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This study aimed to investigate the influencing mechanism of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems. The addition of 20mg/L PS-NPs had a negligible impact on the removal of organic matter and phosphorus in the AGS systems. However, it exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on nitrogen removal, with ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal exhibiting a reduction of 21.98% and 41.31% compared to the control group, respectively. Additionally, PS-NPs inhibited the secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and altered the EPS structure, making it looser by affecting the secondary structure of proteins. Further studies demonstrated that PS-NPs caused intense oxidative stress within microorganisms by inducing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which resulted in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels rising to 151.27% and compromised cell membrane integrity. The long-term presence of PS-NPs led to changes in microbial community structure, inhibiting the growth of denitrifying bacteria, such as the classes Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. In contrast, the proliferation of the classes Flavobacteria and Chitinophagia was promoted by PS-NPs. Moreover, KEGG database analysis indicated that PS-NPs not only significantly inhibited the pathways related to quorum sensing and metabolic activity, particularly the metabolic pathways of aromatic amino acids, but also reduced the relative abundance of genes encoding denitrifying functional enzymes. This ultimately posed a negative impact on the denitrification performance and the long-term stability of AGS systems.

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探讨了聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS-NPs)对好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)系统的影响机制.研究表明:20mg/L的PS-NPs对AGS系统的有机物和磷的去除效果几乎没有影响,但对脱氮过程有明显的抑制作用,氨氮去除率和总氮去除率分别下降了21.98%和41.31%.并且,PS-NPs抑制了AGS胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌,改变了EPS中蛋白质的二级结构,使其更为松散.PS-NPs诱导微生物产生过量的活性氧(ROS),引起剧烈的氧化应激反应,使细胞膜的完整性受到破坏,导致乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量增加了51.27%.PS-NPs的长期存在改变了微生物的群落结构,抑制了γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)等脱氮细菌的生长,但促进了黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)和噬几丁质菌纲(Chitinophagia)等细菌的生长.KEGG数据库注释宏基因数据表明,PS-NPs不仅抑制了AGS中与群体感应和代谢活性相关的通路,尤其是芳香族氨基酸的代谢通路,并且降低了编码反硝化功能酶的基因相对丰度,进而对AGS系统的脱氮性能和长期稳定性造成负面影响.

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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齐博闻(2000-),女,河南洛阳人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理技术方面研究.发表论文1篇..

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齐博闻(2000-),女,河南洛阳人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理技术方面研究.发表论文1篇..

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齐博闻(2000-),女,河南洛阳人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理技术方面研究.发表论文1篇..

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Composition of the simulated municipal wastewater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分浓度(mg/L)
COD600
NH4+-N60
PO43--P10
MgSO4·7H2O25
FeSO4·7H2O30
CaCl230
ZnSO4·7H2O0.05
Na2Mo7O24·2H2O0.06
CoCl2·6H2O0.06
CuSO4·5H2O0.03
MnCl2·4H2O0.1
HBO30.05
AlCl30.05
NiCl20.04
), ArticleFig(id=1234106403384783651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386888585989, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟生活污水组成部分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分浓度(mg/L)
COD600
NH4+-N60
PO43--P10
MgSO4·7H2O25
FeSO4·7H2O30
CaCl230
ZnSO4·7H2O0.05
Na2Mo7O24·2H2O0.06
CoCl2·6H2O0.06
CuSO4·5H2O0.03
MnCl2·4H2O0.1
HBO30.05
AlCl30.05
NiCl20.04
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聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对好氧颗粒污泥的影响机制
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齐博闻 , 张冰 * , 庞福静 , 陈振威 , 时文歆
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3010-3019
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3010-3019
聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对好氧颗粒污泥的影响机制
