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We systematically investigated the effects of two model foulants, sodium alginate (SA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), on the efficiency of the PRO process and organic fouling behavior on both sides of the membrane when natural seawater was used as the draw solution. The presence of foulants in the feed solution led to the flux reduction caused by the fouling within the support layer, in which the fluxes of SA and BSA decreased by 42.54% and 30.99%, respectively. When filtering BSA with smaller particle size instead of SA, it led to a more significant membrane fouling due to the blockage of internal pores in the support layer. The flux was 10.08% lower in SA filtration compared to BSA in the presence of model foulants in the draw solution, with fouling behavior primarily existed on the membrane surface. According to the XDLVO theory, the interfacial energy barrier of SA towards the feed solution side was lower than that towards the support layer side, leading to less repulsion with the active layer side of the membrane and increased membrane fouling. Conversely, BSA showed lower repulsion towards the membrane support layer side, suggesting that BSA existed on the feed solution side lead to more significant membrane fouling behavior, resulting in greater flux loss.

, correspAuthors=Lin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-han WANG, Xin-yu JU, Cheng-long ZHENG, Yu-jie ZHU, Zhi-chao HUANG, Tao WANG, Xiao-zhen LU, Lin WANG, Zhao LI, Fei-yong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106395415598053, articleId=1234106386620142206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=有机污染对天然海水驱动PRO工艺效能的影响, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以天然海水作为汲取液,考察了海藻酸钠(SA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)两种模型污染物对压力延迟渗透工艺(PRO)效能及膜两侧的有机污染影响.研究表明,当原料液含有污染物时,支撑层内部的污染是造成通量下降的主要原因,其中SA和BSA的通量分别下降了42.54%和30.99%.相比于过滤SA的情况下,过滤粒径更小的BSA会堵塞支撑层内部孔隙进而造成更为严重的膜污染.而汲取液中含有模型污染物时,过滤结束时SA的通量比BSA的通量低10.08%,且污染主要集中于膜表面.这主要是因为活性层侧施加的压力和海水中二价金属阳离子的存在导致粘度较高的SA更容易在膜表面聚集并发生交联,从而形成比小分子BSA更为紧密的污染层进而加重了膜污染.通过XDLVO理论发现,SA添加在汲取液一侧的界面能垒比在原料液一侧更小,因此其与膜活性层侧的排斥作用更小,膜污染更加严重.而BSA则与之相反,与膜支撑层一侧排斥力更小,表明BSA在原料液一侧时具有更严重的膜污染行为,从而造成更严重的通量损失.

, correspAuthors=王琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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王一涵(2000-),女,山东临沂人,山东建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理方向.发表论文3篇..

, authorsList=王一涵, 鞠欣雨, 郑成龙, 朱宇洁, 黄志超, 王涛, 路孝振, 王琳, 李照, 陈飞勇)}, authors=[Author(id=1234106397294645292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386620142206, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=19511569967@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1234106397433057338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386620142206, authorId=1234106397294645292, language=EN, stringName=Yi-han WANG, firstName=Yi-han, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji’nan 250101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1234106397584052304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386620142206, authorId=1234106397294645292, language=CN, stringName=王一涵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.山东建筑大学市政与环境工程学院,山东 济南 250101, bio={"content":"

王一涵(2000-),女,山东临沂人,山东建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理方向.发表论文3篇..

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王一涵(2000-),女,山东临沂人,山东建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理方向.发表论文3篇..

