,甘肃陇南人,副教授,江西师范大学博士研究生,主要从事水环境与水生态研究.发表论文15篇..

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014111(9):E836-E845., articleTitle=Stochasticity,succession,and environmental perturbations in a fluidic ecosystem, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106408355033182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, awardId=42167013, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42167013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106397332402397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397340791007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, companyId=1234106397332402397, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397353373922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, companyId=1234106397332402397, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江西师范大学地理与环境学院,鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234106397495980277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397504368886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, companyId=1234106397495980277, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of History Culture and Tourism, Longnan Normal University, Longnan 742500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397512757496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, companyId=1234106397495980277, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.陇南师范学院历史文化与旅游学院,甘肃 陇南 742500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234106404152341362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location of the sampling sites in the study area, figureFileSmall=C3KRAw8l9npAIh6yaVhPow==, figureFileBig=IcYL93UbahLJ/S8HLw9+vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404269781891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区概况及样点位置

底图为2023年12月29日Landsat 8影像

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椭圆表示各组样点95%置信区间

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不同小写字母(a,b)表示显著性差异(LSD检验,P<0.05)

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Indicator system of hydrological connectivity in sub-lakes of Poyang Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位描述计算方法参考文献
连通频率CFre*%与主湖(通江水体)连通,有利于物质和能量交换,频次越高,水文连通性越强[15]
距河流最近距离DR#km离河流越近湖泊,越有利于水体交换,水文连通性越强.通过通江水(主湖)、主河流、次级河流加权所得数据提取和空间分析[16]
可能连通性指数dPC#-基于景观生态理论,将斑块面积,数量和路径等综合计算,值越高,表明连通性越强[18,27]
湖盆高程LEm湖盆平均高程越低有利于地下水间水体交换,水文连通性则越强1:10000高精度DEM提取[28]
湖水深度WDm改变湿生植被形态改变,外来物种入侵,群落演替,透明度等,越深表征水文连通性越强采样时原位实测[16,29]
湖泊面积(采样时/多年平均)WAS*/WAM*km2湖泊面积越大,越有利于将更大范围物质和能力交换,水文连通性越高[30]
湖水面积比WSP*%表征采样时湖泊干枯情况[31]
湖水面积变差WAC*-表征多年湖水面积变化情况,湖泊面积变化越小,交换能力更稳定
湖心淹没时间比FT*%部分碟形湖存在枯水期湖心无水,利用该指标表征整体碟形湖干枯情况[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407843328052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鄱阳湖碟形湖水文连通性指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位描述计算方法参考文献
连通频率CFre*%与主湖(通江水体)连通,有利于物质和能量交换,频次越高,水文连通性越强[15]
距河流最近距离DR#km离河流越近湖泊,越有利于水体交换,水文连通性越强.通过通江水(主湖)、主河流、次级河流加权所得数据提取和空间分析[16]
可能连通性指数dPC#-基于景观生态理论,将斑块面积,数量和路径等综合计算,值越高,表明连通性越强[18,27]
湖盆高程LEm湖盆平均高程越低有利于地下水间水体交换,水文连通性则越强1:10000高精度DEM提取[28]
湖水深度WDm改变湿生植被形态改变,外来物种入侵,群落演替,透明度等,越深表征水文连通性越强采样时原位实测[16,29]
湖泊面积(采样时/多年平均)WAS*/WAM*km2湖泊面积越大,越有利于将更大范围物质和能力交换,水文连通性越高[30]
湖水面积比WSP*%表征采样时湖泊干枯情况[31]
湖水面积变差WAC*-表征多年湖水面积变化情况,湖泊面积变化越小,交换能力更稳定
湖心淹没时间比FT*%部分碟形湖存在枯水期湖心无水,利用该指标表征整体碟形湖干枯情况[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408011100228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of the variance partitioning of the microbial community structure

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参数水体细菌(%)沉积物细菌(%)沉积物真菌(%)
理化因子24.97.79.8
水文连通性5.223.623.5
交互影响2.49.76.2
残差67.559.060.5
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408162095179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387161215751, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微生物群落结构的方差分解分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数水体细菌(%)沉积物细菌(%)沉积物真菌(%)
理化因子24.97.79.8
水文连通性5.223.623.5
交互影响2.49.76.2
残差67.559.060.5
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水文连通性对鄱阳湖碟形湖微生物群落结构的影响
