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This study evaluated the short-term, acute impacts of elevated Cu(II) and Cr(VI) concentrations on the nitrogen-removal efficiency, microbial community composition, and predicted metabolic responses of anammox granular sludge. Results showed that 12mg/L Cu(II) induced a temporary inhibition of anammox activity. In contrast, 8mg/L Cr(VI) caused a near-complete cessation of nitrogen removal. High concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) decreased the relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia by 4.86% and 2.88%, respectively, indicating that heavy metals likely impair anammox performance by directly inhibiting key anammox bacteria. Functional-prediction analysis (PICRUSt2) suggested that, under Cu(II) and Cr(VI) stress, the anammox community upregulated pathways associated with cell motility, energy metabolism, chemotaxis, signal transduction, and xenobiotic biodegradation—presumably as adaptive responses to mitigate toxicity.

, correspAuthors=Chong-yang XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-min FU, Ji-chun BAI, Wen-ke LIU, You-peng CHEN, Shun-li CHENG, Chong-yang XING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106393381360423, articleId=1234106386443981437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=急性Cu(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)对Anammox脱氮及微生物群落的影响, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文研究了高浓度重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)污泥脱氮效率、微生物群落和菌群代谢的短期急性影响.结果表明,12mg/L Cu(Ⅱ)短期会对anammox颗粒污泥的脱氮性能产生抑制作用,暂时抑制脱氮能力.8mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)会对anammox颗粒脱氮性能产生显著的抑制,反应几乎停滞.高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的添加导致反应器中anammox菌Candidatus_Kuenenia分别下降4.86%和2.88%,因此得出高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)可能通过抑制anammox菌的活性进而抑制anammox颗粒的脱氮性能.菌群功能预测分析表明anammox群落可能通过提高细胞运动性、新陈代谢、细胞运动过程和信号以及异种生物降解和代谢等方面代谢活性来抵抗Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的压力.

, correspAuthors=邢崇阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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傅慧敏(1992-),男,河南林州人,助理研究员,博士,主要污水生物处理研究.发表论文10余篇..

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傅慧敏(1992-),男,河南林州人,助理研究员,博士,主要污水生物处理研究.发表论文10余篇..

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傅慧敏(1992-),男,河南林州人,助理研究员,博士,主要污水生物处理研究.发表论文10余篇..

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Specific primers and nucleotide sequences used in DNA amplification

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测序区域引物名称引物序列
338F_806R338FACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
806RGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
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DNA扩增所用的特异性引物及核苷酸序列

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测序区域引物名称引物序列
338F_806R338FACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
806RGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
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急性Cu(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)对Anammox脱氮及微生物群落的影响
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傅慧敏 1 , 白继春 1 , 刘文科 1 , 陈猷鹏 2 , 程顺利 3 , 邢崇阳 1, 4, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3020-3027
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3020-3027
急性Cu(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)对Anammox脱氮及微生物群落的影响
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傅慧敏1 , 白继春1, 刘文科1, 陈猷鹏2, 程顺利3, 邢崇阳1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.重庆工商大学环境与资源学院,重庆 400067
  • 2.重庆大学,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045
  • 3.河南省科学院,河南 郑州 4500464
  • 4.国家电投集团远达环保工程有限公司,重庆 401122
  • 傅慧敏(1992-),男,河南林州人,助理研究员,博士,主要污水生物处理研究.发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
Acute effects of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) on anammox nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure
Hui-min FU1 , Ji-chun BAI1, Wen-ke LIU1, You-peng CHEN2, Shun-li CHENG3, Chong-yang XING1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environments, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
  • 3.Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 4.SPIC Yuanda Environmental Protection Engineering Co., td., Chongqing 401122, China).
