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In order to analyse the response of bacterial community structure to the abundance of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) metabolic functions in different water depths of lakes, this paper presents a characterization of the spatial distribution and correlation of bacterial community structure and the abundance of N and P related metabolic functions in the surface, middle and bottom waterbodies by high-throughput sequencing technology, with Lake Dali as the object of the study. The results showed that the composition of the dominant bacterial communities in the surface, middle and bottom water layers varied significantly with the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the water. Based on the ecological network, the dominant and important genera under the first five dominant phyla were analysed under the screening criteria of degree and abundance values, and the dominant genera in the different depths of Lake Dali were significantly changed, such as three genera in the surface and middle water, and two genera in the bottom water. Comparatively, CL500-29_marine_group and Thermus in the surface water, Synechococcus and norank_o__NB1-n in the middle water, and Synechococcus、norank_o__NB1-n、norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21 in the bottom water, remained consistent with the two screening criteria. Further PICRUSt2 prediction of the functional composition of the bacterial community yielded 6 primary functions and 12 secondary metabolic functions. In particular, although Pseudomonas,Paracoccus and Synechococcus showed significant positive correlation with the abundance of N and P metabolic functions, the correlation with the N and P content of different forms was different, such as Pseudomonas showed positive correlation with the change of N and P content, Paracoccus showed negative correlation with the N and P content, and Synechococcus showed negative correlation with N and positive correlation with P elements. Overall, the differences in N and P contents caused by changes in water depth had significant effects on N and P metabolism and the dominant genera.

, correspAuthors=Wen-bao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-qi JIN, Wen-bao LI, Yu-jiao SHI, Bo-yao ZHANG, Lei DU, Xin GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106393624630079, articleId=1234106387052155520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=达里湖夏季浮游细菌群落结构及其氮、磷代谢功能, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为分析湖泊不同水深中细菌群落结构对N、P代谢功能丰度的响应,本文以达里湖为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术,开展表、中、底水体中细菌群落结构及N、P相关代谢功能丰度空间分布及相关性特征分析.结果显示,随着水体理化性质出现变化,表、中、底3层水体中优势细菌群落构成差异明显.基于生态网络,在度值和丰度值筛选标准下对前5个优势菌门下的优势菌属及重要菌属进行分析,达里湖不同深度水体中优势菌属发生明显转变,如表、中层水中有3个菌属出现变化,而底层水则有2个菌属出现改变.相对地,表层水中CL500-29_marine_group和栖热菌属,中层水中聚球菌属和norank_o__NB1-n以及底层水中聚球菌属、norank_o__NB1-n和norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21在两种筛选标准下保持一致.进一步对细菌群落的功能组成进行PICRUSt2预测,得到6种初级功能及12种次级代谢功能.特别地,虽然假单胞菌属、副球菌属及聚球菌属均与N、P代谢功能丰度变化呈现显著正相关,但与不同形态N、P含量之间相关性却存在差异,如假单胞菌属与N、P含量变化呈正相关,副球菌属与N、P含量呈负相关,而聚球菌属则与N元素呈负相关,与P元素呈正相关.整体上,水深变化引起的N、P元素含量差异对N、P代谢功能及优势菌属具有显著影响.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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金宇琦(2000-),女,内蒙古赤峰人,内蒙古农业大学,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湖泊水环境演变及修复. .

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金宇琦(2000-),女,内蒙古赤峰人,内蒙古农业大学,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湖泊水环境演变及修复. .

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金宇琦(2000-),女,内蒙古赤峰人,内蒙古农业大学,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湖泊水环境演变及修复. .

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language=CN, label=图2, caption=细菌群落多样性分析, figureFileSmall=e/axjC/CHdtnLpzd02itvA==, figureFileBig=wZrKv4e3yx8P0jWoJcA/hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106401656721780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relative abundance of species at the phylum and genus level, figureFileSmall=Q3kvY78w0/O+atx5tnPT4A==, figureFileBig=hPNLtGRkgLCtRn7LQRZKAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106401811911044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=CN, label=图3, caption=门、属水平上物种相对丰度, figureFileSmall=Q3kvY78w0/O+atx5tnPT4A==, figureFileBig=hPNLtGRkgLCtRn7LQRZKAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106402080346515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Structural characteristics of the spatial network of bacterial communities, 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图中圆圈越大,表明度值越大;标签为每层优势菌门下的优势菌属

