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The scientific prevention and effective control of environmental health risks are essential to achieving the vision of a‘Beautiful China’. However, China currently lacks comprehensive guidelines for medium and long-term environmental health risk management. This study discusses the ideal levels of environmental health risk management required to meet key milestones of a‘Beautiful China. Through the review of previous management efforts, we identify several critical challenges: insufficient risk prevention and control system, inadequate regulatory standards for conventional pollutants, and limited research base and understanding of emerging pollutants. In the end, this study concludes by proposing a future management system that prioritizes public health protection through systematic prevention and control of both conventional pollutants and emerging pollutants.

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环境健康风险的科学防范与有效控制是美丽中国建设目标实现的重要基础与核心保障.然而,目前尚未有关于中长期我国环境健康风险管理的具体要求.本研究针对美丽中国建设的3个阶段性目标,探讨了我国环境健康风险管理对应的理想水平.在此基础上,梳理了我国环境健康风险管理进展,总结了当前存在的风险防控体系根基尚不夯实、常规污染物管控标准不严、新污染物研究基础薄弱且底数不清等关键挑战.最终,提出未来我国将构建以保障公众健康为核心,以常规污染物和新污染物的系统防控双轮驱动的环境健康风险防控体系的建设思路及重点工作建议.

, correspAuthors=黄怡宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,硕士,
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毕军(1967-),男,江苏溧阳人,教授,博士,研究方向为环境风险防控、环境管理与政策研究.发表论文500余篇..

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毕军(1967-),男,江苏溧阳人,教授,博士,研究方向为环境风险防控、环境管理与政策研究.发表论文500余篇..

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毕军(1967-),男,江苏溧阳人,教授,博士,研究方向为环境风险防控、环境管理与政策研究.发表论文500余篇..

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Learn about the unregulated contaminant monitoring rule [EB/OL]. https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/learn-about-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule#select2023-07-27/2024-06-12., articleTitle=Learn about the unregulated contaminant monitoring rule, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106406245290716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, awardId=72234003; 72488101, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72234003; 72488101), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106397412085816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397424668730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, companyId=1234106397412085816, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397433057339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, companyId=1234106397412085816, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京大学环境学院,水污染控制与资源绿色循环全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234106397550497867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397558886477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, companyId=1234106397550497867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus, Suzhou 215163, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106397567275086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, companyId=1234106397550497867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京大学前沿科学学院环境与健康研究院,江苏 苏州 215163)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234106403523187270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Important “time-event” timeline of environmental health risk management in China, figureFileSmall=sIMSMlX8hRJCmc2ysQ3wiQ==, figureFileBig=WZOQZUeDFswIpAUpOfmtbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106403661599316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国环境健康风险管理的重要时间—事件, figureFileSmall=sIMSMlX8hRJCmc2ysQ3wiQ==, figureFileBig=WZOQZUeDFswIpAUpOfmtbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106403942617715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Conceptual framework for China's national environmental health risk management system, figureFileSmall=IjmyMOYHKM3sHbmhuKdU3A==, figureFileBig=0JWocuHTnwjtDjTtz/Upkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404110389893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国环境健康风险防控和管理体系思路, figureFileSmall=IjmyMOYHKM3sHbmhuKdU3A==, figureFileBig=0JWocuHTnwjtDjTtz/Upkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404240413330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of Technical specifications for environmental health risk assessment in China