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文研究了高浓度重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)污泥脱氮效率、微生物群落和菌群代谢的短期急性影响.结果表明,12mg/L Cu(Ⅱ)短期会对anammox颗粒污泥的脱氮性能产生抑制作用,暂时抑制脱氮能力.8mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)会对anammox颗粒脱氮性能产生显著的抑制,反应几乎停滞.高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的添加导致反应器中anammox菌Candidatus_Kuenenia分别下降4.86%和2.88%,因此得出高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)可能通过抑制anammox菌的活性进而抑制anammox颗粒的脱氮性能.菌群功能预测分析表明anammox群落可能通过提高细胞运动性、新陈代谢、细胞运动过程和信号以及异种生物降解和代谢等方面代谢活性来抵抗Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的压力.

厌氧氨氧化  /  重金属  /  微生物群落  /  高通量测序  /  菌群代谢

This study evaluated the short-term, acute impacts of elevated Cu(II) and Cr(VI) concentrations on the nitrogen-removal efficiency, microbial community composition, and predicted metabolic responses of anammox granular sludge. Results showed that 12mg/L Cu(II) induced a temporary inhibition of anammox activity. In contrast, 8mg/L Cr(VI) caused a near-complete cessation of nitrogen removal. High concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) decreased the relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia by 4.86% and 2.88%, respectively, indicating that heavy metals likely impair anammox performance by directly inhibiting key anammox bacteria. Functional-prediction analysis (PICRUSt2) suggested that, under Cu(II) and Cr(VI) stress, the anammox community upregulated pathways associated with cell motility, energy metabolism, chemotaxis, signal transduction, and xenobiotic biodegradation—presumably as adaptive responses to mitigate toxicity.

anammox  /  heavy metals  /  microbial community  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  microbial metabolism
傅慧敏, 白继春, 刘文科, 陈猷鹏, 程顺利, 邢崇阳. 急性Cu(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)对Anammox脱氮及微生物群落的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3020 -3027 .
Hui-min FU, Ji-chun BAI, Wen-ke LIU, You-peng CHEN, Shun-li CHENG, Chong-yang XING. Acute effects of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) on anammox nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3020 -3027 .
与传统的生物脱氮过程相比,厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)具有无需有机碳源和氧气、运行成本低、占地面积小、污泥产量少,适合处理低C/N废水等优势.Anammox虽被认为是最经济的生物脱氮工艺之一[1],但anammox菌倍增周期长,反应器启动慢,运行效率易受水质波动,对环境条件高度敏感[2].
重金属在各种的工业废水和城市污水中广泛存在.当水体中存在重金属的浓度超过正常范围时会对水处理反应装置提出更高的要求.当Anammox工艺被用于处理高浓度的重金属废水时,anammox菌群如何应对重金属离子的毒害作用,一直有待研究[3-5].
微量金属虽为多种酶或辅酶的必需组分,在微量条件下可促进anammox活性,但当Cu(Ⅱ)浓度超过约20~30mg/L时,短期内即可引发显著抑制乃至细胞裂解,而在0~1mg/L低浓度范围内,Cu(Ⅱ)又能将最大氮去除率提升近两倍[6-9].此外,适量的多金属组合(如Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ))在1~7mg/L水平可通过协同效应提高脱氮效率约50%[7].现有研究在不同反应器类型和污泥形态下得出的抑制阈值差异较大,但多集中于性能指标变化,鲜有将高通量测序和功能基因分析相结合,深入揭示急性重金属胁迫下anammox微生物群落演替及其代谢响应机制[10-11].
因此,本研究采用重金属离子批次添加实验,研究高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)急性胁迫对anammox颗粒污泥脱氮效率的短期影响;基于16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究重金属离子抑制作用条件下anammox颗粒污泥中菌落结构的变化;旨在为Anammox工艺在处理含高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)重金属废水方面提供参考.