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折远洋 1, 2 , 王鹏 1, * , 丁明军 1 , 张华 1 , 曾欢 1 , 聂明华 1 , 黄高翔 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3256-3267
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3256-3267
水文连通性对鄱阳湖碟形湖微生物群落结构的影响
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折远洋1, 2 , 王鹏1, * , 丁明军1, 张华1, 曾欢1, 聂明华1, 黄高翔1
作者信息
  • 1.江西师范大学地理与环境学院,鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022
  • 2.陇南师范学院历史文化与旅游学院,甘肃 陇南 742500
  • 折远洋(1987-),男,甘肃陇南人,副教授,江西师范大学博士研究生,主要从事水环境与水生态研究.发表论文15篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Influence of hydrological connectivity on the microbial community structure in sub-lakes of Poyang Lake
Yuan-yang SHE1, 2 , Peng WANG1, * , Ming-jun DING1, Hua ZHANG1, Huan ZENG1, Ming-hua NIE1, Gao-xiang HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
  • 2.School of History Culture and Tourism, Longnan Normal University, Longnan 742500, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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在鄱阳湖典型湿地10个碟形湖进行水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌样品采集分析,构建了碟形湖水文连通性指标体系,以期定量分析水文连通性对微生物群落结构的影响程度.结果表明:水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌群落α多样性枯水初、中和后期存在显著差异,其中沉积物细菌和真菌群落枯水中期更高;随着水文连通性的升高,水体细菌α多样性呈下降趋势,沉积物细菌和真菌在中水文连通性下α多样性较高.水体细菌群落β多样性在不同时期差异更明显,沉积物细菌和真菌群落β多样性在空间上差异更明显.湖水面积比(WSP)和水深(WD)是影响水体细菌群落结构的主要水文连通性变量.湖盆高程(LE)和WD是影响沉积物细菌和真菌的主要水文连通性变量.水文连通性对水体细菌群落结构解释率(7.6%)低于对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构解释率(分别为33.3%和29.7%).其中水文连通性与理化因子对水体细菌群落结构交互解释率为2.4%,对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构交互解释率分别为9.7%和6.2%.沉积物细菌和真菌分别以随机性和确定性过程主导,水体细菌受确定性和随机性共同主导.中等水文连通性碟形湖水体细菌群落随机性构建过程更强;沉积物细菌和真菌群落构建随着水文连通性的增强,随机性构建过程减弱.

鄱阳湖  /  水文连通性  /  碟形湖  /  细菌群落  /  真菌群落

This study involved the collection and analysis of bacteria and fungi samples in water and sediment from ten typical sub-lakes of Poyang Lake. A hydrological connectivity index system for sub-lakes was established to quantitatively assess the effect of hydrological connectivity on microbial community structure. The results indicate significant differences in the α-diversity of water bacteria, sediment bacteria, and fungal communities during different stages of the dry season, sediment bacteria and fungi showed higher α-diversity during the mid-dry season. The difference in β diversity of water bacterial community was more obvious in different periods, and the β diversity of sediment bacterial and fungal communities showed spatial differences. With the increase of hydrological connectivity, the similarity of sediment bacterial and fungal communities was lower. The water area ratio (WSP) and water depth (WD) were the main hydrological connectivity variables affecting the water bacterial community structure. Lake basin elevation (LE) and WD were the main hydrological connectivity variables affecting sediment bacteria and fungi community structure. Hydrological connectivity explained less variation in water bacterial community structure (7.6%) compared to sediment bacteria (33.3%) and fungal (29.7%) community structures. The co-interpretation rate of hydrological connectivity and physicochemical factors on bacterial community structure in water was only 2.4%, and the co-interpretation rates of bacterial and fungal community structure in sediments were 9.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Sediment bacterial and fungal communities were predominantly shaped by stochastic and deterministic processes, respectively, while both processes jointly influenced water bacterial communities. Under moderate hydrological connectivity, water bacterial communities showed stronger stochastic processes, whereas as connectivity increased, stochastic processes in sediment bacteria and fungi weakened.

Poyang Lake  /  hydrological connectivity  /  sub-lakes  /  bacterial community  /  fungal community
折远洋, 王鹏, 丁明军, 张华, 曾欢, 聂明华, 黄高翔. 水文连通性对鄱阳湖碟形湖微生物群落结构的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3256 -3267 .