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齐博闻 , 张冰* , 庞福静, 陈振威, 时文歆
作者信息
  • 重庆大学环境与生态学院,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点试验室,重庆 400045
  • 齐博闻(2000-),女,河南洛阳人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理技术方面研究.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
The influencing mechanism of polystyrene nanoplastics on aerobic granular sludge
Bo-wen QI , Bing ZHANG* , Fu-jing PANG, Zhen-wei CHEN, Wen-xin SHI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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探讨了聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS-NPs)对好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)系统的影响机制.研究表明:20mg/L的PS-NPs对AGS系统的有机物和磷的去除效果几乎没有影响,但对脱氮过程有明显的抑制作用,氨氮去除率和总氮去除率分别下降了21.98%和41.31%.并且,PS-NPs抑制了AGS胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌,改变了EPS中蛋白质的二级结构,使其更为松散.PS-NPs诱导微生物产生过量的活性氧(ROS),引起剧烈的氧化应激反应,使细胞膜的完整性受到破坏,导致乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量增加了51.27%.PS-NPs的长期存在改变了微生物的群落结构,抑制了γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)等脱氮细菌的生长,但促进了黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)和噬几丁质菌纲(Chitinophagia)等细菌的生长.KEGG数据库注释宏基因数据表明,PS-NPs不仅抑制了AGS中与群体感应和代谢活性相关的通路,尤其是芳香族氨基酸的代谢通路,并且降低了编码反硝化功能酶的基因相对丰度,进而对AGS系统的脱氮性能和长期稳定性造成负面影响.

好氧颗粒污泥  /  纳米塑料  /  聚苯乙烯  /  微生物群落  /  代谢途径

This study aimed to investigate the influencing mechanism of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems. The addition of 20mg/L PS-NPs had a negligible impact on the removal of organic matter and phosphorus in the AGS systems. However, it exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on nitrogen removal, with ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal exhibiting a reduction of 21.98% and 41.31% compared to the control group, respectively. Additionally, PS-NPs inhibited the secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and altered the EPS structure, making it looser by affecting the secondary structure of proteins. Further studies demonstrated that PS-NPs caused intense oxidative stress within microorganisms by inducing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which resulted in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels rising to 151.27% and compromised cell membrane integrity. The long-term presence of PS-NPs led to changes in microbial community structure, inhibiting the growth of denitrifying bacteria, such as the classes Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. In contrast, the proliferation of the classes Flavobacteria and Chitinophagia was promoted by PS-NPs. Moreover, KEGG database analysis indicated that PS-NPs not only significantly inhibited the pathways related to quorum sensing and metabolic activity, particularly the metabolic pathways of aromatic amino acids, but also reduced the relative abundance of genes encoding denitrifying functional enzymes. This ultimately posed a negative impact on the denitrification performance and the long-term stability of AGS systems.

aerobic granular sludge  /  nanoplastics  /  polystyrene  /  microbial community  /  metabolic pathway
齐博闻, 张冰, 庞福静, 陈振威, 时文歆. 聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对好氧颗粒污泥的影响机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3010 -3019 .
Bo-wen QI, Bing ZHANG, Fu-jing PANG, Zhen-wei CHEN, Wen-xin SHI. The influencing mechanism of polystyrene nanoplastics on aerobic granular sludge[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3010 -3019 .
塑料制品的过度生产、广泛使用与处置不当导致了微米塑料(MPs,尺寸<5mm)与纳米塑料(NPs,尺寸<1000nm)在环境中大量积累[1].目前,研究者已在海洋[2]、土壤[3]、大气[4]等多种环境中检测出浓度不同、种类繁多的微纳塑料.这些微纳塑料可能会通过生活污水、雨水和地表径流等方式进入污水处理厂(WWTP)中.研究表明,WWTP进水中检测到的MPs浓度和NPs浓度范围分别为6.5~51.8μg/L和2.82~11.28μg/L[15-6].尽管WWTP中的一级处理工艺可去除约39.65%的微纳塑料[7],但仍有大量微纳塑料进入二级生物处理工艺.它们会通过污泥絮体的吸附作用被截留并长期积累在污泥絮体中,进而对污泥的结构稳定性产生破坏,最终导致生物处理系统的污染物去除效能下降[8-10].虽然NPs的主要来源是MPs的降解碎裂产物,但其表现出与MPs不同的胶体稳定性、迁移能力和生物毒性[11].相较于MPs,NPs的尺寸较小而更易穿透细胞膜,因此对微生物的毒性作用更大[12-13].研究表明[14],10mg/L NPs导致硝酸盐大量积累,并影响了污泥的絮凝能力,而相同浓度的MPs对其没有明显的抑制作用.此外,考虑到NPs检测难度更大且误差率较高[15],NPs在污水中的实际浓度可能超过现有最大检出值(5.6mg/L)[16],这会对WWTP污染物去除能力造成更为严重的负面影响.研究表明[17],NPs会损害活性污泥的结构完整性,加剧活性污泥系统的丝状膨胀,进而影响其处理性能.然而,NPs对其他污水生物处理工艺的影响尚未可知.