为了探究Cu(Ⅱ),Cr(Ⅵ)对anammox脱氮效率的影响,将anammox颗粒污泥与一系列浓度Cu(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与亚硝酸盐(NO2-)和氨(NH4+)进行孵育.颗粒污泥来源于培育2年的anammox膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,有效容积为11.0L,水力停留时间(HRT)控制在7.6h,颗粒的挥发性固相(VS)和VS/TS比分别为24.49g/L和0.80.反应器进水氮负荷速率(NLR)设定为10kg N/(m3.d),总氮浓度为400~480mg/L.氨氮和总氮的去除率分别保持在95%和85%左右.选取污泥颗粒粒径为0.5~1mm.通过对以往的研究进行调研,确定实验所用Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度[12-15].本节批次实验总共设置3组,分别为不添加Cu(Ⅱ)离子组(CK)、添加Cu(Ⅱ)离子组(CU)和添加Cr(Ⅵ)离子组(CR),每个组别设置3个平行实验.在实验开始前对CU组和CR组进行为期7d的适应性实验.同时分别在不同浓度的Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)条件下培养3d,CU组实验总共培养时间为21d,CR组实验总共培养时间为19d.颗粒污泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)浓度为22g/L.实验前,用去离子水冲洗颗粒污泥4~5次.所有反应瓶的进水NO2-和NH4+的初始浓度保持一致.采用文献报道的人工合成废水来培养anammox菌[16].其中亚硝氮和氨氮比例约为1.2:1,进水亚硝氮浓度和氨氮的浓度为240和200mg/L.在反应开始前,用N2曝气血清瓶的液相约15min,以消除液相和气相中的氧气.然后用丁基橡胶塞子封住血清瓶,在90r/min左右的恒温摇床中搅拌,温度保持在(32±0.5)℃.利用HCO3-缓冲系统,使反应器中溶液pH值始终保持在8.0~8.5.用带针头注射器每24h从血清瓶中抽取适量的水样,将采集的水样在低温下保存(4℃).水样测试均按照国标法测定.其中,NH4+-N和NO2--N分别采用纳氏试剂分光光度法和N-(1-萘)-乙二胺光度法进行测定[17].
反应器运行结束后,将实验用的anammox颗粒污泥进行研磨处理,添加PBS缓冲液,然后于−80℃冰箱低温保存.采用生工DNA分离试剂盒进行DNA提取,使用生工DNA试剂盒对原始DNA进行定量,然后扩增DNA样本,引物序列使用靶向16S rRNA的V3~V4高变区的338F_806R测序区域(表1),后续通过干冰运输送至上海美吉生物公司进行高通量测序分析,将测序后采集的数据采用贝叶斯算法对相似水平97%的OTU代表序列进行分类学分析,主要包括α多样性分析、物种多样性分析、菌群差异分析、物种分类树分析、β多样性分析和功能预测分析.
对获得的原始测序数据进行质量控制,包括去除低质量序列和接头序列,使用Trimmomatic或Cutadapt等软件进行处理.通过DADA2或QIIME2进行序列去噪和操作性税单元(OTU)或序列变体(ASV)的生成.将处理后的序列进行物种注释(如使用Greengenes或SILVA数据库).功能预测分析基于微生物群落组成,使用PICRUSt2工具进行预测.通过将16S rRNA序列与已知的基因功能数据库(如KEGG、COG等)进行比对,预测样品中的微生物潜在功能特征.功能预测结果经过统计分析(如差异分析或多维尺度分析)以揭示不同样品组间的功能特征差异.
图1(a)所示,当Cu(Ⅱ)浓度分别为2,4,8mg/L时,反应器中的亚硝氮浓度和氨氮浓度与对照组相比偏低;当Cu(Ⅱ)浓度为12mg/L时,反应器中的亚硝氮浓度和氨氮浓度与对照组相比偏高,且当Cu(Ⅱ)浓度为12mg/L时,亚硝氮的去除率从对照组的86.68%下降为31.03%,抑制率达到64.20%.以上结果表明低浓度Cu(Ⅱ)对anammox的脱氮效率有促进作用,高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)对anammox的脱氮效率有抑制作用.以往也研究发现[18],当Cu(Ⅱ)浓度在1~30mg/L范围,随着金属离子浓度升高,脱氮效能逐渐下降,浓度越高,对anammox污泥活性的抑制效果越明显.