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Characteristics of seawater quality

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指标含量
TOC(mg/L)2.17±0.2
UV254(cm-1)0.016±0.002
pH值8.385±0.2
电导(mS/cm)50.45±0.2
总溶解固体(g/L)21.23±0.2
K+(g/L)0.412
Na+(g/L)9.622
Mg2+(g/L)1.105
Ca2+(g/L)0.267
Cl- (g/L)18.206
SO42- (g/L)2.398
HCO32- (g/L)0.103
Br-(g/L)0.0585
B(g/L)0.00346
), ArticleFig(id=1234106407985927030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386620142206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海水水质特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标含量
TOC(mg/L)2.17±0.2
UV254(cm-1)0.016±0.002
pH值8.385±0.2
电导(mS/cm)50.45±0.2
总溶解固体(g/L)21.23±0.2
K+(g/L)0.412
Na+(g/L)9.622
Mg2+(g/L)1.105
Ca2+(g/L)0.267
Cl- (g/L)18.206
SO42- (g/L)2.398
HCO32- (g/L)0.103
Br-(g/L)0.0585
B(g/L)0.00346
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有机污染对天然海水驱动PRO工艺效能的影响
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王一涵 1 , 鞠欣雨 1 , 郑成龙 1 , 朱宇洁 1 , 黄志超 1 , 王涛 1 , 路孝振 3 , 王琳 1, 2, * , 李照 1, 2 , 陈飞勇 2
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3143-3150
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3143-3150
有机污染对天然海水驱动PRO工艺效能的影响
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王一涵1 , 鞠欣雨1, 郑成龙1, 朱宇洁1, 黄志超1, 王涛1, 路孝振3, 王琳1, 2, * , 李照1, 2, 陈飞勇2
作者信息
  • 1.山东建筑大学市政与环境工程学院,山东 济南 250101
  • 2.山东建筑大学资源与环境创新研究院,山东 济南 250101
  • 3.湖南大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410000
  • 王一涵(2000-),女,山东临沂人,山东建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理方向.发表论文3篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
The effect of organic fouling on the performance of natural seawater-driven PRO process
Yi-han WANG1 , Xin-yu JU1, Cheng-long ZHENG1, Yu-jie ZHU1, Zhi-chao HUANG1, Tao WANG1, Xiao-zhen LU3, Lin WANG1, 2, * , Zhao LI1, 2, Fei-yong CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji’nan 250101, China
  • 2.Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji’nan 250101, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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以天然海水作为汲取液,考察了海藻酸钠(SA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)两种模型污染物对压力延迟渗透工艺(PRO)效能及膜两侧的有机污染影响.研究表明,当原料液含有污染物时,支撑层内部的污染是造成通量下降的主要原因,其中SA和BSA的通量分别下降了42.54%和30.99%.相比于过滤SA的情况下,过滤粒径更小的BSA会堵塞支撑层内部孔隙进而造成更为严重的膜污染.而汲取液中含有模型污染物时,过滤结束时SA的通量比BSA的通量低10.08%,且污染主要集中于膜表面.这主要是因为活性层侧施加的压力和海水中二价金属阳离子的存在导致粘度较高的SA更容易在膜表面聚集并发生交联,从而形成比小分子BSA更为紧密的污染层进而加重了膜污染.通过XDLVO理论发现,SA添加在汲取液一侧的界面能垒比在原料液一侧更小,因此其与膜活性层侧的排斥作用更小,膜污染更加严重.而BSA则与之相反,与膜支撑层一侧排斥力更小,表明BSA在原料液一侧时具有更严重的膜污染行为,从而造成更严重的通量损失.

压力延迟渗透  /  有机污染  /  海水  /  界面能垒

We systematically investigated the effects of two model foulants, sodium alginate (SA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), on the efficiency of the PRO process and organic fouling behavior on both sides of the membrane when natural seawater was used as the draw solution. The presence of foulants in the feed solution led to the flux reduction caused by the fouling within the support layer, in which the fluxes of SA and BSA decreased by 42.54% and 30.99%, respectively. When filtering BSA with smaller particle size instead of SA, it led to a more significant membrane fouling due to the blockage of internal pores in the support layer. The flux was 10.08% lower in SA filtration compared to BSA in the presence of model foulants in the draw solution, with fouling behavior primarily existed on the membrane surface. According to the XDLVO theory, the interfacial energy barrier of SA towards the feed solution side was lower than that towards the support layer side, leading to less repulsion with the active layer side of the membrane and increased membrane fouling. Conversely, BSA showed lower repulsion towards the membrane support layer side, suggesting that BSA existed on the feed solution side lead to more significant membrane fouling behavior, resulting in greater flux loss.