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类型定位涉及的技术规范
框架指南确定环境风险评估整体方法和程序《化学物质环境风险评估技术方法框架性指南(试行)》(环办固体〔2019〕54号),《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777—2021),《生态环境健康风险评估技术指南 总纲》(HJ 1111—2020),《区域环境污染健康风险评估技术导则》(T/CSES 36—2021)
基础技术方法指南明确评估程序关键环节基础技术方法《保护人体健康的优先污染物筛选技术指南》(T/CSES 39—2021),《环境污染物人群暴露评估技术指南》(HJ 875—2017),《环境与健康现场调查技术规范 横断面调查》(HJ 839—2017),《环境健康风险监测技术规范》(T/CESE 53—2022),《暴露参数调查技术规范》(HJ 877—2017),《环境与健康队列调查技术规范》(T/CESE 62—2022),《暴露参数调查基本数据集(HJ 968—2019)》
应用指南细化关键污染物,环境介质,重点行业或风险场地的健康风险评估方法关键污染物:
《二噁英类环境健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CESE 37—2021),《重金属环境健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CSES 38-2021),《多环芳烃环境健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CESE 40—2021)
环境介质:
《大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规范》(WS/T 666—2019),《大气环境健康风险地图编制技术指南》(T/CSES 101-2023),《民用建筑环境空气颗粒物(PM2.5)渗透系数调查技术规范》(HJ 949-2018),《地下水污染健康风险评估工作指南》(环办土壤函〔2019〕770号),《突发水环境事件风险评估技术指南》(T/CESE 103—2023),《儿童土壤摄入量调查技术规范 示踪元素法》(HJ 876—2017)
重点行业:
《炼焦化学工业环境健康风险管控技术指南》(T/CSES 99—2023)
风险场地:
《化工园区有毒有害 气体健康风险监控预警技术指南》(T/CESE 98—2023),《场地土壤污染概率健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CSES 54—2022)
开展分级分区的技术应用《区域环境健康风险分级技术指南》(T/CSES 91—2023),《大气环境健康风险防护区域划定技术规范》(T/CSES 100—2023)
参数手册明确健康风险评估中中国人群本地化暴露参数《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)》,《中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷:0~5岁)》,《中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷:6~17岁)》
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404399796900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国环境健康风险评估技术规范汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型定位涉及的技术规范
框架指南确定环境风险评估整体方法和程序《化学物质环境风险评估技术方法框架性指南(试行)》(环办固体〔2019〕54号),《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777—2021),《生态环境健康风险评估技术指南 总纲》(HJ 1111—2020),《区域环境污染健康风险评估技术导则》(T/CSES 36—2021)
基础技术方法指南明确评估程序关键环节基础技术方法《保护人体健康的优先污染物筛选技术指南》(T/CSES 39—2021),《环境污染物人群暴露评估技术指南》(HJ 875—2017),《环境与健康现场调查技术规范 横断面调查》(HJ 839—2017),《环境健康风险监测技术规范》(T/CESE 53—2022),《暴露参数调查技术规范》(HJ 877—2017),《环境与健康队列调查技术规范》(T/CESE 62—2022),《暴露参数调查基本数据集(HJ 968—2019)》
应用指南细化关键污染物,环境介质,重点行业或风险场地的健康风险评估方法关键污染物:
《二噁英类环境健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CESE 37—2021),《重金属环境健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CSES 38-2021),《多环芳烃环境健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CESE 40—2021)
环境介质:
《大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规范》(WS/T 666—2019),《大气环境健康风险地图编制技术指南》(T/CSES 101-2023),《民用建筑环境空气颗粒物(PM2.5)渗透系数调查技术规范》(HJ 949-2018),《地下水污染健康风险评估工作指南》(环办土壤函〔2019〕770号),《突发水环境事件风险评估技术指南》(T/CESE 103—2023),《儿童土壤摄入量调查技术规范 示踪元素法》(HJ 876—2017)
重点行业:
《炼焦化学工业环境健康风险管控技术指南》(T/CSES 99—2023)
风险场地:
《化工园区有毒有害 气体健康风险监控预警技术指南》(T/CESE 98—2023),《场地土壤污染概率健康风险评估技术规范》(T/CSES 54—2022)
开展分级分区的技术应用《区域环境健康风险分级技术指南》(T/CSES 91—2023),《大气环境健康风险防护区域划定技术规范》(T/CSES 100—2023)
参数手册明确健康风险评估中中国人群本地化暴露参数《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)》,《中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷:0~5岁)》,《中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷:6~17岁)》
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404559180471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of environmental health risk levels for key pollutants

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污染要素具体指标美丽中国建设要求2023年现状水平