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Analysis of differences in N and P elements in water bodies of different depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度TN(mg/L)TP(mg/L)DIP(mg/L)DTP(mg/L)
表层4.008±0.062b1.969±0.014a1.708±0.010b1.790±0.016a
中层4.452±0.134a1.933±0.027a1.811±4.010a1.754±4.016a
底层4.348±0.042a1.944±0.033a1.809±3.010a1.783±3.016a
), ArticleFig(id=1234106403720319582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同深度水体N、P元素差异分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度TN(mg/L)TP(mg/L)DIP(mg/L)DTP(mg/L)
表层4.008±0.062b1.969±0.014a1.708±0.010b1.790±0.016a
中层4.452±0.134a1.933±0.027a1.811±4.010a1.754±4.016a
底层4.348±0.042a1.944±0.033a1.809±3.010a1.783±3.016a
), ArticleFig(id=1234106403837760109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ecological network properties of bacterial communities in water bodies of different depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度正相关(%)负相关(%)图密度平均聚类系数平均路径长度
表层54176.5033.500.4420.7061.691
中层63195.204.800.5150.8331.352
底层34993.406.600.3090.7142.003
), ArticleFig(id=1234106403967783542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同深度水体细菌群落的生态网络属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度正相关(%)负相关(%)图密度平均聚类系数平均路径长度
表层54176.5033.500.4420.7061.691
中层63195.204.800.5150.8331.352
底层34993.406.600.3090.7142.003
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404097806978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Important and dominant genera under dominant bacterial phyla in different water depths based on ecological network analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数深度变形菌门蓝藻门放线菌门异常球菌-栖热菌门软壁菌门拟杆菌门
unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceaenorank_c__CyanobacteriaCL500-29_marine_groupThermusnorank_f__Saprospiraceae
MethyloteneraSynechococcusML602J-51norank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__Saprospiraceae
MethyloteneraSynechococcusML602J-51norank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
丰度ParacoccusSynechococcusCL500-29_marine_groupThermusnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
PseudomonasSynechococcusCL500-29_marine_groupnorank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
PseudomonasSynechococcusCL500-29_marine_groupnorank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
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基于生态网络分析的不同水深优势细菌门类下的重要菌属及优势菌属

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参数深度变形菌门蓝藻门放线菌门异常球菌-栖热菌门软壁菌门拟杆菌门
unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceaenorank_c__CyanobacteriaCL500-29_marine_groupThermusnorank_f__Saprospiraceae
MethyloteneraSynechococcusML602J-51norank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__Saprospiraceae
MethyloteneraSynechococcusML602J-51norank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
丰度ParacoccusSynechococcusCL500-29_marine_groupThermusnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
PseudomonasSynechococcusCL500-29_marine_groupnorank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
PseudomonasSynechococcusCL500-29_marine_groupnorank_o__NB1-nnorank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404362048161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Functional abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism at different water depths

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项目表层中层底层
氮代谢功能333154.3475496.1389997.4
磷代谢功能1952195.02400112.12223891.3
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不同水深氮磷代谢功能丰度

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项目表层中层底层
氮代谢功能333154.3475496.1389997.4
磷代谢功能1952195.02400112.12223891.3
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Mantel_test test analysis of dominant bacterial genera and N and P metabolism functions

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深度丰度值度值
氮代谢功能磷代谢功能氮代谢功能磷代谢功能
优势菌属rprp优势菌属rprp
表层Paracoccus0.5720.0010.6490.001unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae0.4610.001-0.0200.537
Synechococcus0.1580.1250.0370.309norank_c__Cyanobacteria0.2890.0150.0270.326
CL500-29_marine_group0.2250.026-0.0330.607CL500-29_marine_group0.2250.026-0.0330.607
Thermus-0.1230.8750.2060.03Thermus-0.1230.8750.2060.03
norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.1060.208-0.0290.521norank_f__Saprospiraceae0.0880.185-0.0050.473
中层Pseudomonas0.4420.0160.5430.005Methylotenera0.7600.0010.8190.001
Synechococcus0.6140.0010.7300.001Synechococcus0.6140.0010.7300.001
CL500-29_marine_group0.4090.0130.3040.025ML602J-510.5480.0030.4420.015
norank_o__NB1-n0.4170.0080.2540.095norank_o__NB1-n0.4170.0080.2540.095
norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.5450.0040.6140.004norank_f__Saprospiraceae0.8900.0010.8750.001
底层Pseudomonas0.6810.0010.5940.001Methylotenera0.2080.0440.1840.061
Synechococcus0.2420.0460.2830.022Synechococcus0.2420.0460.2830.022
CL500-29_marine_group0.2760.0210.2010.046ML602J-510.2720.0190.3500.007
norank_o__NB1-n0.0670.258-0.0320.532norank_o__NB1-n0.0670.258-0.0320.532
norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.0990.2090.0980.231norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.0990.2090.0980.231
), ArticleFig(id=1234106406043964104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106387052155520, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