Yuan-yang SHE, Peng WANG, Ming-jun DING, Hua ZHANG, Huan ZENG, Ming-hua NIE, Gao-xiang HUANG. Influence of hydrological connectivity on the microbial community structure in sub-lakes of Poyang Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3256 -3267 .
洪泛平原是一种因其与河湖连通而存在季节性淹没现象的湿地,具有生物多样性和生产力高的特点,其生态系统在维持独特物种和水生生物的高度生物多样性方面发挥着重要作用[1].微生物在水生系统生物地球化学循环、污染物的生物转化和温室气体排放等关键过程中发挥着关键作用[2].了解微生物群落的结构和构建过程仍然是水生微生物生态学研究重点之一[3].目前普遍认为扩散过程(源-汇动力学)和环境选择(物种分选)共同作用,塑造了微生物群落结构,但每种机制的相对重要性可能会随着时间的推移在系统中发生巨大变化.外源输入角度来看水体微生物主要来自降雨、地下水和沉积物[4],沉积物微生物是通过长期积累、沉积和侵蚀而形成的[5].沉积物和水中微生物群落多样性、组成和构建机制存在差异[6].微生物群落结构和构建机制可能受到局地环境(包括生物物质、水文条件和理化因子)、生物因素和空间扩散等影响[7-8].细菌和真菌群落是微生物的重要部分,具有高度多样性和极其多样化的酶库,在物质循环、污染物降解、水体自净、有机物分解、营养循环过程和维护生态系统稳定等方面起着基础和关键作用[9].
水文连通性指以水为介质的物质、能量及生物在水文循环各要素内或各要素之间进行传输的过程.研究表明湿地栖息地的生态可持续性直接与河道和洪泛区之间持续的横向水文连通程度有关[10].完整的水文连通能够促进营养物质及能量的循环,并通过影响湿地重要环境因子来影响生物行为,进而影响湿地生物群落结构[11].水文连通性的降低通常意味着湿地生态功能的退化及内部能量流动和养分循环的扰乱[12].随着气候和人类活动的干扰,全球湿地面积减少、枯水期时间延长及水体间交互减弱等问题日益严重,对生态环境造成一定影响[13-14].不同研究区水文连通性量化存在一定差异,以往研究在洪泛区将连通天数、与河流的距离、连通时洪水水位[15-16]、洪水持续时间、洪水强度[17]、整体连通指数、可能连通指数[18]、连通功能、水域面积[19]等指标进行了时空水文连通性量化,但存在量化指标单一的问题.
碟形湖是指在洪泛平原区受自然和人类活动影响形成特殊湖中湖自然景观.碟形湖在枯水期季节显现于洲滩之中的碟形洼地,在丰水期,随着水位的上升,碟形湖融入主湖,是季节性呈现的子湖泊[20].碟形湖泊虽然表面积小、水期短,但具有较高的生物多样性和重要的生态功能,同时又是越冬候鸟优越的栖息地,一直受到学者的广泛关注[21-22].然而目前对碟形湖水文连通性仍然缺乏较全面量化体系,水文连通性对碟形湖水体和沉积物微生物群落结构的定量影响程度仍然不清楚[23].
鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖泊,水位变化受入湖河流和长江来水的双重影响,在枯水期,随着水位的下降,鄱阳湖形成许多碟形湖,丰水期这些碟形湖又会与主湖区融为一体,形成周期性的变化特征[11].这种水情动态变化的鄱阳湖碟形湖为研究水文连通性对碟形湖微生物群落结构影响提供理想的研究场所.本研究依据鄱阳湖碟形湖水文特征,构建了洪泛平原碟形湖水文连通性体系,定量分析水文连通性对碟形湖水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌结构影响程度.