好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)系统因其污泥浓度高、沉降性能好、污染物去除效果优、抗冲击负荷能力强以及占地面积小等优势,目前已在全球100余个WWTP得到工程应用[18].由于氧气传质阻力的限制,AGS具有表面好氧-内部缺氧-核心厌氧的多层结构,可以同时进行硝化反硝化过程[19],因而展现出优异的脱氮性能.研究表明[20],AGS系统在处理实际生活废水时的总氮(TN)去除效率可高达98%.此外,AGS颗粒最外层被致密的胞外聚合物(EPS)所包裹,这有利于增强AGS的结构稳定性.然而,EPS含有多种有机官能团,并具有一定的粘附性[21],这使得NPs容易被吸附并进入AGS颗粒内部,进而对其结构和性能造成破坏.聚苯乙烯是一种常见的塑料材料,被广泛应用于食品包装、塑料瓶和塑料餐具等领域.聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS-NPs)不仅在环境水体中的检出频率最高,并且是污水中最常见的NPs之一.其在珠江流域WWTP进水中的含量占据NPs总量的30%以上[22-23].研究发现5g/L PS-NPs的急性暴露(10h)会导致AGS污水处理系统中污泥的zeta电位和疏水性降低[24],进而导致系统稳定性下降.考虑到PS-NPs在水体中的累积性、持久性和难降解性,PS-NPs的长期暴露是否会对AGS系统的污染物去除效能及微生物生理特性造成影响亟待探究.
本研究通过分析PS-NPs对AGS系统的污染物去除效能、EPS含量和组分的影响,以及微生物在PS-NPs暴露下的氧化应激系统响应,探究PS-NPs的长期暴露对AGS系统性能的影响,探究微生物群落结构变化与基因丰度的变化规律,揭示PS-NPs对AGS的作用机制,旨在为纳米塑料对AGS系统的影响机理提供参考,并为AGS污水处理技术的实际应用提供技术支持.
接种的成熟AGS来自实验室已稳定运行100d的序批式反应器(SBR),其平均粒径为940μm,混合液悬浮固体浓度为3.36g MLSS/L,且污泥体积指数比(SVI5/SVI30)大于0.9.
试验所用PS-NPs购自萱萱塑胶科技有限公司(中国东莞).PS-NPs为白色粉末,扫描电镜观察下呈现规则的圆球状,平均粒径为100nm.
本试验采用模拟生活污水作为SBR反应器进水,进水水质的组成及浓度如表1所示.考虑到污水中PS-NPs的实际浓度可能比检出值更高,本试验设定其投加浓度为20mg/L,投加方式为每次随进水进入反应器中.投加之前将NPs溶液超声处理10min,避免其在水中发生聚集.
采用两个规格相同的SBR反应器进行试验,分别标记为R1(对照组)与R2(实验组,投加20mg/L PS-NPs).该反应器有效高度70cm,内径10cm,有效体积为5.5L,体积交换比为50%.反应器采用间歇运行方式,运行周期为4h,包括进水10min,厌氧50min,曝气175min,沉淀2min和排水3min.在曝气阶段,溶解氧控制在7.0~7.5mg/L,表观气速为2.5cm/s.整个试验周期持续80d,依据反应器出水中TN的波动情况,将其分为3个阶段:阶段一(0~10d)、阶段二(11~60d)和阶段三(61~80d).