优势菌属及重要菌属与N、P代谢功能的Mantel_test检验分析

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深度丰度值度值
氮代谢功能磷代谢功能氮代谢功能磷代谢功能
优势菌属rprp优势菌属rprp
表层Paracoccus0.5720.0010.6490.001unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae0.4610.001-0.0200.537
Synechococcus0.1580.1250.0370.309norank_c__Cyanobacteria0.2890.0150.0270.326
CL500-29_marine_group0.2250.026-0.0330.607CL500-29_marine_group0.2250.026-0.0330.607
Thermus-0.1230.8750.2060.03Thermus-0.1230.8750.2060.03
norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.1060.208-0.0290.521norank_f__Saprospiraceae0.0880.185-0.0050.473
中层Pseudomonas0.4420.0160.5430.005Methylotenera0.7600.0010.8190.001
Synechococcus0.6140.0010.7300.001Synechococcus0.6140.0010.7300.001
CL500-29_marine_group0.4090.0130.3040.025ML602J-510.5480.0030.4420.015
norank_o__NB1-n0.4170.0080.2540.095norank_o__NB1-n0.4170.0080.2540.095
norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.5450.0040.6140.004norank_f__Saprospiraceae0.8900.0010.8750.001
底层Pseudomonas0.6810.0010.5940.001Methylotenera0.2080.0440.1840.061
Synechococcus0.2420.0460.2830.022Synechococcus0.2420.0460.2830.022
CL500-29_marine_group0.2760.0210.2010.046ML602J-510.2720.0190.3500.007
norank_o__NB1-n0.0670.258-0.0320.532norank_o__NB1-n0.0670.258-0.0320.532
norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.0990.2090.0980.231norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-210.0990.2090.0980.231
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达里湖夏季浮游细菌群落结构及其氮、磷代谢功能
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金宇琦 1 , 李文宝 1, 2, * , 史玉娇 1 , 张博尧 1 , 杜蕾 1 , 郭鑫 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3268-3279
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3268-3279
达里湖夏季浮游细菌群落结构及其氮、磷代谢功能
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金宇琦1 , 李文宝1, 2, * , 史玉娇1, 张博尧1, 杜蕾1, 郭鑫1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学,水资源保护与利用自治区重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018
  • 2.黄河流域内蒙段水资源与水环境综合治理协同创新中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018
  • 金宇琦(2000-),女,内蒙古赤峰人,内蒙古农业大学,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湖泊水环境演变及修复. .

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Structure of bacterioplankton community and its function of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in Lake Dali in summer
Yu-qi JIN1 , Wen-bao LI1, 2, * , Yu-jiao SHI1, Bo-yao ZHANG1, Lei DU1, Xin GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilisation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center for Comprehensive Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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为分析湖泊不同水深中细菌群落结构对N、P代谢功能丰度的响应,本文以达里湖为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术,开展表、中、底水体中细菌群落结构及N、P相关代谢功能丰度空间分布及相关性特征分析.结果显示,随着水体理化性质出现变化,表、中、底3层水体中优势细菌群落构成差异明显.基于生态网络,在度值和丰度值筛选标准下对前5个优势菌门下的优势菌属及重要菌属进行分析,达里湖不同深度水体中优势菌属发生明显转变,如表、中层水中有3个菌属出现变化,而底层水则有2个菌属出现改变.相对地,表层水中CL500-29_marine_group和栖热菌属,中层水中聚球菌属和norank_o__NB1-n以及底层水中聚球菌属、norank_o__NB1-n和norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21在两种筛选标准下保持一致.进一步对细菌群落的功能组成进行PICRUSt2预测,得到6种初级功能及12种次级代谢功能.特别地,虽然假单胞菌属、副球菌属及聚球菌属均与N、P代谢功能丰度变化呈现显著正相关,但与不同形态N、P含量之间相关性却存在差异,如假单胞菌属与N、P含量变化呈正相关,副球菌属与N、P含量呈负相关,而聚球菌属则与N元素呈负相关,与P元素呈正相关.整体上,水深变化引起的N、P元素含量差异对N、P代谢功能及优势菌属具有显著影响.

细菌  /  群落结构  /  生态网络  /  代谢功能  /  达里湖

In order to analyse the response of bacterial community structure to the abundance of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) metabolic functions in different water depths of lakes, this paper presents a characterization of the spatial distribution and correlation of bacterial community structure and the abundance of N and P related metabolic functions in the surface, middle and bottom waterbodies by high-throughput sequencing technology, with Lake Dali as the object of the study. The results showed that the composition of the dominant bacterial communities in the surface, middle and bottom water layers varied significantly with the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the water. Based on the ecological network, the dominant and important genera under the first five dominant phyla were analysed under the screening criteria of degree and abundance values, and the dominant genera in the different depths of Lake Dali were significantly changed, such as three genera in the surface and middle water, and two genera in the bottom water. Comparatively, CL500-29_marine_group and Thermus in the surface water, Synechococcus and norank_o__NB1-n in the middle water, and Synechococcus、norank_o__NB1-n、norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21 in the bottom water, remained consistent with the two screening criteria. Further PICRUSt2 prediction of the functional composition of the bacterial community yielded 6 primary functions and 12 secondary metabolic functions. In particular, although Pseudomonas,Paracoccus and Synechococcus showed significant positive correlation with the abundance of N and P metabolic functions, the correlation with the N and P content of different forms was different, such as Pseudomonas showed positive correlation with the change of N and P content, Paracoccus showed negative correlation with the N and P content, and Synechococcus showed negative correlation with N and positive correlation with P elements. Overall, the differences in N and P contents caused by changes in water depth had significant effects on N and P metabolism and the dominant genera.