鄱阳湖位于长江中游南岸、江西省北部,承纳赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修河五大水系及博阳河等支流来水,由湖口注入长江,是中国最大的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统,也是典型的洪泛平原湿地.鄱阳湖流域属于亚热带湿润季风气候区,年平均气温为17.1℃,年降雨量为1630mm.作为典型的季节性湖泊,鄱阳湖受降水季节性变化的影响显著,每年4~9月为丰水期,10月~翌年3月为枯水期[11].鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区位于鄱阳湖主湖区的西南部,是由赣江、抚河与鄱阳湖交汇水流冲击形成的三角洲洪泛区,主要由岛屿(南山岛、矶山岛)、湖泊(碟形湖)及草洲等构成,在湿地的周围无大面积的污染,且人口分布稀疏,呈现生物丰富多样性及独特的自然景观.本研究在该区域战备湖(L1)、三湖(L2)、凤尾湖(L3)、三泥湾(L4)、常湖(L5)、白沙湖(L6)、北深湖(L7)、下北甲湖(L8)、东湖(L9)和南深湖(L10)共10个碟形湖进行采样分析(图1).
本研究于枯水初期(2023年10月下旬)、枯水中期(2024年1月上旬)和枯水后期(2024年3月上旬)选取鄱阳湖南矶山10个碟形湖进行样品采集(图1).收集了每个碟形湖湖心处表层水体和沉积物样品,每次采样前3d无明显降水,并在3d内完成野外采样工作.采样前使用蒸馏水清洗采样所需聚乙烯瓶及采水器,采样过程中用湖水润洗,在各采样点取水样3次混合,代表该点的水体样品,采样深度在水面以下0~50cm,记录各采样点精确经纬度信息和水深(WD).使用便携式水质分析仪(HI9828,HANNA,Italy)现场测定水体pH值、WT、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)样品编号后保温箱装冰袋低温存放带回实验室,用于水化学指标分析的水样经0.45µm孔径滤膜过滤后,使用全自动间断分析仪(Smartchem 200Brookfield,美国)测定铵态氮(NH4+-N),使用分光光度计测定总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,ICS-600离子色谱仪测定水体NO3-、Cl-和SO42-含量,采用TOC分析仪(ShimadzuTOC-LCPH)测定水体总有机碳(DOC)含量.用于DNA提取的水样(1L)通过0.22µm孔径滤膜进行过滤,预处理时间为24h内完成.用采泥器收集对应点沉积物,每个样品取表层0~20cm沉积物0.5kg左右,在样点周围收集3次混合,用聚乙烯塑封袋进行编号,然后带回实验室.及时对沉积物样品进行处理,一部分储存在-80℃的冰箱中,在PCR扩增和高通量测序中应用;一份保存在4℃冰箱中,用于测定沉积物氨态氮(SNH4+-N)、硝态氮(SNO3--N)、含水率(SWC)和干物质含量(DMC);另一部分使用真空冷冻干燥机冷冻干燥48h后,研磨过筛(10目、20目和100目)保存,用于测定沉积物的pH值(SpH)、电导率(SEC)、总氮(STN)、总有机碳(STOC)和沉积物机械组成(黏粒(Clay)、粉砂(Slit)和砂粒(Sand))等理化指标.沉积物样品每个碟形湖收集3个平行样,枯水初期、中期的南深湖以及枯水中期的白沙湖无湖水,最终共收集了27个水体和90个沉积物样品.每个碟形湖沉积物理化性质用相应的3个平行样均值所得.根据洪泛平原栖息地,微生物群落可分为水体(浮游)和沉积微生物.以往研究表明水体中真菌群落丰度相当较低[24-25],因此本研究分析了水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构.
采用E.Z.N.A.®Soil DNA Kit(Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA, U.S.)提取基因组DNA,然后利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Thermo Scientific NanoDrop ND2000分光光度法测定抽提的基因组DNA.对细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4高变区片段进行PCR扩增,引物序列为338F(5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3')和806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3').真菌ITS区进行PCR扩增,引物序列为ITS1F(5'-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3')和ITS2R(5'-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3').扩增条件为:95℃预变性3min;95℃变性30s,55℃退火30s,72℃延伸30s,25个循环;循环结束后72℃最终延伸10min.每个样本3个重复并进行混合以降低在DNA提取过程中实验操作产生的误差,然后用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,使用AxyPrepDNA凝胶回收试剂盒(AXYGEN公司)切胶回收PCR产物,混合后用Tris_HCl洗脱,最后用2%琼脂糖电泳检测.参照电泳初步定量结果,将PCR产物用QuantiFluorTM-ST蓝色荧光定量系统(Promega公司)进行检测定量,将样品的PCR扩增物均一化至10nmol/L后等体积混合.使用基于完整标准管道的分裂性放大器去噪算法2(DADA 2)R包进行原始读段的过滤(去除未知的核苷和碱基序列)、去复制、去噪、合并和嵌入体去除.输出扩增子序列变异(ASV)及其丰度,并利用QIIME2软件建立ASV丰度表.利用SILVA数据库,对ASV进行了分类[26].测序在上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司Illumina MiSeq PE300平台进行,原始数据上传至National Center for Biotechnology Information(序列号:PRJNA1162439、PRJNA1162473和PRJNA1162452).