pressure retarded osmosis  /  organic fouling  /  seawater  /  interfacial energy barrier
王一涵, 鞠欣雨, 郑成龙, 朱宇洁, 黄志超, 王涛, 路孝振, 王琳, 李照, 陈飞勇. 有机污染对天然海水驱动PRO工艺效能的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3143 -3150 .
Yi-han WANG, Xin-yu JU, Cheng-long ZHENG, Yu-jie ZHU, Zhi-chao HUANG, Tao WANG, Xiao-zhen LU, Lin WANG, Zhao LI, Fei-yong CHEN. The effect of organic fouling on the performance of natural seawater-driven PRO process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3143 -3150 .
近年来,盐差能作为新兴清洁能源中的重要组成部分,其基于淡水和盐水之间的盐浓度梯度驱动进行产能的机制受到了能源与环境领域的广泛关注[1-4].在众多盐差能转化技术中,压力延迟渗透(PRO)工艺作为一种新兴绿色膜工艺,凭借环境友好的特性逐渐成为膜法可再生能源领域的研究热点.该工艺通过在高盐差能(汲取液)一侧施加低于两种溶液渗透压差的外压,在利用不同水体盐差能发电的同时可以实现水质净化的目的[5-8].此外,PRO工艺常与纳滤、反渗透等膜分离技术结合,在降低整体工艺能耗的同时,对实现浓盐水高效回收利用也具有积极作用[9-11].结合相关中试规模研究的结果发现,将PRO与海水反渗透(SWRO)工艺联用可使SWRO工艺能耗降低约20%[10].
然而,在实际运用过程中,PRO膜需要接触成分复杂的多种水体,工艺的产能效率受到膜污染的严重影响,污染物的存在增强了膜内部浓差极化和膜表面结垢现象,进而显著降低了有效渗透压和功率密度.其中,天然水体中的溶解性有机物(DOMs)是主要的膜污染来源之一[12-17],相关研究表明水体中的天然有机物会造成更加严重的通量损失,同时水体中的复杂离子成分会进一步加重有机污染[18].此外,由于PRO工艺外加压力的存在,增加了汲取液中的污染物在膜表面的吸附行为,然而目前关于PRO膜工艺的研究多集中于同一侧膜污染的配水实验,供能侧和原水侧的有机污染对天然海水驱动下对PRO膜污染行为尚不明确.
为保证PRO的机械稳定性和更高的能量密度,本实验采用活性层朝向汲取液(AL-DS)的运行模式,以天然海水作为汲取液,将海藻酸钠(SA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)作为模型有机污染物,分别代表天然水体中的多糖类有机物和蛋白质类有机物[19-20],考察膜两侧有机污染对PRO工艺效能的影响,并结合膜阻力、扫描电镜分析(SEM)及XDLVO理论探究了PRO膜的污染机理,旨在为今后PRO工艺的实际应用提供参考.
海水水样取自青岛黄岛附近海域,取样点位于青岛黄岛区中国科学院海洋研究所,水质特征如表1所示.目标污染物海藻酸钠、牛血清蛋白均为分析纯,污染实验的初始TOC浓度为10mg/L.
实验仪器:离子色谱仪(戴安ICS-1100);电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(铂金埃尔默AvioTM200);总有机碳测定仪(岛津TOC-LCPH);紫外-可见光分光光度计(Hach,DR6000);三维荧光光谱分析仪(日立F-7100);HPSEC-UV-TOC凝胶色谱仪系统(Waters e2695,Alliance);纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪(马尔文ZETASIZER NANO ZS);水接触角测试仪(KRUSS DSA25);固体表面Zeta电位分析仪(安东帕SurPASS3);热场发射扫描电镜(蔡司GeminSEM300).
实验材料:Fluid Technology Solutions (FTS. Inc)制造的OsmoF2OTM三醋酸纤维(CTA)膜,属于非对称结构,粗糙且疏松一侧为支撑层,光滑且致密一侧为活性层.
PRO装置如图1所示,膜片有效面积为42cm2,采AL-DS的运行模式.