bacteria  /  community structure  /  ecological networks  /  metabolic functions  /  Lake Dali
金宇琦, 李文宝, 史玉娇, 张博尧, 杜蕾, 郭鑫. 达里湖夏季浮游细菌群落结构及其氮、磷代谢功能. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3268 -3279 .
Yu-qi JIN, Wen-bao LI, Yu-jiao SHI, Bo-yao ZHANG, Lei DU, Xin GUO. Structure of bacterioplankton community and its function of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in Lake Dali in summer[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3268 -3279 .
微生物群落在有机物降解、参与生物地球化学循环和维持生态系统动态平衡等方面发挥着关键的生态作用.光照、水温、氧气等作为影响细菌的关键因素,它们在湖泊不同深度水体中的含量差异不仅对细菌群落结构有着重要的影响,还影响着细菌群落的共存关系和生态功能[1-2].对于补给来源不同的湖泊来说,不同深度水体理化性质和营养元素含量存在一定程度的差异,因其补给和排泄过程不同[3-5],导致湖泊水生态环境出现空间差异,而通过测试不同水深细菌群落结构特征以及相关代谢功能丰度变化,可以分析湖泊垂向水体理化指标变化情况下微生态系统的响应特征[6-7].目前,湖泊浮游细菌群落特征及其与环境因子关联性等方面的研究较多.已有研究表明,湖泊细菌群落结构的时空分布特征与水体营养状况密切相关,优势菌门对N、P等营养元素的响应存在差异.此外,研究还发现湖泊水体细菌群落代谢功能相似,并且浮游细菌群落功能与环境因子间存在联系[8-11].对于不同深度水体中的N、P代谢功能相对丰度与细菌群落组成间的关系研究较少[1],不同深度水体理化指标变化下的细菌群落结构特征及其与N、P代谢功能基因相对丰度的耦合关系研究相对匮乏[12-13].
本文以内蒙古高原封闭内陆型湖泊达里湖为研究区域,以表、中、底3层水体为研究对象,在分析不同深度水体中N、P元素含量垂向差异的基础上,利用高通量测序技术,讨论了细菌群落结构组成及垂向分布特征,结合PICRUSt2预测细菌群落代谢功能,探究了不同水深优势菌属与N、P代谢功能丰度变化之间的相互关系,旨在为认识达里湖细菌群落结构的垂向分布特征及其与N、P代谢功能丰度间的耦合关系提供参考.
达里湖位于内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗,是赤峰市境内最大的湖泊,呈海马状,为封闭式苏达型半盐水湖,流域属温带大陆性气候区[14].达里湖属于高原内陆湖,湖水无外泄,主要受地下水及相连的浩来河、亮子河、贡格尔河、沙里河补给.目前,湖泊面积约189km2,平均水深7~8m[5,15].
根据达里湖的水深、地貌特征及现代水文特征,布设17个采样点,从北到南依次命名为DL-1~DL-17,如图1所示,于2019年8月在每个采样点取表、中、底层湖水各2L.使用有机玻璃取水器对样品进行采集,其中表层水为湖面0~10cm处样品,底层水为底泥以上约10cm处样品,中层水则仅对水深大于5m的点位进行采集,采集水深二分之一处的样品.依据实际情况,最终获得样品43个.利用便携式多参数水质监测仪(YSI,HACH HQ40d,美国)根据水深现场测量每层湖水的水质参数,如水温、pH值、溶解性总固体(TDS)、溶解氧(DO)等.
样品采集完成后带回实验室进一步处理,其中1L用于理化指标测定,1L用于浮游细菌收集(先经5µm无菌滤膜过滤去除颗粒杂质,再经0.22µm无菌滤膜过滤收集浮游细菌)[16-17],将过滤完成的滤膜置于10mL无菌管中,在零下20℃条件下保存,用于后续细菌群落结构等测试分析.理化指标的测定包括不同形态N、P元素(总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性无机磷(DIP))的测定,其中TN采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012)测定,TP、DTP、DIP采用钼酸铵分光光度法(GB 11893-89)测定.
采用FastDNA®Spin Kit for Soil试剂盒提取水体滤膜样品中的微生物DNA,接着使用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提基因组DNA,对16S rRNA基因V4-V5可变区进行PCR扩增,引物序列为515F(5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3`)和806R (5′-GGACTACVSGGG TATCTAAT-3`);反应条件为95℃预变性3min,27个循环(95℃变性30s,55℃退火30s,72℃延伸30s),然后72℃延伸10min,最后4℃进行保存;扩增体系为20µL,4µL 5*FastPfu缓冲液,2µL 2.5mM dNTPs,引物(5µM)0.8µL,FastPfu聚合酶0.4µL;模板DNA10ng.测序在上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司的Illumina MiSeq PE300平台进行.