大气细颗粒物浓度2027: 28µg/m3,2035: 25µg/m330µg/m3
地表水水质优良比例2027: 90%左右89.4%
近岸海域水质优良比例2027: 83%左右85%
美丽河湖,美丽海湾建成率2027: 40%94个美丽河湖优秀案例/33个美丽海湾优秀案例*
2035:基本建成
土壤受污染耕地安全利用率2027: 94%以上91%以上
地下水国控点位I-IV类水比例2035: 80%以上77.8%
固废和新污染物“无废城市”建设比例2027: 60%33.9% (113个地级及以上城市和8个特殊地区)
2035: 100%
), ArticleFig(id=1234106406039769801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386313958010, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关键污染要素环境健康风险水平总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染要素具体指标美丽中国建设要求2023年现状水平
大气细颗粒物浓度2027: 28µg/m3,2035: 25µg/m330µg/m3
地表水水质优良比例2027: 90%左右89.4%
近岸海域水质优良比例2027: 83%左右85%
美丽河湖,美丽海湾建成率2027: 40%94个美丽河湖优秀案例/33个美丽海湾优秀案例*
2035:基本建成
土壤受污染耕地安全利用率2027: 94%以上91%以上
地下水国控点位I-IV类水比例2035: 80%以上77.8%
固废和新污染物“无废城市”建设比例2027: 60%33.9% (113个地级及以上城市和8个特殊地区)
2035: 100%
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防控环境健康风险助推美丽中国建设
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毕军 1, 2 , 黄怡宁 1, * , 刘苗苗 1 , 杨建勋 1, 2 , 马宗伟 1 , 方文 1
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(6): 3441-3450
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(6): 3441-3450
防控环境健康风险助推美丽中国建设
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毕军1, 2 , 黄怡宁1, * , 刘苗苗1, 杨建勋1, 2, 马宗伟1, 方文1
作者信息
  • 1.南京大学环境学院,水污染控制与资源绿色循环全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京大学前沿科学学院环境与健康研究院,江苏 苏州 215163
  • 毕军(1967-),男,江苏溧阳人,教授,博士,研究方向为环境风险防控、环境管理与政策研究.发表论文500余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,硕士,
Controlling and preventing environmental health risks to accelerate the ‘Beautiful China’ Initiative
Jun BI1, 2 , Yi-ning HUANG1, * , Miao-miao LIU1, Jian-xun YANG1, 2, Zong-wei MA1, Wen FANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2.Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus, Suzhou 215163, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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环境健康风险的科学防范与有效控制是美丽中国建设目标实现的重要基础与核心保障.然而,目前尚未有关于中长期我国环境健康风险管理的具体要求.本研究针对美丽中国建设的3个阶段性目标,探讨了我国环境健康风险管理对应的理想水平.在此基础上,梳理了我国环境健康风险管理进展,总结了当前存在的风险防控体系根基尚不夯实、常规污染物管控标准不严、新污染物研究基础薄弱且底数不清等关键挑战.最终,提出未来我国将构建以保障公众健康为核心,以常规污染物和新污染物的系统防控双轮驱动的环境健康风险防控体系的建设思路及重点工作建议.

环境健康风险  /  防控  /  美丽中国建设  /  常规污染物  /  新污染物

The scientific prevention and effective control of environmental health risks are essential to achieving the vision of a‘Beautiful China’. However, China currently lacks comprehensive guidelines for medium and long-term environmental health risk management. This study discusses the ideal levels of environmental health risk management required to meet key milestones of a‘Beautiful China. Through the review of previous management efforts, we identify several critical challenges: insufficient risk prevention and control system, inadequate regulatory standards for conventional pollutants, and limited research base and understanding of emerging pollutants. In the end, this study concludes by proposing a future management system that prioritizes public health protection through systematic prevention and control of both conventional pollutants and emerging pollutants.

environmental health risk  /  control and prevention  /  the Beautiful China Initiative  /  conventional pollutants  /  emerging pollutants
毕军, 黄怡宁, 刘苗苗, 杨建勋, 马宗伟, 方文. 防控环境健康风险助推美丽中国建设. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3441 -3450 .
Jun BI, Yi-ning HUANG, Miao-miao LIU, Jian-xun YANG, Zong-wei MA, Wen FANG. Controlling and preventing environmental health risks to accelerate the ‘Beautiful China’ Initiative[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3441 -3450 .
美丽中国建设目标实现的外在表现是生态环境质量根本好转,其内在核心是环境风险得以有效控制,尤其是环境健康风险的管理水平能够有效支撑美丽中国建设目标[1].2023年,中共中央国务院发布了《全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》,作为纲领性意见首次明确了美丽中国建设3个阶段性目标,并且对应于总体目标提出了各类关键环境要素改善的阶段性目标,但并未给出对应的环境健康风险管控的具体要求和理想水平,因此无法有效指导环境健康风险防控与管理工作的开展.