反应器进水、出水的COD、PO43--P、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N和TN浓度等指标按照标准方法进行测定.采用改良的热提取法提取AGS中的松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS),其中的蛋白质(PN)和多糖(PS)含量分别采用BCA试剂盒(Solarbio,中国北京)和苯酚-硫酸法测定[25].此外,对提取的EPS进行PN二级结构分析.将10mL EPS样品冷冻干燥后,与溴化钾混合并压缩,之后采用Thermo Scientific Nicolet 670傅里叶红外光谱仪对处理后样品进行分析,探测波段为500~4000cm-1.在得到EPS样品的红外光谱后,使用PeakFit软件对该数据进行PN二级结构计算.首先对样品谱图进行基线校正和平滑,再选取酰胺I带的谱带范围(1600~1700cm-1)进行傅里叶去卷积,最后将处理得到的谱图进行分峰拟合[26].根据峰中心的波长范围将其分为β-转角(1680~1660cm-1),α-螺旋(1660~1650cm-1),无规则卷曲(1650~1640cm-1)和β-折叠(1640~1630cm-1).活性氧(ROS)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量检测分别采用南京建成生物工程研究所(中国南京)的相应试剂盒,在每个阶段末期进行测试.
在试验末期(第80d),从每个SBR反应器中收集AGS样品以用于宏基因组分析,所有分析流程在北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司(中国北京)进行.使用E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit试剂盒提取DNA.经过浓度检测后,将DNA打断并建立文库,在Illumina NovaSeq-PE150平台进行宏基因组测序得到原始数据.随后,通过质控、拼接和比对获得基因在相应样品中的丰度.通过与NR数据库进行比对,获得物种在分类学水平上的物种注释信息,进而分析微生物群落组成.通过检索KEGG数据库进行功能注释,使用KO, Pathway, EC, Module对应的基因丰度综合计算对应功能类别的丰度.
图1所示,R1和R2反应器均实现了对COD的稳定高效去除,平均去除率分别为92.91%和92.56%,且两者间无显著性差异(P>0.05),这表明有机物的去除没有受到PS-NPs的显著影响.在磷的去除方面,由于磷酸盐主要富集在污泥中,因此其去除率受到反应器排泥周期变化的影响[27],这导致了两个反应器都展现了出水磷酸盐浓度的波动.但R1和R2之间的平均磷酸盐去除率(分别为58.94%和54.47%)并无显著性差异(P>0.05),这表明PS-NPs对磷去除的影响不明显,与Zhang等[28]的结论一致.
然而,长期的PS-NPs暴露却对氨氮的去除产生了负面影响(图1(b)).尽管在阶段一(0~10d)时R1和R2的氨氮去除率分别为99.30%和98.59%,但随着PS-NPs暴露时间的延长(阶段二和阶段三),R2的氨氮去除率呈现下降趋势.在试验末期(80d),R2的氨氮去除率相较于R1下降了21.98%.这可能是由于PS-NPs的长期存在抑制了反应器内氨氧化细菌的活性,导致氨氧化速率降低[14].此外,出水TN浓度随着PS-NPs暴露时间的延长而持续升高(图1(c)).在阶段一时,R2的TN浓度相较于R1增加了56.74%,主要是因为R2中硝酸盐的积累(相比R1浓度增长52.59%,P<0.05).这表明即便是PS-NPs的短期暴露,也对反硝化过程产生了显著的抑制作用.随后,R2中出水TN浓度持续增加,第80d时其TN去除率降至58.69%,其中出水氨氮浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度和硝酸盐浓度分别占据TN浓度的45.60%,1.71%和52.69%.分析认为,在PS-NPs的长期暴露下,TN去除率的降低是由于氨化过程和反硝化过程受到了显著抑制,这与Yang等[29]关于PS-NPs对人工湿地系统脱氮影响的研究结果相一致.