利用Illumina MiSeq进行测序,原始双端序列经过导入、拼接和数据质控后[18-19],过滤reads尾部质量值20以下的碱基,设置50bp的窗口,如果窗口内的平均质量值低于20,从窗口开始截去后端碱基,过滤质控后50bp以下的reads,去除含N碱基的reads;根据PE reads之间的overlap关系,将成对reads拼接(merge)成一条序列,最小overlap长度为10bp;拼接序列的overlap区允许的最大错配比率为0.2,筛选不符合序列;根据序列首尾两端的barcode和引物区分样品,并调整序列方向,barcode允许的错配数为0,最大引物错配数为2;通过Uparse软件对优化序列提取非重复序列,便于降低分析中间过程冗余计算量;去除没有重复的单序列;按照97%相似性对非重复序列(不含单序列)进行OTU聚类,在聚类过程中去除嵌合体,得到OTU的代表序列;将所有优化序列map至OTU代表序列,选出与代表序列相似性在97%以上的序列[20].
使用SPSS 27.0软件对不同深度N、P元素进行差异分析,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)中的多重比较法(LSD)进行差异显著性检验;选择97%相似度的OTU或其他分类学水平,利用软件mothur (version v.1.30.2https://mothur.org/wiki/calculators/)计算不同随机抽样下的Alpha多样性指数;利用R语言工具制作稀释曲线图及韦恩图;多样性指数箱型图由Origin软件完成;基于Bray-Curtis相似性距离矩阵进行Mantel_test分析,检验其相关性及显著性水平;结合软件Gephi-0.9.2进行细菌群落的网络拓扑特征分析;通过Spearman相关性分析不同形态N、P元素对细菌菌属的影响;细菌群落功能基于PICRUSt2软件预测;N、P营养元素数据由Excel软件进行分析,并使用Origin软件进行绘图;N、P元素空间分布图由ArcGis 10.8.1软件进行绘制.
表1所示,整体上,各采样点水体中N、P含量存在一定空间差异.表层水体的TN平均浓度(4.008mg/L)显著低于中层(4.452mg/L)和底层(4.348mg/L)水体,后两者之间无显著差异;而TP浓度在不同深度水体之间没有显著差异,平均浓度在1.933~1.969mg/L之间;DIP平均含量在表层水体(1.708mg/L)显著低于中层(1.811mg/L)和底层(1.809mg/L)水体,而DTP含量在不同深度水体之间没有显著差异.这些结果表明,水体深度对N、P元素含量分布具有显著影响.
基于sobs指数(表征实际观测到的物种数目)建立的稀释曲线显示,当样品测序数量接近5000时曲线趋向平坦,说明样品量符合要求,结果具有可信度(图2(a)).在达里湖,表、中、底3层水体共享有菌属448个,表层水和中层水共享有菌属465个,中水和底水共享有菌属478个,表水和底水共享有菌属682个;相对地,表层水中特有菌属97个,中层水特有菌属30个,底层水特有菌属62个(图2(b)).不同深度水体中共有菌属数量占总数目的48.8%.由此可见,表层水中细菌种类最多,其次是底层,中层水中细菌种类最少.
通过群落结构Alpha多样性分析,可以获得群落中物种的丰富度、覆盖度和多样性等信息.其中,coverage指数是指各样本文库的覆盖率,其数值越高,则样本中序列被测出的概率越高,达里湖3层水体中coverage指数均超过0.9,代表测试数据可以有效反映样本中细菌群落结构的真实情况(图2(c)).shannon指数是用来估算样本中微生物多样性的指数之一,shannon值越大,说明群落多样性越高,即达里湖水体细菌群落多样性为表层>底层>中层;sobs指数为丰富度实际观测值,反映观测到的物种数量,达里湖细菌群落丰富度为底层>表层>中层;shannoneven指数反映群落均匀度,可见表层均匀度最好.整体上,表层水体细菌群落多样性最高,底层水体细菌群落丰富度最高(图2(c)).
达里湖表、中、底3层样品经质量控制后,分别获得849119、547042和732328个有效序列,在对OTU进行物种分类学注释,并统计各OTU注释结果在每个样本中对应的丰度信息后,最终得到细菌44门,107纲,220目,403科,796属,1218种和2219个OTU.
首先,在门水平上,对细菌群落相对丰度进行分析(相对丰度<1%的物种统一归为“others”),结果显示,表水中优势菌门为Proteobacteria(变形菌门,相对丰度占比为36.1%)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门,相对丰度占比为24.7%)、Cyanobacteria(蓝藻门,相对丰度占比为11.2%)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门,相对丰度占比为6.5%)和Deinococcus-Thermus(异常球菌-栖热菌门,相对丰度占比为5.7%),中层和底层水中优势细菌门类则转变为Proteobacteria(相对丰度占比分别为57.6和46.4%)、Actinobacteria(相对丰度占比分别为20.7%和25.0%)、Cyanobacteria(相对丰度占比分别为8.7%和9.0%)、Bacteroidetes(相对丰度占比分别为4.9%和5.3%)、Tenericutes(软壁菌门,相对丰度占比分别为2.5%和3.5%).可以看出,Proteobacteria相对丰度占比显著高于其他门类,其次Actinobacteria也占有重要地位(图3(a)).