我国环境健康风险管理工作启动较晚,尽管已经初步构建了环境健康风险评估的技术体系,但框架指南、技术方法和暴露参数手册等基础性支撑仍存在覆盖少、范围窄、针对性不强等突出问题[2];大气、水、土壤、固废等关键要素的环境质量尽管已经显著提升,但相比美丽中国建设目标仍存在一定差距[3],尤其是环境健康风险正从以常规污染物为代表的显性健康风险向以新污染物为代表的隐性健康风险转移,带来的环境健康风险防控与管理的难度持续提升,需求愈发突出[4].
为确保环境健康风险防控能有效支撑美丽中国建设目标的实现,本研究针对我国目前在环境健康风险控制领域呈现的关键问题与新兴挑战,综述现阶段研究优化国家环境健康风险防控体系,明确我国当前及未来环境健康风险防控的主要思路与重点任务.
《全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》,首次明确了美丽中国建设未来5年、到2035年和本世纪中叶3个阶段的建设目标.环境领域的关注重点包括环境污染的有效控制、发展方式的绿色转型、环境质量的持续提升以及环境治理体系的现代化建设等.
在美丽中国建设战略基础上,2015年3月,健康中国目标被首次写入政府工作报告,并于同年10月上升为国家战略.随后,在2016~2022年,又相继发布了《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》、《健康中国行动(2019-2030年)》和《“十四五”国民健康规划》等政策文件,提出了普及健康生活、优化健康服务、完善健康保障、建设健康环境、发展健康产业五大任务和具体支撑目标,但这些目标多从公共卫生视角出发,聚焦居民主要健康指标,无法全面反映和有效链接环境风险防控的需求.
2022年7月,生态环境部印发了《“十四五”环境健康工作规划》,从环境健康风险防控角度出发对健康中国战略进行分解与部署.提出要重点加强环境健康风险监测评估、大力提升居民环境健康素养、持续探索环境健康管理对策、增强环境健康技术支撑能力和打造环境健康专业人才队伍五项任务的推进,最终实现到2025年基本掌握全国重点地区高环境健康风险源分布特征,完善环境健康标准体系,开展环境管理试点等主要目标.《“十四五”环境健康工作规划》虽然明确了近期环境健康风险管控的重点和要求,但尚无法直接支撑美丽中国建设的中长期目标.
环境风险会通过环境系统、经济系统、社会系统的不同节点进行传播与蔓延,造成自然灾害、资源短缺、人为灾难、健康安全、文化损失等不同层级的影响[5-6].而其中环境健康风险则特指环境污染(生物、化学和物理)对公众健康造成不良影响的可能性[7].考虑到环境健康风险具有长期性、复杂性、隐蔽性和不可逆性的特征,通常被列为最需要被关注和防控的环境风险之一.环境健康风险防控主要指为有效预防、控制和降低环境健康风险而采取的环境管理措施,包括环境监管和公民环境与健康素养提升等内容[7].
基于环境健康风险的定义和环境健康风险防控的内涵,本研究认为环境健康风险防范与管理的核心是有效构建环境风险防控机制,降低各类环境污染对人群健康的不良影响,从而最大程度保障公众健康.
美丽中国的建设目标的核心是瞄准经济社会高质量发展的新需求和人民群众对生态环境质量改善的新期待,通过加快解决突出生态环境问题,推动生态环境质量改善从量变到质变的转型,最终形成人与自然和谐共生的现代化新格局.环境健康风险防控是实现这一目标的基础保障,中长期内环境健康风险控制的理想水平必须能够有效支撑美丽中国建设的阶段性目标的实现.
对照美丽中国建设3个阶段性目标,本研究提出环境健康风险管理的理想目标,即到2027年,常规污染物排放总量稳定减少,全要素环境质量稳定达标;聚焦一批国内外公认的、且环境与健康风险已经显现的新污染物集中攻关,解决突出的环境风险隐患.到2035年,探索形成常规污染物和新污染物全过程联动风险管控机制,确保环境健康风险平均水平控制在公众最大可接受风险以内.到20世纪中叶,常规污染物和新污染物实现常态化管控,确保环境健康风险水平全面稳定控制在公众最大可接受风险水平以内.