图1(b)所示,当Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度为2mg/L时,反应器中的亚硝氮浓度和氨氮浓度与对照组相比偏低,当Cr(Ⅵ)浓度分别为4,8mg/L时,反应器中的亚硝氮浓度和氨氮浓度与对照组相比偏高,且当Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为8mg/L时,亚硝氮的去除率由对照组的75.61%下降为2.5%,抑制率达到96.69%.以上结果表明低浓度Cr(Ⅵ)对anammox颗粒的脱氮效率有促进作用,高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)与高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)相比,对anammox的脱氮效率有着更强的抑制作用.Yu等[19]研究发现当Cr(Ⅵ)浓度从0mg/L升至2mg/L时,anammox污泥颗粒的脱氮效率有所提升,但当Cr(Ⅵ)浓度大于4mg/L时,anammox污泥颗粒的脱氮效率降低.
图2可知,对照组、CU组和CR组的微生物群落结构差异较大.在科水平上,3组样品中共有的菌种有84个科,而对照组独有的菌种有6个科,CU组独有的菌种有11个科,CR组独有的菌种有14个科(图2(a)).通过群落Circos图(属水平)的分析(图2(b))可以看出,3组污泥颗粒样品中优势菌属主要有Candidatus_KueneniaDenitratisomOBL13等.结合属水平上的系统进化树(图3(c))结果可知,浮霉菌门中主要的anammox菌属为Candidatus_Kuenenia,其中CK组的丰度为35.81%,CU组比CK组低2.76%,CR组比CK组低4.67%.变形菌门在反应器中的细菌种类最多,主要分类为DenitratisomaCastellaniellaComamonasThermomonas等,上述变形菌门主要进行反硝化反应与anammox菌竞争NO3-和NO2-,不利于anammox菌脱氮[20-23].在Cu(Ⅱ)组和Cr(Ⅵ)组的变形菌门种类多,这也可能与anammox颗粒独特厌氧环境有关.绿弯菌门含有8个菌属,含量较高的为norank_A4b、OLB15、OLB13、norank_SBR1031.norank_SBR1031是一种厌氧异养细菌,能够帮助去除anammox颗粒污泥在细胞分泌或细胞裂解过程中产生的有机物质,从而进一步稳定anammox颗粒污泥结构[24].norank_A4b、OLB15、OLB13等属于反硝化菌,这些细菌往往与anammox菌共存,二者在功能上相辅相成,这与之前的报道相符.Lawson等[25]的研究表明,anammox菌能够固定CO2,合成氨基酸,形成胞外聚合物,而绿弯菌门的细菌能够分解胞外聚合物,运输氨基酸进入胞内.此外,anammox菌和绿菌门的细菌分别氧化和还原亚硝酸盐,形成一个闭合的亚硝酸盐代谢环路.