在菌属水平上,不同取样点中优势菌属种类及相对丰度差异更加明显.其中,表水中优势菌属包含Paracoccus(副球菌属,相对丰度占比为10.9%)、Synechococcus(聚球藻,相对丰度占比为9.7%)、Thermus(栖热菌属,相对丰度占比为5.4%)、CL500-29_marine_group(相对丰度占比为5.0%)、norank_f__Nitriliruptoraceae(相对丰度占比为4.6%),中层和底层则为Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属,相对丰度占比分别为32.6%、和19.8%)、Paracoccus(相对丰度占比分别为10.4%和7.0%)、Synechococcus(相对丰度占比分别为6.5%和7.4%)、CL500-29_marine_group(相对丰度占比分别为5.4%和6.0%)、norank_f__Nitriliruptoraceae(相对丰度占比分别为4.0%和5.0%)(图3(b)).
图4表2所示,中层水中细菌生态网络的边数(631)、图密度(0.515)和平均聚类系数(0.833)均最高,而平均路径长度则最小(1.352),显示相较于表层和底层,中层水体中细菌生态网络更加集聚.相对应地,表层水中细菌生态网络的边正相关关系最弱(76.50%),而中层水体的边正相关关系最强(95.20%),说明湖泊水体中细菌群落之间主要为协同关系而非竞争关系,且中、底层水的协同关系要强于表层水(表2).
按度值(degree)和相对丰度值(abundance)分别筛选出在5个优势细菌门类下的重要菌属和优势菌属.按度值分析,表层水前5个重要菌属分别为unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae、norank_c__Cyanobacteria、CL500-29_marine_group、Thermus、norank_f__Saprospiraceae;中层水为MethyloteneraSynechococcus、ML602J-51、norank_o__NB1-n、norank_f__Saprospiraceae;底层水除norank_f__Saprospiraceae转变为norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21外,其余与中层水优势菌属保持一致;按丰度值分析,前5个优势菌属由表层的ParacoccusSynechococcus、CL500-29_marine_group、Thermus、norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21转变为中层和底层水中的PseudomonasSynechococcus、CL500-29_marine_group、norank_o__NB1-n、norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21(表3).
整体上,丰度值筛选下的优势菌属结构相对稳定,仅在Proteobacteria门下出现差异,而其他细菌门类下的优势菌属在生态网络中的构成没有随水深变化出现演替;度值筛选下的重要菌属随着水深变化,特别是由表层水到中层水,菌属出现明显演替.显然,水深变化对生态网络组成关键节点重要性的影响比较明显,而对优势菌属相对丰度的影响较弱.
研究分析筛选出的优势菌属及重要菌属与N、P营养元素之间的响应关系.结果表明,Paracoccus与不同形态N、P元素之间的相关关系相反,Paracoccus与TN之间关系为负相关(r=-0.35),而与不同形态P元素之间呈现正相关关系;中层水中Synechococcus与不同形态N、P元素均呈现负相关关系,其中与DIP的相关性最高(r=-0.57);中层水中的Pseudomonas与不同形态N、P元素呈现了较好的正相关关系,其中与DTP(r=0.65)和DIP(r=0.80)的相关性最高(图5).
在达里湖,根据KEGG数据库中的信息,运用PICRUSt2对细菌群落功能进行预测,共获得6类初级代谢功能,包括:细胞进程(cellular-process)、环境信息处理(environmental-information-processing)、遗传信息处理(genetic-information-processing)、人类疾病(human-diseases)、代谢(metabolism)和有机体系统(organismal-system).代谢功能是生物体内用来维持生命活动的一系列化学反应过程,其占比最多[10].
本文仅对一级功能中的代谢功能层进行第2层级划分,包括氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism)、能量代谢(energy metabolism)、碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)、核苷酸代谢(nucleotide metabolism)、脂质代谢(lipid metabolism)、异种生物降解和代谢(xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism)等12种次级代谢相关功能(图6).