综上所述,长期暴露于PS-NPs对AGS系统中有机物和磷的去除效果没有产生明显影响,但对系统的脱氮效能造成了负面影响,特别是反硝化过程受到明显抑制作用.
EPS作为AGS颗粒的骨架结构和保护屏障,对其结构稳定性和抗冲击能力具有重要作用[30].图2(a)和2(b)显示,R1中EPS含量变化幅度较小(74.02~85.74mg/g MLSS),而R2中EPS含量随着NPs暴露时间的延长,呈现出先增加后减少的趋势.在阶段一末期(第10d)时,R2中EPS的含量达到峰值95.18mg/g MLSS,较同期的R1增长了14.66%,这可能是微生物的一种自我保护机制,即通过分泌更多的EPS以抵抗PS-NPs的短期冲击[31].随后,R2中的EPS含量持续下降,在试验末期(第80d)降至50.50mg/g MLSS.该结果表明PS-NPs抑制了AGS的EPS分泌,这对颗粒的聚集性和沉降性产生了一定的负面影响[32].相较于R1, R2中PN含量显著下降,但PS含量却呈现增加趋势,导致PN/PS比值从5.48降至2.49.相关研究表明,PN/PS比值的变化与污泥的聚集性能呈正相关,较高的PN/PS比值有利于AGS抵抗外部环境压力[33].因此,PS-NPs降低了AGS颗粒的耐受能力,使其难以抵御NPs的负面作用.
此外,对AGS颗粒中EPS-PN的二级结构进行进一步分析.图2(c)所示,在阶段一时,R2中具有微生物细胞聚集作用的β-折叠的含量比R1高出30.43%[34],表明PS-NPs的短期暴露增强了AGS颗粒的致密性以抵抗外部压力.然而,随着PS-NPs暴露时间的延长,R2中β-折叠的相对百分含量降低,且与AGS颗粒结构密实正相关的α-螺旋/(β-折叠+无规则卷曲)的比例下降.这说明长期暴露于PS-NPs下会导致EPS中的PN结构松散,从而影响AGS颗粒的结构稳定性[35].
氧化应激系统被认为是污染物引发微生物毒性反应的主要机制.如图3(a)所示,R2中ROS的相对含量始终超过R1,其波动范围为115.38%~118.99%.这种现象的潜在原因是PS-NPs会通过自由基及催化反应诱导细胞内产生过量的ROS,进而导致细胞内氧化和抗氧化过程之间的动态平衡被破坏[36].当PS-NPs诱导细胞氧化应激后,微生物会分泌多种抗氧化酶以抵御其毒性作用,其中包括SOD和CAT.SOD是将超氧自由基转化为过氧化氢的关键酶,而CAT则有助于清除过氧化氢,将其代谢为氧气和水[37].如图3(b)和3(c)所示,在投加PS-NPs后,R2中SOD的含量呈现持续增加趋势,在阶段三时其含量相较于R1增长60.52%(P<0.05).这表明PS-NPs刺激微生物分泌较多的SOD以抵御过量的ROS.然而,R2中CAT的含量相较于R1呈现先减少后增加的趋势,在阶段一和阶段二分别下降了3.61%和13.95%(P<0.05),随后在阶段三提高至107.51%.该结果表明尽管PS-NPs的短期冲击抑制微生物分泌CAT,但AGS自身的抗氧化调节机制仍有抵抗PS-NPs长期暴露带来负面影响的潜力.
微生物通过抗氧化系统清除了部分ROS,但仍有剩余的ROS扰乱氧化还原平衡,引发炎症反应并损伤细胞膜[38],这会导致细胞内源酶LDH释放到细胞外基质中.图3(d)展示了AGS反应器中LDH的泄露情况.与R1相比,R2的LDH含量在阶段一增长了95.96%,这与ROS相对含量增加的结果一致.随着PS-NPs暴露时间的延长,LDH含量呈现波动性增长趋势,在阶段三时R2的LDH含量较R1提高了51.27% (P<0.05).这意味着细胞膜的完整性受到破坏[39].分析认为,PS-NPs对AGS微生物造成了不可逆的细胞膜损伤,这可能是导致系统稳定性下降的原因之一.