图3(a)可知,在门水平上含量比较高的物种主要为Planctomycetota(对照组为40.43%,实验组分别为37.86%和34.30%),在属水平上含量比较高的物种主要为Candidatus_Kuenenia(对照组为37.29%,实验组分别为34.41%和32.42%).进一步分析不同组别细菌丰度差异,结果发现与对照组相比,CU组(添加12mg/L的Cu(Ⅱ))的主要anammox菌Candidatus_Kuenenia下降4.86%(图3(c)),表明高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)抑制了anammox菌的活性,进而导致anammox颗粒的脱氮性能降低.由图3(c)的差异性分析可知,除Candidatus_Kuenenia,具有差异性的DenitratisomaLimnobacterIgnavibacterium、norank_c__SJA-28、norank_f__NS11-12_marine_group、OLB13、norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031和norank_f__A4b菌属均为反硝化菌,在CK组中占比分别为7.58%、2.45%、1.47%、8.24%、1.17%、7.67%、2.22%、11.23%,而在CU组中占比分别为8.62%、3.48%、1.71%、4.82%、1.92%、9.68%、1.78%、9.68%.从上述结果可以看出高浓度的Cu(Ⅱ)会促进DenitratisomaLimnobacterIgnavibacterium、OLB13、norank_f__NS11-12_marine_group、norank_f__A4b等大部分反硝化菌的富集,但抑制了norank_c__SJA-28、norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031等反硝化菌和anammox菌的生长.norank_c__SJA-28具有参与反硝化的能力,同时还含有norBnosZ反硝化重要基因,Cu(Ⅱ)的添加使得该菌属的丰度下降,影响到N2的生成和NO2-的转化,使得亚硝酸盐累积在反应器中,影响到anammox系统的脱氮效率[26-27].Denitratisoma占8.62%,相比对照组增加了1.04%.以往研究发现,该菌属属于兼性厌氧反硝化菌属,在反应器中与Candidatus_Kuenenia竞争NO2-,影响到anammox系统的脱氮效率[20,28-30].Limnobacter占3.48%,相比对照组增加1.03%.该菌属是具有反硝化能力的菌属,具有nar、nirD、nirB等相关基因,能够将亚硝酸根还原,在铜胁迫时减小亚硝酸盐在反应器中的累积,缓解高亚硝酸盐对anammox菌的胁迫[31].同时Limnobacter能够缓冲有机物和重金属等外界不利因素对anammox菌的冲击,缓解冲击主要表现为Limnobacter属细菌显示出了对anammox菌的保护作用,能够减轻反应器中其他细菌死亡后释放的有机物对它们的影响.此外,面对重金属离子的胁迫,Limnobacter表现出了显著的耐受性.它们通过参与硫循环和促进硫酸盐的形成,有效地抵抗了重金属离子的污染[32-34].
图3(d)可以得出,相比较对照组,CR组的norank_c__SJA-28降低了6.22%,与高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)造成的影响基本一致.CR组的Candidatus_Kuenenia占34.41%,相比对照组降低了2.88%.该菌属主要进行anammox作用[35],因此可以看出CR组的anammox反应活性降低,从而影响到anammox的脱氮效率降低.同时CR组的Thermomonas占4.66%,相比对照组增加了4.62%.该菌属具备将反应器中的亚硝酸盐还原的能力,降低亚硝酸盐的积累,从而减轻亚硝酸盐对anammox菌系统胁迫[23,36].CR组的Comamonas占3.27%,相比对照组增加了3.14%.该菌属主要进行硝化和反硝化反应,也可能是由于anammox活性降低,氮素积累诱导其丰度增加[22].与高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)胁迫相似,高浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)会促进反硝化菌的富集,抑制anammox菌的生长,导致整体亚硝氮和氨氮的降解速率变慢.Zhang等[37-38]研究发现在20mg/L的Cd(II)浓度下胁迫180d, anammox脱氮系统中大部分反硝化菌丰度都有所增加.例如,DenitratisomaIgnavibacteriumLimnobacter等.
经过前期实验,可以看出添加高浓度的Cu(Ⅱ)(12mg/L)会对anammox活性产生抑制作用,但在该浓度下anammox菌并未完全失去活性,说明anammox系统可能通过某些方式在抵抗高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)的迫害.但添加高浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)(8mg/L)会导致anammox菌几乎失去活性.因此进一步对3组反应器内的细菌群落KEGG和KO代谢功能差异进行探讨,主要包括代谢、膜转运、信号传递、细胞周期等相关细胞生化过程分析.图4(a)显示,在CU组的蛋白含量相比对照组有着显著的增加,这些蛋白的丰度从高到低为支链氨基酸转运系统ATP结合蛋白、支链氨基酸转运系统底物结合蛋白、铁复合物外膜受体蛋白等(分别对应图4(a)中K01999、K01995、K02014).这些蛋白的主要作用是利用ATP产生的能量转运支链氨基酸穿过细胞膜和调节铁的存储利用和释放,从而影响细菌对铁的利用效率[39-40].CR组此类的蛋白含量相比对照组也有着显著的增加,这些蛋白的丰度从高到低为支链氨基酸转运系统ATP结合蛋白、支链氨基酸转运系统底物结合蛋白、染色体分配蛋白等(分别对应图4(a)中的K01999、K01995、K03496).这些蛋白主要作用是利用ATP产生的能量转运支链氨基酸穿过细胞膜和染色体分配蛋白能够保证细胞分裂过程中,染色体能够正确均匀的分配到新形成的细胞中[40-41].上述的这些蛋白在细胞内的代谢、物质运输、细胞分裂有着重要的作用,是细胞生命活动不可或缺的组成部分.因此,从CU组和CR组的功能代谢结果可以得出当anammox系统在遭受重金属离子的迫害时,anammox群落通过调节细胞内蛋白质的含量来抵抗Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的迫害,这是一种细菌在抵抗高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)压力的一种方式.