丰水年、平水年和枯水年对鄱阳湖水文连通性均有较大影响,结合鄱阳湖流域降水特征,采样前5a(2019~2023年)降水量基本可以代表多年平均降水量.另外该地区常年多云多雨,光学影像易受干扰,因此选择2018年10月~2024年3月Sentinel-1雷达影像(空间分辨率10m)作为本研究遥感数据源.采用Google Earth Engine(GEE)对影像进行处理(数据来源于ESA欧空局数据分发网站https://scihub.copernicus.eu/),共收集255景遥感影像.在GEE中进行了重采样、剪裁等处理,然后利于水体指数法对研究区进行水体和非水体分类.
基于以往研究对水文连通性量化,结合鄱阳湖碟形湖水文特征,用遥感法和图论法等选用10个水文连通性指标进行该地区水文连通性体系构建(表1).该区域碟形湖属于浅水湖泊,受气候和周边来水影响,不同湖泊水面积变化幅度较大,因此本研究将湖水面积变差(WAC)纳入水文连通性指标体系.利用遥感影像水体和非水体分类计算WAS、DR、CFre、FT、WAM、WAC和WSP.LE用ArcGIS 10.7软件通过1:10000高精度鄱阳湖DEM提取.根据景观连通度原理,利用ArcGIS 10.7软件,计算水文连通性指数所需的输入文件,包括节点文件(水体斑块)、连接文件(以欧几里得距离所描述的一对节点之间的连接),将文件以表的形式输出.使用Conefor Sensinode 2.6软件计算连通性指数,计算时需要确定斑块连通的阈值距离(本研究距离选择6000m).选择可能连通性指数(PC)对南矶山湿地采样期水文连通性动态进行评价,采用斑块重要性指数(dPC)识别量化不同碟形湖的生态景观重要性[27].其中,CFre、FT、WAM、WAC、WSP与时间尺度有关,WAS、DR和dPC根据采样前后两期遥感影像时间加权计算而得.
将近5a(2019~2023年)影像分为采样前6、12、24、36、48和60个月6个时间尺度范围,利用bioenv和微生物数据分析表明36个月时间尺度基本可以代表最佳时间尺度,因此本研究后续中基于36个月时间尺度水文连通性指标进行分析.为了综合评估不同碟形湖水文连通性,首先对水文连通性进行了正向和逆向标准化,利用主成分分析(PCA)确定各指标客观权重计算碟形湖水文连通性指数(HCI),采用K-Means方法将HCI分类.
为避免各样品微生物量的差异,按最小样本序列数进行样本序列抽平,得到标准化数据用于后续统计分析.分析前对环境因子进行正态性检验和标准化处理,然后利用vif.cca函数计算环境因子间膨胀因子(VIF),选择VIF小于15且相关性小于0.8的环境因子进行后续统计分析.用t检验来分析不同水期水体理化指标的特征差异,采用独立样本Wilcoxon秩和检验分析不同时期细菌和真菌群落的α多样性差异.基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(PCoA)分析群落结构的β多样性差异,并进行PerMANOVA分析确定分组的差异显著性.采用Bioenv分析确定与微生物群落变化相关性最高的环境变量子集,并通过Mantel分析来检验相关性是否显著.冗余分析(RDA)或典范对应分析(CCA)量化水文连通性、理化性质及微生物群落间的影响.基于距离的方差分解(db-VPA)量化水文连通性与理化性质对微生物群落结构的解释率.通过零模型探究微生物群落的构建机制,计算归一化随机比(MST)[32],MST值范围为0~1,当MST<0.5,确定性过程主导,MST>0.5,随机性过程主导.以上分析在R语言(R4.4.1)进行.