本文基于PICRUSt2工具对细菌群落功能进行分析,在对第一层级和第二层级代谢功能分析的基础上,重点关注了N、P代谢相关功能.
研究结果表明,N、P代谢功能在不同水深之间存在明显的空间差异性.表层水在湖泊入河口表现出了较高丰度,而中层水中N、P代谢功能在湖心位置丰度较高,底层水南部沿岸丰度较高而北部沿岸丰度较低(图7).整体上,中层水中N、P代谢功能的丰度显著高于表层和底层,表层水中相关功能含量最低(表4).由此可见,湖泊生态系统N、P代谢功能的分布呈现出明显的垂直分层特征.
细菌群落参与湖泊中的N、P循环,故细菌群落与氮磷代谢功能之间的关系对于湖泊水环境的健康至关重要.研究分析在生态网络中筛选出的优势菌属及重要菌属与N、P相关代谢功能之间的响应关系(图8).结果显示,表层水中Paracoccus与N、P相关功能均呈现了较好的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.572和0.649;中层水中Synechococcus与N、P相关功能呈现了正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.614和0.730,Methylotenera与N、P相关功能也呈现了显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.760和0.819;Pseudomonas在中层和底层水中均与N、P相关功能具有显著正相关,相关系数在中层水中分别为0.442和0.543,底层水中分别为0.681和0.594(表5).
达里湖不同深度水体中优势细菌群落组成出现了差异,前5大优势细菌门类中,表层水体的Deinococcus-Thermus在中层和底层水体中被更替为Tenericutes(图3(a)),这种现象可能是由于水体环境差异所致[2].前人研究发现Deinococcus-Thermus常见于温度较高的区域[21-22],相较于中层和底层水体,表层水体光照及氧气充足,温度相对较高,有利于Deinococcus-Thermus的生长繁殖,导致Deinococcus-Thermus的相对丰度在表层水体中较中层水和底层水更高.Proteobacteria在湖水细菌群落组成中相对丰度占比最高,这与大多数研究结果保持一致.Proteobacteria拥有的较厚细胞壁和产胞外多糖能力,使其成为一类环境适应能力强、生长迅速的微生物类群,独特的形态和生理特征促进其成为最具优势的细菌门类[23].进一步,在属水平上,优势菌属的相对丰度占比随水深增加也发生了变化(图3(b)).如Paracoccus作为一类好氧型细菌[24-25],在中层和底层中丰度较表层有所减少,而Thermus通常存在于中性到碱性的温泉和天然水中[26].显然,夏季达里湖表层水体受阳光直射,水温升高,且与外界交换频繁,表层水中的溶解氧含量明显高于中层和底层水体,因此水体温度的升高更适宜Thermus生存,而含氧量的升高会导致Paracoccus相对丰度占比上升[27-29].
在夏季开放条件下,外界环境的复杂性,如大气降水集中增加、外源输入增加以及人类活动的频繁,这些因素均可能对湖泊水体产生扰动,特别是表层水受外界影响最为直接,从而影响细菌群落的稳定性和丰富度,这对应了达里湖表层水体细菌群落多样性最高的结果(图2(c)),这与李文宝等人在达里湖的研究结果一致[30];此外,水动力条件是影响生物群落结构和功能的关键环境因素,相对稳定的水体环境有利于微生物的生长和繁殖[31-32],这导致相对封闭的底层水体的水动力较弱,而与沉积物的长期接触(沉积物中的有机物质和营养盐为细菌提供了丰富的营养来源),这可能是底层水体细菌群落丰富度较高的主要诱因[33].
在达里湖,细菌群落的相互作用模式同样随水深增加表现出显著的差异:中层和底层水体细菌群落之间的协同作用强度明显高于表层(表2),可能与表层水体对大气沉降等外源物质的更高吸收率有关.中层水体的细菌群落展现出了高度的网络紧密性,这说明中层水体细菌在能量、物质和信息交换方面具有更高的效率[34].显然,稳定的生存环境在维持细菌群落结构和功能过程中起到关键作用[35].
根据细菌菌属在生态网络中的重要性和相对丰度占比,筛选出每层水体中的优势菌属及重要菌属,每层水体中均能发现在两种筛选标准下一致的菌属(表3):一方面可能是因为细菌菌属在特定生境中展现出的适应性优势,使得它们能够在这一生境中占据显著地位[36-37];另一方面这些菌属在生态竞争中因为其独特的生理特性或代谢途径而获得优势,导致它们在生态网络中的度值和丰度值均表现出较高的水平.显然,这些菌属在生态系统中的功能和地位更为重要,其在细菌群落结构和功能中扮演着关键角色.例如,Thermus (属于Deinococcus-Thermus)可能因为其耐高温的特性而在水温相对较高的表层水体中具有优势[21,26].虽然,物种度值和丰度值之间的相关关系可能是由多种生态、环境和人为因素共同作用的结果[38],在不同筛选条件下,优势菌属的组成存在一定差异,但在资源有限的环境中,具有较高生态网络重要性的细菌菌属或许会更有效地参与资源竞争或者与其他物种形成共生关系,从而提高自身的生存和繁殖能力.
细菌介导的N、P循环和转化过程对维持湖泊生态平衡具有重要作用[39].通过分析不同深度优势菌属与不同形态N、P之间的响应关系,揭示了细菌群落与N、P代谢相关功能丰度之间的变化特征.