在门(Phylum)分类水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是AGS反应器中最具有优势的细菌,分别在R1反应器中占比70.34%和15.36%,在R2反应器中占比64.48%和18.81%(图4(a)).其中,作为反应器中的优势菌种,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是去除有机物和氮的关键功能菌[40-41].相较于R1,R2中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度有所降低(5.87%),意味着其对PS-NPs的毒性作用较为敏感,这导致了R2反应器脱氮能力的下降.此外,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)不仅对不利环境条件具有较好的耐受性,并在高分子有机物的降解过程中发挥着重要作用[42].拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)在R2反应器中的相对丰度同比R1增长了22.45%,表明其在PS-NPs暴露的环境中仍具有较好的适应能力.
在纲(Class)分类水平上,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)和噬几丁质菌纲(Chitinophagia)是R1和R2中主要的优势菌纲(图4(b)).其中,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)是主要的EPS产生菌,在维持颗粒结构稳定性方面发挥着重要作用[43].其在R2中的相对丰度相较于R1分别下降了27.17%和17.58%,与EPS含量的下降结果保持一致.同时,这两种菌纲也被认为是反硝化菌纲的主要组成[44],其相对丰度的降低会导致AGS颗粒反硝化能力的下降.此外,β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)能够积累聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)作为碳源和能源的贮藏物质[45],其在R2反应器中的相对丰度相比R1增长了15.73%,潜在原因是该菌纲可在不利环境条件下储存更多的物质以供细胞内源呼吸,维持自身生长[46].类似地,R2中黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)的相对丰度比R1增加了3.63%,这是由于该菌纲可利用高分子有机聚合物作为营养来源[47],具有利用PS-NPs作为碳源维持细胞生长的潜力.而噬几丁质菌纲(Chitinophagia)具有分泌几丁质酶的能力[48],在微生物生长和非特异性胁迫反应中发挥重要作用[49],其在R2的相对丰度比R1高出85.54%,表明噬几丁质菌纲(Chitinophagia)对PS-NPs具有一定的抗性.
在属(Genus)分类水平上,Candidatus Competibacter属、氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)、假丝酵母念珠菌属(Candidatus Contendobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)是两个反应器中的优势菌纲,相对丰度均大于2% (图4(c)).值得注意的是,这5种菌属在R2反应器中的相对丰度相较于R1分别降低了32.13%、12.02%、6.72%、39.28%和12.14%.研究发现,氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)是关键的反硝化细菌属[50],且假丝酵母念珠菌属(Candidatus Contendobacter)中具有丰富的硝酸盐还原酶narG[51].因此,这些菌属相对丰度的下降,可能对AGS系统的反硝化性能造成负面影响.结合上述分析可以发现,PS-NPs的长期暴露会改变AGS反应器的微生物群落结构,降低了脱氮功能菌的相对丰度,同时富集了可利用高分子有机物的功能菌.
在阶段三末期(第80d),将AGS微生物宏基因测序结果与KEGG数据库进行比对,以获得两个反应器中不同代谢通路的相对丰度(如图5(a)所示).AGS颗粒中的微生物一级功能层主要包括细胞过程(4.03%和3.90%)、环境信息处理(5.23%和4.99%)、遗传信息处理(4.15%和4.16%)及代谢(23.76%和23.14%).在环境信息处理功能层中,R2中膜运输通路、信号转导通路、信号分子与相互作用通路的相对丰度分别较R1降低了4.85%(P<0.05),3.92%和9.03%(P<0.05),这意味着R2中微生物群体感应的能力下降.群体感应可以通过调控微生物分泌EPS以维持AGS颗粒的稳定性,进而对其理化性质(例如沉降性和疏水性)产生显著影响[52].此外,代谢功能层在微生物代谢通路中占比最大,也是受NPs影响最显著的通路之一.其中,碳水化合物代谢、辅因子和维生素代谢这两个代谢通路受到较为明显的抑制,在R2中这两种代谢通路的相对丰度分别下降了2.78%和4.27%(P<0.05).这意味着在PS-NPs长期暴露下,微生物的代谢活性受到损害,不利于EPS分泌和AGS微生物群落结构稳定.再者,氨基酸作为塑造微生物群落结构的必需营养物质[53],其代谢通路受到了PS-NPs最显著的抑制,R2中氨基酸代谢通路的相对丰度相比于R1下降了6.13%.进一步分析不同类型氨基酸的代谢途径相对丰度差异(图5(b)).