我国环境健康风险管理体系从理论到实践经历了全面优化,环境基准研究逐步深化,评估指南与技术规范加速出台;污染防治攻坚战取得阶段性胜利,以常规污染物为表征的环境质量全面提升;新污染物治理重视程度持续升级,环境健康风险防控取得突破性进展.
2007年,由原卫生部、环保总局等18个部门联合印发的《国家环境与健康行动计划(2007-2015)》是中国环境与健康领域的第一个纲领性文件.之后于2011年9月,由原环境保护部印发了中国第一个专门针对环境与健康工作的专项规划《国家环境保护“十二五”环境与健康工作规划》,标志着中国环境与健康工作从纲领性指导向具体实施阶段的转变.2014年《中华人民环境共和国环境保护法》的出台,标志着我国从法律层面正式确立了“保障公众健康”在生态环境保护中的核心地位,并以专项条款的形式规定了在国家层面建立健全环境与健康监测、调查和风险评估制度.《“十四五”国民健康规划》和《“十四五”环境健康工作规划》又进一步强调了“把健康融入所有政策,把人民健康放在优先发展的战略地位”,强化生态环境与健康管理的决策部署,提高国家环境风险防控能力.中国环境健康风险管理的重要时间—事件分布见图1.
随着环境健康风险管理理念在我国顶层设计中的战略地位不断深化,环境健康风险管理框架指南、技术规范、参数手册等配套政策工具相应出台,切实推进了环境健康风险评估工作的开展(表1).在环境健康风险评估方法框架上,我国参考1983年美国国家科学院提出的健康风险评估经典模型,印发了《生态环境健康风险评估技术指南 总纲》(HJ 1111—2020)等文件,规定了我国生态环境健康风险评估的五个步骤,分别为:方案制定,危害识别,危害表征,暴露评估和风险表征.基于评估程序中涉及的具体过程,我国又陆续出台了对应的基础技术方法指南和应用指南,用以明确和细化关键评估环节、污染物、环境介质、重点行业和风险场地的评估技术.逐步尝试建立适用于中国人群本地化的暴露参数数据库,形成中国人群暴露参数手册.
此外,生态环境健康风险的科学评估与管理还依赖于环境基准研究的成果.环境基准代表了环境中的污染物对特定的受体不产生不良或有害影响的最大剂量(无副作用剂量)或浓度,或者是对特定的受体产生不良或有害影响的最小剂量(阈剂量)或浓度[8].因此,它反映了基于科学证据率定的污染暴露与效应之间的关系集合,是环境质量标准制定的基础与依据.我国目前环境基准工作尚处于起步阶段.在水环境基准领域,先后出台了《水环境质量基准确定技术导则》(20184313-T-469)和《海洋生物水质基准推导技术指南(试行)》,明确了不同水质基准确定的技术方法.并于2020年发布了淡水水生生物水质基准中镉的长短期基准值.在土壤环境基准领域,已经形成了针对生态安全、人体健康和农产品安全的3份土壤环境基准制定技术指南(征求意见稿),但均未正式发布.
为了支撑生态环境质量改善和生态环境风险管控的更高要求,2023年生态环境部办公厅印发了《环境基准工作方案(2023-2025年)》的通知,提出有序推进地表水、海洋、大气、土壤等领域的环境基准研究,力争在关键技术和方法上有所突破.
这些法律法规、技术规范、参数手册的出台,以及环境基准研究的推进,丰富了我国环境健康风险评估顶层设计,为开展精细化的环境健康风险评估提供了有力的技术支持.
常规污染物指常见的污染物指标,这些污染物具有明确的生态环境和人体健康影响,且已经被纳入常规的环境监测和管理中.在美丽中国建设战略引领下,我国深入推进蓝天、碧水、净土三大保卫战,常规污染物得到有效管控.
根据《全国生态环境状况公报》公布数据[9-10],全国PM2.5年均监测浓度从2013年的72μg/m3降至2023年的30μg/m3,69.0%的城市PM2.5达到《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)二级浓度限值(即35μg/m3),空气质量优良天数比率达85.5%.