Paracoccus是一种具有多种代谢途径的革兰氏阴性菌,能够利用不同形态的氮源进行生长和代谢[40],但在达里湖表现出对磷的需求更高,与不同形态的磷元素呈现正相关关系(图5).表明Paracoccus可能利用环境中的有机磷化合物作为磷源,而对氮的需求相对较低.相较于中层和底层水体,表层湖水中Paracoccus与N、P相关功能之间的关系更为密切(图8),这或许与其是好氧反硝化菌有关,需要维持一定的DO以进行有效的代谢活动[41].
Synechococcus是海洋生态系统中的重要初级生产者[42].在达里湖中层水中,Synechococcus与不同形态的N、P元素均呈现负相关关系,且与DIP的相关性最高(图5).这表明Synechococcus生长受到磷限制,而中层水中磷含量相对较低,限制了其对磷的利用,进而影响了其相对丰度[41].此外,Synechococcus通过光合作用固定氮和磷等营养元素,并通过细胞内循环机制有效利用这些营养元素,从而减少了对环境中氮和磷的需求,维持其生长和代谢的平衡[43].
Pseudomonas是一种广泛存在于土壤和水中的革兰氏阴性杆菌,能够有效利用多种氮和磷元素,促进其生长繁殖[44].在本研究中,中层水中的Pseudomonas与不同形态的N、P元素呈现了较好的正相关关系,其中与DTP和DIP的相关性最高(图5).这与Pseudomonas具有较强的分解有机物能力,能够将复杂的有机氮和磷转化为可利用的无机形式的特性密切相关[45-46].
总体来看,这些菌属在湖泊生态系统中扮演着关键角色,通过不同的代谢途径参与氮磷循环,影响着湖泊的营养状态和生态平衡.Paracoccus在表层水体中的适应性表明了其在氮磷代谢中的重要性,而SynechococcusPseudomonas在中层水体中的作用则揭示了它们在磷循环中的关键角色.这些细菌群落和代谢功能之间的差异反映了达里湖不同水层中氮磷循环的复杂性和多样性,为深入理解湖泊生态系统中细菌介导的营养物质循环提供了重要参考.
4.1 达里湖夏季水体浮游细菌主要由44门,107纲,220目,403科,796属组成.其中表层水体的细菌群落多样性最高,底层水体细菌群落丰富度最高.优势菌属由表层的ParacoccusSynechococcusThermus、CL500-29_marine_group、norank_f__Nitriliruptoraceae转变为中层和底层的PseudomonasParacoccusSynechococcus、CL500-29_marine_group、norank_f__Nitriliruptoraceae.
4.2 生态网络中,不同深度水体的细菌群落之间主要是协同作用占主导.度值筛选下的重要菌属和丰度值筛选下的优势菌属结果显示,CL500-29_marine_group、ThermusSynechococcus、norank_o__NB1-n和norank_f__CK06-06-Mud-MAS4B-21在两种筛选下保持一致,反映了特定微生物类群在特定生境中的适应性优势及其在竞争中的独特生理特性.Thermus等菌属在高温环境中的优势地位进一步强调了环境因素对微生物群落结构和功能的影响.
4.3 对湖泊水体浮游细菌群落的功能组成进行PICRUSt2预测,得到6种初级功能及12种次级代谢功能.进一步对第二层级N、P相关的代谢功能进行分析,其在不同水深之间存在明显的空间差异性,中层水中N、P代谢功能的丰度显著高于表层和底层,表层水中含量最低,表明了稳定的生存环境在维持细菌群落结构和功能中的关键作用.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52160021)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技攻关项目(2020GG0009)
  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校“青年科技英才支持计划”项目(NJYT-20-A14)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2021MS005043)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-02
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52160021)
内蒙古自治区科技攻关项目(2020GG0009)
内蒙古自治区高等学校“青年科技英才支持计划”项目(NJYT-20-A14)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2021MS005043)
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    1.内蒙古农业大学,水资源保护与利用自治区重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018
    2.黄河流域内蒙段水资源与水环境综合治理协同创新中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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