水文连通性指标在空间上表现为东湖的LE最低,战备湖最高,凤尾湖的WD、WSP以及东湖的WAS、dPC、CFre、WAM均为最高.不同采样时期DR呈现枯水中期>枯水初期>枯水后期,其余指标在个别点上有显著差异(图2(a)).水体理化因子中WT、EC、DOC、NH4+-N、Cl-和NO3--N在枯水初、中和后期差异显著,WT、EC和Cl-呈现枯水初期较高,NH4+-N、NO3--N在枯水后期较高,DOC呈现枯水中期>枯水初期>枯水后期(图2 (b)).沉积物理化性质在时间上差异不显著,而空间上凤尾湖的NH4+-N、NO3--N较高,战备湖的EC在枯水后期较高以及常湖在枯水初期砂粒含量较高(图2 (c)).
碟形湖水文连通性(HCI)呈现枯水后期>枯水初期>枯水中期的变化规律,空间上东湖水文连通性最高,其次为白沙湖,南深湖水文连通性最低.利用k均值聚类方法,将3次采样的10个碟形湖水文连通性分为3类,即低水文连通性(8个)、中水文连通性(12个)和高水文连通性(10个)(图3).RDA分析表明水体理化性质枯水初期和中期差异较小,枯水后期与初期和中期差异较大,沉积物理化性质枯水初期、中期和后期差异较小.水文连通性分别解释了53.71%和44.22%的水体和沉积物理化性质.DR是影响水体理化的最显著变量,WD和FT是影响沉积物理化性质的最显著变量(图3).
图4可知,沉积物细菌Shannon多样性枯水中期显著高于枯水初期和后期(P<0.05),水体细菌和沉积物真菌Shannon多样性枯水初、中和后期差异并不显著.不同水文连通性间Shannon多样性均不显著.
水体细菌Chao1丰富度指数枯水初期显著高于后期,沉积物细菌和真菌Chao1丰富度指数均是枯水中期显著高于其余两个时期(P<0.05).不同水文连通性间沉积物真菌Chao1丰富度指数枯水初期显著高于枯水中期和后期(P<0.05),水体细菌和沉积物细菌不同水文连通性间差异不显著.总体来看,Shannon多样性和Chao1丰富度指数与水文连通性呈负相关关系(R<0),但仅水体细菌Chao1丰富度指数与水文连通性相关性通过了相关性检验(P<0.05).随着水文连通性的升高,沉积物细菌和真菌Shannon多样性指数有先上升后下降趋势,而沉积物真菌Chao1丰富度指数表现为先下降后上升趋势.
图5可知,碟形湖水体细菌群落结构枯水初期与枯水中后期有较明显的差异(P<0.01),枯水中期和枯水后期细菌群落结构相似.空间上,枯水初期水体细菌群落结构形成了两组聚类.碟形湖沉积物细菌和真菌月份间差异均不显著,而不同水文连通性间群落结构表现出显著差异(P<0.01).除水体细菌枯水后期距离衰减模式不明显外,其余均表现距离衰减模式.沉积物细菌的相似性要高于水体细菌和沉积物真菌.沉积物细菌和真菌在枯水初期距离衰减未通过显著性检验(P>0.05).水体细菌结构在中水文连通性碟形湖群落相似性显著高于低水文连通性和高水文连通性.沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构随着水文连通性升高,相似性并未显著增强.而是表现为低水文连通性碟形湖沉积物细菌和真菌相似性显著高于中高水文连通性碟形湖.
研究表明水文连通性和理化因子第一/二主轴分别解释了水体细菌、沉积物细菌和沉积物真菌群落结构的17.64%/14.93%、19.36%/16.94%和16.76%/15.97%(图6).水文连通性对水体细菌群落结构影响不显著(P>0.05),对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构均有显著的影响(P<0.05).WSP、WD和WAC与碟形湖水体细菌群落结构显著相关.LE、WD、DR、dPC和CFre是影响沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构的主要水文连通性变量(P<0.05).理化因子中WT、Cl-和EC是影响水体细菌群落结构的主要理化因子,SNH4+-N、SpH和DMC是影响碟形湖沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构的主要理化因子(P<0.05).