天然海水使用前用0.45μm滤膜过滤,去除水中悬浮物质.以天然海水作汲取液(DS),10mmol/L NaCl(模拟天然地表水盐浓度)的背景溶液为原料液进行海水基线实验.同时,为考察海水本底TOC对污染实验的影响,采用0.5mol/L NaCl汲取液(与海水盐浓度相近)进行对照基线实验.污染实验开始前至少预压30min以保持通量稳定.而后进行8h的污染实验,将目标污染物分别添加到原料液(FS)或汲取液一侧并保持初始TOC浓度为10mg/L,汲取液一侧的初始TOC包含海水本底值.在污染实验结束后对污染后的膜进行膜阻力分析,以探究污染物在膜上分布情况.除特殊说明外,本实验均在汲取液一侧施加6bar的操作压力,流速维持在(1000±20)mL/min,温度维持在(22±0.2)℃.
水通量[Jw,L/(m2·h)]由原料液侧天平监测的重量变化,采用下式计算:
式中:Δm为Δt时间内原料液一侧质量变化量,g/min;ρ为水的密度,g/cm3;A为膜面积,m2.
PRO工艺产能的功率密度(W,W/m2)的计算公式:
式中:ΔP是汲取液一侧施加的操作压力,bar;1/36是单位转换系数.
计算PRO运行过程中对原料液中污染物的去除率、截留率以及吸附量.其公式如下[21]:
式中:Cf(t)Cf(0)t和0时刻进料溶液中污染物的浓度,mg/L;Vf(t)Vf(0)t和0时刻进料溶液侧穿过膜的渗透体积,mL;Cd(t)Cd(t-1)tt-1时刻汲取液中污染物浓度,mg/L;Vd(t)Vd(t-1)为汲取液在tt-1时刻体积,mL;Am为PRO膜的实际有效面积,m2;Cp(t)t时刻汲取液中有机物实际渗透浓度,mg/L;Vp(t)t时刻累计渗透到汲取液中的水的体积,mL.
通过膜阻力实验分析了污染物在膜上分布情况,其计算公式如下[22]:
式中:ΔQ为跨膜压差,定义为膜两侧的渗透压(ΔΠ)和操作压力(ΔP)之差,Pa;μ为汲取液的粘度系数;Rt为膜总阻力,m-1;Rm为膜本身和溶液浓差极化引起的膜固有阻力,m-1;Rs为支撑层表面污染物沉积产生的表面阻力,m-1;Rp为支撑层内孔隙堵塞引起的内部阻力,m-1.
在实验过程中,随着汲取液的不断稀释和膜的内浓差极化共同作用下,有效跨膜压差不断减小,污染实验水通量的下降归因于膜污染和跨膜渗透驱动力减少的共同作用.因此进行基线实验,以量化渗透驱动力下降导致的水通量下降情况.为了直观分析污染物对PRO膜通量造成的影响,对污染实验的水通量进行标准化分析,计算公式如下:
式中:J污染t时刻的污染实验通量,L/(m2·h);J基线t时刻基线实验的通量(本实验中J基线为海水基线),L/(m2·h).
根据污染物的颗粒尺寸(dp)、Zeta电位(ζf)、接触角和膜表面Zeta电位(ζm)、接触角,通过XDLVO理论计算出污染物与PRO间的界面能垒[23-24].其计算公式如下:
式中:UABULWUEL分别表示酸碱作用能、范德华作用能、静电双电层作用能;h表示污染物与膜表面间距;UTOT是关于h的函数,UTOT的最大值即为界面能垒ΔEb.ΔEb越大表明污染物与膜之间的排斥作用越大,污染物分子越不容易吸附在膜上[24-25].
图2(a)所示,多糖类SA的UV响应值较低表明其不饱和性较小,蛋白类BSA的UV响应值较高表明其含有一定的芳香性不饱和键或双键.如图2(b)所示,目标有机物主要峰值对应的AMWTOC为:SA(456845Da)>BSA(42330Da)[26-27].
二价金属阳离子会与有机污染物反应进而引起污染物粒径变化[28],鉴于海水成分的复杂性,选取如表1所示海水中含量最多的钙镁离子进行研究,将两种目标污染物添加在与海水中钙镁离子相同浓度的溶液中并与其原有粒径对比.结果如图2(c)所示,发现在钙镁离子的作用下SA所占百分数最大的粒径尺寸变小,由原来的255nm减小到58.5nm,而BSA的粒径基本维持在3.6~15.6nm,说明钙镁离子对SA粒径的影响高于BSA.