2023年全国地表水监测的3632个国控断面中,I~III类水质断面占89.4%,达到《关于深入打好污染防治攻坚战的意见》(以下简称《攻坚意见》)提出的85%的目标.主要江河I~III类水质断面占比从2013年的71.7%提升至2023年的91.7%.近岸海域优良水质海域面积比例达85%,优于《攻坚意见》提出的79%左右的目标.集中式生活饮用水水源地全年均达标点位占比达96.5%,地级及以上城市黑臭水体基本消除[3,9-10].
2023年全国农用地安全利用率保持在91%以上,农用地土壤环境状况总体稳定,重点建设用地安全利用得到有效保障.生活垃圾无害化处理率达99.9%,全国一般工业固体废物综合利用率达60.0%,危险废物集中利用处置能力约2.1亿t/a[10].
随着常规污染物在主要环境介质中得到有效控制,新污染物带来的环境健康风险不断凸显,但这些有毒有害物质尚未纳入管理或者现有管理措施不足以有效防控其风险[4].根据《重点管控新污染物清单(2023年版)》,目前我国重点关注的新污染物包括全氟化合物、溴系阻燃剂、氯化石蜡、环境内分泌干扰物、抗生素等14类有毒有害化学物质.相较于常规污染物,新污染物具有来源更为复杂、赋存更为多样、危害更为隐蔽等基本特征,引发的环境健康风险也更为复杂.研究发现,新污染物的长时间暴露会对生物的生殖系统、神经系统、内分泌系统、免疫系统等产生较大危害,甚至会产生癌症效应[11].
近年来,国家对新污染物治理的重视程度不断加深,从最初的“对新的污染物治理开展专项研究”向“重视新污染物治理”,再向“加强新污染物治理”转变.2022年5月,国务院办公厅正式印发了《新污染物治理行动方案》(国办发〔2022〕15号),明确了新污染物治理的具体目标和行动路线,提出了通过完善法规制度、开展调查监测、严格源头管控、强化过程控制、深化末端治理和加强能力建设六项举措统筹推进新污染物环境风险管理.
在新污染物治理顶层战略部署不断强化的同时,我国也在积极推进新污染物防控体系的构建.我国新污染物治理采取“筛、评、控”和“禁、减、治”的总体工作思路.印发了化学物质环境信息统计调查制度,完成了122个重点行业4000余种高风险化学物质的生产和使用情况调查[1].由生态环境部,工业和信息化部以及卫生健康委联合印发了两批《优先控制化学品名录》,列入了40种类应优先控制的化学物质[4],并持续推进新污染物环境风险评估.同时,不断加强源头准入管控机制,持续推进新化学物质环境管理登记工作,推动《斯德哥尔摩公约》、《水俣公约》在中国的落实与实施,禁止、限制、限排公约管控的有毒有害化学物质的生产与使用.到2023年年底,全面淘汰8类重点管控新污染物的生产、使用和进出口.
当前,尽管我国常规污染物的环境健康风险管理工作已经取得了可观的进展,但生态环境保护结构性、根源性、趋势性压力尚未根本缓解,环境质量从量变到质变的拐点尚未出现,环境健康风险控制水平距离美丽中国建设目标仍存在一定差距(表2).尤其是我国的环境健康风险正从以常规污染物为代表的显性健康风险逐步向以新污染物为代表的隐性健康风险转移,意味着我国环境健康风险防控与管理的难度将持续升级.
首先,环境健康风险防控体系根基尚不夯实,与发达国家的环境健康风险技术指南支撑情况相比,我国指南类型少、覆盖范围窄,现有指南尚未形成针对不同毒性物质、人群类型、健康终端的系统化体系,尤其是缺乏对于新污染物等新发环境健康关键问题的针对性技术规范.我国在开展环境健康风险评估工作时使用的暴露-反应关系和暴露参数,大多数仍基于美国等发达国家的毒理数据库或世界卫生组织(WHO)的参考标准,这些基于发达国家人群特征构建的关系特征和数据库并不能够准确评估中国人群的健康风险.