水文连通性对水体细菌群落结构解释率要比理化因子解释能力低(5.2%),其中理化因子独立解释了细菌群落结构的24.9%,水文连通性与理化因子交互解释了2.4%.水文连通性对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构解释率要高于理化因子,分别解释了沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构的23.6%和23.5%,其水文连通性与理化因子交互分别解释了9.7%和6.2%.水文连通性和理化因子对碟形湖水体细菌、沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构分别总体解释了32.5%、41.0%和40.5%,存在较大部分群落结构未被解释(表2).
水体细菌群落构建在不同时期存在差异,枯水初期以确定性主导(平均MST<0.5),而枯水中期和枯水后期以随机性构建主导,与枯水初期存在显著性差异(P<0.05)(图7).水体细菌群落在低水文连通性和高水文连通性情况下以确定性主导,中水文连通性增强了其随机性构建过程.沉积物细菌群落构建以随机性主导(平均MST>0.5),枯水中期和枯水后期的随机性构建显著高于枯水初期(P<0.05).随着水文连通性的升高,随机性构建过程减弱,但构建机制仍以随机性构建主导,三者之间差异通过了显著性检验(P<0.05).沉积物真菌群落构建以确定性主导(平均MST<0.5),3个月份间以及不同水文连通性间差异性不显著(P>0.05)(图7).
本研究发现水体细菌Shannon多样性和Chao1丰富度指数与水文连通性呈负相关关系,随着水文连通性增强,沉积物细菌和真菌Shannon多样性先上升后下降.水文连通性在一定程度上会影响生物的生境,如水体、沉积物的理化性质和水位、流速等水文条件,生境的改变会对生物定居和迁移扩散等行为产生影响,进而改变生物群落的分布和生物多样性[33].有关群落多样性随水文连通性变化的规律并不一致,一些研究认为随着水文连通性的降低,外源输入能力减弱,α多样性也随着降低[10,34],也有研究表明随着水文连通性的升高,多样性并未呈现增加态势[35-36].以往研究表明较深的水和低的透明度是影响物种丰度的主要因素之一[28,37].本研究中高连通碟形湖(如东湖)海拔相对较低(图2),在丰水期涨水后水深较高,阳光不易进入湖底,从而影响到了生物群落的多样性[38].随着水文连通性增加,不同水体间的交换频率加大,导致环境逐渐均质化(即物理、化学环境变得更相似).增加了外部物种的迁入几率,一些优势种通过水体流动传播到新环境中,对原生物种产生竞争排斥作用,减少原有的物种丰富度和多样性.自然水生栖息地之间的连通性增加可以使微生物群落同质化并减少微生物的多样性[39].值得注意的是,凤尾湖在枯水初期Shannon多样性明显高于其余湖泊,虽然该湖水文连通性高,但离居民区较近,有部分生活用水进入(Cl-相对较高),外源输入微生物增高了群落多样性,同时凤尾湖水体湖水面积变差较小,连通频率较低,导致水体交换能力差,自净能力弱,氮元素在湖泊中积累,长期较深的湖水造成氧气供应不足,NH4+-N较难转化为硝态氮,使NH4+-N在沉积物中累积(图2),这种氮元素的积累为微生物提供充足的养分,致使这类湖泊α多样性升高[40].与此相反,南深湖是水文连通性最低的碟形湖,但该湖(枯水后期)水体细菌群落α多样性是所有样点中最低的.丰水期过后该碟形湖退水最快,在枯水初期和中期均是无水状态,湖水面积变差最高,枯水后期随着降水量的逐渐增多逐渐聚集形成湖水,湖水滞留时间较短,与周边环境中微生物未完全融合生长[41-42],因此该碟形湖水体细菌α多样性是最低的.沉积物细菌α多样性要显著高于水体细菌,这与以往研究结果一致[43-44].