将单一目标污染物添加在原料液(FS)一侧,以天然海水作为汲取液(DS),并在汲取液一侧施加6bar的操作压力,探究其对PRO工艺效能的影响.
图3(a)所示,将0.5mol/L NaCl的基线与海水基线相比较发现,NaCl基线的整体通量略高于海水基线,同时在t≤120min的前期阶段下降较快,而后趋于与海水基线相似趋势,这可能与海水中自身存在的有机物有关.在污染实验过滤时间结束时,BSA和SA的水通量和功率密度损失分别为42.54%和30.99%,这表明BSA比SA造成了更为严重的膜污染和功率密度损失.
图3(b)所示,PRO膜对小分子BSA的截留率为80.01%,远低于大分子SA的截留率(95.35%),同时与之对应BSA在膜上的吸附量远高于SA,说明PRO膜对大分子类污染物具有更高的去除率.由膜阻力分析(图3(c))可知,BSA的总膜阻力比SA更高,这与水通量下降结果和吸附量结果一致.SA的膜表面阻力(Rs)略高于膜内部阻力(Rp),表明大分子SA造成的膜污染主要存在于膜支撑层表面[29],而BSA污染后的Rp占总阻力的32.58%,明显高于Rs,说明小分子BSA造成的膜污染多存在于膜支撑层内部[30].
将污染物添加位置由原料液变更为汲取液一侧,使汲取液一侧TOC提升至10mg/L(包含海水本底值),并保持其他实验条件与2.2节相同,探究汲取液一侧的污染物对PRO膜的污染情况.
图4(a)所示,当BSA或SA添加到原料液一侧时观察到与其添加到汲取液一侧(图3(a))相反的通量下降情况,在480min的过滤周期内SA在活性层侧造成了比BSA更为严重的通量下降,过滤结束时SA与BSA的通量降幅分别为39.73%和29.86%,即SA造成了比BSA更严重的膜污染和功率密度损失.这一通量下降情况与纳滤膜污染的研究结论相似[31],这可能与PRO工艺运行时在汲取液一侧施加的压力有关,为获取额外的产能在汲取液一侧加压,在压力作用下污染物会在膜表面沉积形成污染,同时图4(b)的膜阻力分析可知两种污染物的Rs均远大于Rp,说明两种污染物质添加在汲取液一侧时污染大多集中在膜活性层表面,进入不了膜内部,同时SA由于自身粘度较高,且尺寸远大于BSA,在过滤的初始阶段在膜表面大量附着,形成了凝胶层.凝胶层的形成引起的浓差极化现象使SA造成的污染通量大幅下降,从而造成了比BSA更为严重的膜污染.如图4(c)所示,发现在480min的实验结束时,SA和BSA污染添加在原料液一侧的比通量值分别为0.85和0.72,这与其在汲取液一侧的比通量值下降规律相反,即SA和BSA分别在汲取液一侧和原料液一侧存在时造成的通量下降程度更大.
SA和BSA添加在膜两侧时具有不同的污染表现.SA主要为表面污染,且在活性层表面造成的污染比支撑层表面更严重.而BSA添加在原料液一侧时主要为支撑层内部污染,而在汲取液一侧主要为活性层表面污染,与SA污染相反,其在原料液一侧即支撑层内部的污染更为严重.
图5所示,SA污染后的膜表面会形成大体积的污染物结构,而BSA造成的污染则较为稀疏分散.同时由EDX元素分析可以发现,以海水作为汲取液时,在支撑层一侧几乎检测不出明显的钙镁元素,表明PRO膜对二价离子的截留率较为优异,且钙镁离子对支撑层一侧污染物影响较小.而活性层一侧SA污染的膜表面可以检测出明显的钙镁元素,这可能与海水中存在的二价金属阳离子与SA的交联作用有关[32].例如,钙离子会和有机污染物的羧基官能团结合并提高有机物分子之间的作用力,该作用力使分子之间相互桥接形成凝聚体并逐渐沉积附着于膜表面,因此形成致密的滤饼层并加重膜污染.而BSA污染的膜表面并没有检测出明显的钙元素含量,说明相比于SA,BSA受钙离子影响程度更小,这归因于BSA的羧基官能团较少从而与钙离子交联的机会有限,因此不易与其发生交联反应[33].