图4(b)中可以看出,实验组中(CU组和CR组)有关细胞周期控制、细胞分裂和染色体分裂、次级代谢物生物合成,转运和代谢、RNA加工修饰、转录、胞内转运、分泌和小泡运输等相比对照组表达量均有所增加.Ba等[42]报道在趋化反应里,相比其他重金属,Cu(II)是唯一的化学引诱金属,此外,还有发现镉(Cd)还能促进运动性.Chatterjee等[43]研究发现重金属离子如镉(Cd)、银(Ag)和汞(Hg)能够引起遗传物质的变性、中断细胞分裂、破坏细胞膜、抑制生长和导致细胞溶解.Fu等[44]研究发现受铜胁迫时,细菌通过信号转导途径调节与铜耐受性相关的基因表达,如CusS和CusR的表达,以及与生物膜形成相关的基因表达.当Cu(Ⅱ)外排泵(如CusCBA)的表达和活性受到信号转导途径的调控,这些泵通过质子梯度将Cu(Ⅱ)从细胞内排出.上述文献都是研究细胞在面对重金属离子胁迫时,微观层面的调控过程.从微观层面上来看,当细菌在面对重金属离子胁迫时,主要表现在增强细胞运动、细胞过程和信号转导等方面的基因来抵抗重金属胁迫,通过离子通道外排,加快细胞周期,RNA转录加强等方面来抵抗重金属离子的胁迫.都是通过主动抵抗来面对重金属离子的胁迫.
因此,CU组和CR组在受到高浓度的重金属离子的迫害时通过增加上述相应蛋白的表达,以此来抵御重金属离子的迫害从而保证细胞的正常生长.同时还发现细胞在受到Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的迫害时会通过调节胞内的一些未知蛋白来抵抗高浓度重金属离子的迫害.
3.1 当反应器Cu(Ⅱ)浓度为12mg/L时,Cu(Ⅱ)的存在会对anammox颗粒污泥的脱氮性能产生抑制作用,反应仍可进行.当Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为8mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)会对anammox颗粒脱氮性能产生显著的抑制,反应几乎停滞.
3.2 高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的添加导致反应器中anammox菌属Candidatus_Kuenenia分别下降4.86%和2.88%,由此推测高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)可能通过抑制anammox菌的活性进而抑制anammox颗粒的脱氮性能.
3.3 anammox群落可能通过提高细胞运动性、新陈代谢、细胞运动过程和信号以及异种生物降解和代谢等方面代谢活性来抵抗Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的压力.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42207243)
  • 重庆工商大学高层次人才研究项目(2456003)
  • 重庆市教育委员会科学技术研究项目(KJQN202400811; KJQN202300813)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42207243)
重庆工商大学高层次人才研究项目(2456003)
重庆市教育委员会科学技术研究项目(KJQN202400811; KJQN202300813)
作者信息
    1.重庆工商大学环境与资源学院,重庆 400067
    2.重庆大学,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045
    3.河南省科学院,河南 郑州 4500464
    4.国家电投集团远达环保工程有限公司,重庆 401122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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