本研究发现沉积物细菌和真菌群落表现出更显著的距离衰减模式,水体细菌群落在枯水后期的距离衰减模式不显著.枯水后期该地区已经有大量降水(更大的河湖水连通性),可增加水体群落细菌的传播交换速度[45],而固体沉积物阻碍微生物传播,导致由于沉积环境的影响而建立当地特定分类群的可能性更大.这些结果凸显了扩散限制对沉积物微生物种群的相对控制[46].水体细菌确定性和随机性共同构建,沉积物细菌主要以随机性构建为主,沉积物真菌以确定性构建主导.以往研究也表明细菌群落在不同栖息地表现出各种各样的环境脆弱性和偏好[47].生态位理论认为构成确定性过程包括环境筛选和生物间的相互作用,而随机过程是指由出生、死亡、移民或历史偶然事件引起的群落结构的随机变化[48].一般来说,确定性构建过程对应于低营养条件,大的环境变化导致确定性构建[49].随机性构建更有可能发生在物种丰富、产量高、干扰小或捕食小的小栖息地.由于某些功能的消除,确定性过程在低多样性群落中占主导地位,而随机过程在高多样性群落中占主导地位[50].CCA分析表明水文连通性对水体细菌群落结构的影响较小,而对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构均有显著的影响(P<0.05).VPA结果进一步发现理化因子(24.9%)的水体细菌群落单独解释率要明显高于水文连通性(5.2%),水文连通性(23.6%和23.5%)对沉积物细菌和真菌的解释率要高于理化因子(7.7%和9.8%)(表2),表明水体细菌群落结构主要受局地因素影响,而沉积物细菌和真菌更受扩散限制影响.Zhang等[21]在鄱阳湖微生物群落结构研究中,得出理化因子对水体和沉积物细菌结构的解释率分别为48.82%和17.92%,本研究结果与其相似.沉积物中细菌和真菌构建机制也表现出差异,沉积物细菌群落的距离衰变斜坡比真菌更陡,表明细菌分类群的更替率比真菌快(图5).这主要因为细菌和真菌对环境过滤和传播限制的不同反应,大多数真菌通过形成能够在寒冷和干旱等极端条件下生存的孢子来繁殖[51].另外细菌和真菌的特征分别是单细胞生长和菌丝生长[52],这会影响它们的传播能力,因此细菌的扩散能力更强,沉积物细菌构建随机性更强.
本研究还发现水体细菌群落在中等水文连通性比低水文连通性条件更受随机性构建影响(P<0.05),沉积物细菌和真菌群落构建随着水文连通性的增强确定性构建过程更强.环境(或生态位)变化被认为是生态组装过程的驱动力,环境变化可以改变随机和确定性组装过程的强度[53].栖息地连通性和规模、生产力、干扰、捕食和资源可用性也影响当地群落聚集中随机和确定性过程的相对重要性[54].沉积物群落相似性随着水文连通性的升高,群落相似性在下降,水体不同水文连通性环境差异并不显著,可能是扩散能力增强水体微生物随机构建的过程.WSP、WD和WAC与碟形湖水体细菌群落结构显著相关.LE、WD、DR、dPC和CFre是影响沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构的主要水文连通性变量.可以发现水体微生物主要受当时采样的水文连通性指标影响,而长时间水文连通性指标(如CFre)对沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构有显著影响.水体的流动性强于沉积物栖息地,但本文发现水体细菌群落相似性要低于沉积物(图5),这也表明水体细菌变化较快,沉积物细菌相对稳定.水体细菌在中等连通情况下群落间相似性显著高于低和高水文连通性,表明中等水文连通性情况下扩散能力更强,增强了随机性构建过程,使得群落结构更为相似.沉积物细菌和真菌随着水文连通性的增强,群落间的相似性反而降低,表明扩散限制通过增强确定性构建过程主导沉积物微生物构建.
4.1 水文连通性对沉积物微生物结构的影响大于对水体微生物群落结构的影响.随着水文连通性升高,水体细菌α多样性呈下降趋势,沉积物细菌和真菌α多样性先上升后下降.水文连通性分别解释了沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构的33.3%和29.7%,解释了水体细菌群落结构的5.2%.
4.2 沉积物和水体微生物受不同水文连通性指标的影响.水体细菌群落结构主要受湖水面积比(WSP)和水深(WD)影响,沉积物细菌和真菌群落结构主要受湖盆高程(LE)和水深(WD)影响.
4.3 水文连通性影响碟形湖微生物群落构建机制.水体细菌群落在中等水文连通性碟形湖随机性过程更强,高水文连通性碟形湖沉积物细菌与真菌群落构建过程中,扩散限制增强了局地环境对群落构建产生的作用.水体细菌更多受物种分选影响,沉积物细菌和真菌主要受扩散限制影响.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42167013)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42167013)
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    1.江西师范大学地理与环境学院,鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022
    2.陇南师范学院历史文化与旅游学院,甘肃 陇南 742500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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