为进一步说明SA和BSA在PRO膜不同侧的污染机理,结合XDLVO理论测定了污染物与膜之间的界面能垒.由图6可知,SA在支撑层和活性层侧的界面能垒分别为29.53×10-21,10.33×10-21J,高于BSA的界面能垒0.79×10-21,1.25×10-21J,这表明SA和PRO膜的排斥作用力比BSA更大,即粒径更大的污染物更不易吸附在膜表面.同时观察到两种污染物在膜两侧出现了不同的界面能垒变化趋势,BSA在支撑层侧的界面能垒更小,即其与支撑层表面的排斥力更小,污染更加严重,这与上述通量下降结果一致.而SA则与之相反,其在活性层表面具有更小的界面能垒,这可能是由于海水中二价金属阳离子与SA发生交联反应,SA粒径变小的同时自身粘附性增强,因此在活性层表面造成了更为严重的膜污染.
图7(a)和(b)所示,当两种污染物添加在原料液一侧时,在有效渗透压的作用下,水分子由原料液一侧向汲取液一侧运动,污染物随着水分子的运动在膜支撑层侧逐渐堆积.其中,BSA由于较小的粒径可以进入膜孔隙内部造成更为深层的污染,使膜孔堵塞膜内浓差极化增大进而表现为水通量的大幅下降,而线状大分子的SA大部分被截留在支撑层表面从而不能对膜孔隙内部造成污染,最终导致BSA的污染程度较轻.
当污染存在于活性层一侧时(图7(c)和(d)),由于汲取液一侧压力的存在,驱动污染物向膜活性层侧靠近,吸附于膜表面进而导致活性层一侧发生膜污染.SA由于粘度较高更容易附着在膜表面造成污染,同时海水中钙离子的存在使SA之间发生交联反应,使其更易相互聚集黏附在活性层表面形成比BSA更为紧密的污染层,因此造成的膜污染更加严重[25].
3.1 当原料液含有污染物时,BSA和SA的污染通量分别降低了42.54%和30.99%,BSA造成的污染比SA更严重.这是由于BSA粒径更小,因此更容易进入膜支撑层内部加剧膜孔堵塞,从而导致更为严重的通量下降.通过膜阻力分析可知,大分子量的SA更容易污染膜表面.因此,在AL-DS模式下,原料液中存在有机物时,发生于支撑层内部的污染行为是造成功率密度损失和通量下降的主要原因.
3.2 两种目标污染物存在于汲取液一侧时,SA的污染通量比BSA低10.08%,SA所造成的污染比BSA更为严重.这归因于粘度较大的大分子量SA更容易被光滑致密的活性层所截留,并且由于外加压力和海水中钙镁离子的交联作用导致其在活性层表面大量聚集,从而形成了比BSA更为致密的污染层.
3.3 XDLVO理论表明两种污染物在膜两侧的界面能垒的变化趋势相反.BSA在支撑层侧时界面能垒比活性层侧更小,而SA由于自身粘度和海水中钙镁离子导致的粒径的变化,使其在活性层侧具有更小的界面能垒.这表明SA和活性层及BSA与支撑层接触时的排斥作用较小,从而导致更为严重的膜污染和通量下降情况.
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(51708337)
  • 山东建筑大学博士基金(XNBS1629)
  • 山东省“青创人才引育计划”立项建设团队“水环境绿色修复技术研究创新团队”
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(51708337)
山东建筑大学博士基金(XNBS1629)
山东省“青创人才引育计划”立项建设团队“水环境绿色修复技术研究创新团队”
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    1.山东建筑大学市政与环境工程学院,山东 济南 250101
    2.山东建筑大学资源与环境创新研究院,山东 济南 250101
    3.湖南大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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