结果表明,属于芳香族氨基酸类的色氨酸,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸均受到了不同程度的抑制,在R2中分别下降了5.34%,5.84%和4.14%(P<0.05).Wang等[54]指出,芳香族氨基酸具有疏水性特征,其浓度的降低不利于生物絮体的形成和发育.同时,Liang等[55]表明,芳香族氨基酸可以作为反硝化电子传递的电子穿梭体,加速反硝化过程的进行.因此,在PS-NPs的长期暴露下,此类氨基酸的合成减少,不仅导致了AGS颗粒的松散破损,而且对AGS的反硝化过程产生了一定的抑制作用.
为了深入探究PS-NPs对脱氮过程的抑制机理,分析了氮转化功能酶的编码基因相对丰度变化,如图5(c)所示.其中,氨化功能酶AmoCAB和Hao的编码基因相对丰度占比分别为0.13%(R1)和0.10%(R2),硝化功能酶NxrAB的占比分别为5.04%和23.22%,而反硝化功能酶NarGHI、NapAB、NirKS、NorBC和NosZ则占了大多数(94.82%和76.77%),这表明AGS微生物的主要组成为反硝化细菌,也与之前王亚军等[56]的研究一致.进一步分析发现,R2反应器中硝酸盐还原酶NarGHI和NapAB、亚硝酸盐还原酶NirKS、一氧化氮还原酶NorBC和一氧化二氮还原酶NosZ的相对丰度相较于R1均有一定程度的下降.其中,NorBC受到了PS-NPs最严重的抑制作用(下降了66.59%),这表明亚硝酸盐还原为一氧化氮的过程可能是反硝化作用下降的主要限速步骤.综上,PS-NPs通过影响微生物代谢活性和反硝化基因丰度抑制了微生物的氮代谢过程,这最终导致了AGS系统的运行效能和颗粒稳定性降低.
3.1 PS-NPs的长期暴露影响AGS系统运行效能,20mg/L浓度下对有机物和磷酸盐的去除影响不大,但抑制了系统的脱氮过程(氨氮去除率降低21.98%,TN去除率降低41.31%).
3.2 PS-NPs的长期暴露对AGS的EPS分泌具有抑制作用,导致EPS总量下降36%,且PN的二级结构发生改变,这不利于微生物之间的聚集和AGS的结构稳定性.
3.3 PS-NPs的长期暴露诱导细胞产生氧化应激反应,导致细菌细胞膜结构破损,对AGS微生物造成了不可逆的损伤.因此,微生物的群落结构随之改变.PS-NPs降低了反硝化功能菌和EPS产生菌的相对丰度,同时富集了对PS-NPs具有一定抗性的菌种.
3.4 PS-NPs的长期暴露抑制了微生物碳水化合物代谢与辅因子和维生素代谢的活性,特别是对于芳香类氨基酸的分泌具有负面影响,影响了反硝化的电子传递过程和颗粒结构的稳定性.
3.5 PS-NPs的长期暴露导致编码反硝化功能酶的基因相对丰度降低,其中亚硝酸盐还原为一氧化氮步骤受影响最为明显,影响了微生物的氮代谢过程.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370029; 52270025)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370029; 52270025)
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    重庆大学环境与生态学院,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点试验室,重庆 400045

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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