其次,尽管常规污染物风险管控能力已经全面提升,但部分关键指标离达标目标仍存在较大差距.比如,固废和新污染物指标中“无废城市”建设比例,到2023年底仅达到33.9%,距离2027年60%的目标值仍存在较大差距.一方面,我国的“无废城市”建设作为一种创新城市管理思路,通过生产、生活方式的绿色转型,实现城市整体固废产生量最小、资源化利用充分、处置安全的目标[12].因此,我国“无废城市”建设内容会全面覆盖居民生活、商业活动、农业生产和工业生产等所有领域,最终建立全固废管理体系和长效支持机制.但这样的战略定位也意味着需要更长远的规划和前期的积累,可能导致前期建设进度相对缓慢.另一方面,我国“无废城市”建设过程中确实还存在着部分城市认识不足、管理基础不牢、经济性和社会参与度不高以及成效评价体系和激励政策有待建立等主要问题,制约了“无废城市建设”目标的实现[13-14].
与此同时,现行健康风险管控效果评价依据主要参照我国相关环境质量标准或防控行动计划目标,无法完全体现基于毒理学或流行病学研究得出的健康风险规避证据,也无法完全反映公众对于环境风险的最大可接受水平.以大气污染物健康风险评价为例,我国现行的《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)中设定的主要大气污染物二级限值主要参考世界卫生组织2005年版的《全球空气质量指南》第一阶段过渡值(T1)目标,即35μg/m3.然而发达国家关于空气污染低浓度的队列研究证据表明,长期暴露于较低的大气污染浓度区间下(如10µg/m3时),依然会导致显著的健康损失[15].并且由细颗粒物长期暴露导致的健康风险的阈值甚至可能低至0µg/m3[16].随着我国空气质量的不断改善,更多的人群将长期暴露于较低污染浓度水平下,而中国现行标准值无法有效规避人群在低浓度暴露下的健康风险的问题将不可避免地被逐渐放大.
最后,相比于常规污染物,我国新污染物治理工作启动较晚,对于新污染物的社会认知和研究基础相对薄弱.受限于新污染物涉及广、产业链长、种类多,向环境释放含量低、范围广、隐蔽性强等特点,我国尚未开展新污染物现状和排放源排放量等全域性调查,尚无法全面掌握我国新污染物的本底情况和环境分布特征[11].我国尚未出台新污染物治理的专项法律法规,导致新污染物环境健康风险评估与管控缺乏法律依据.新污染物风险控制新污染物风险特征与常规污染物截然不同,这意味着以达标排放为主要手段的常规污染物管理方式无法实现对新污染物全过程环境风险的有效管控.与此同时,我国尚未建立新污染物的有效监测、防控体系,也缺乏有针对性的监测手段、管控方法、模型、数据库等技术工具的支撑,制约了对于新污染物环境健康风险的精准评估与科学管控.
下阶段我国环境健康风险防控将以保障公众健康为核心,以常规污染物和新污染物的系统防控双轮驱动,通过完善法律法规体系和关键基础支撑,提升顶层设计保障能力.针对常规污染物,持续推进污染攻坚,重点关注公众最大可接受风险水平,推动环境质量标准升级;针对新污染物,强化风险识别预警与源头准入机制,实现有效的全过程环境风险管控.从生态环境精细化治理和减污降碳协同推进出发,助力环境健康风险有效控制,最终实现美丽中国建设目标.未来我国环境健康风险防控体系建设思路如图2所示.
围绕我国环境健康风险防控体系建设思路,下阶段将在以下几方面重点开展工作.
完善的顶层设计是开展环境健康风险体系建设的关键依据和重要参考.以欧美为主的发达国家和重要国际组织(WHO)对于环境健康风险已经形成了系统完整的评估体系,包含了对于不同暴露类型、毒性和受体人群的健康风险筛选、评估、治理、防控的全过程.
美国最早于1976年就发布了《疑似致癌物健康风险和经济影响评估的临时程序和准则》,提出对每一个可疑致癌物开展独立于经济影响分析结果的健康风险评估[17].同年,针对有毒化学物质的风险防控,出台了《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA),对POPs在内的化学物质的生产和使用提出了明确规定[18].之后,于1983年发表了《联邦政府的风险评估:管理流程》,提出了经典的风险评估四步法程序,并以此为基础,陆续发布了一系列专项风险评估指南,涉及癌症、致突变性等不同毒性效应,化学混合物、多环芳烃、二噁英等不同暴露类型,婴儿、儿童等不同敏感人群.2016年,《劳滕伯格21世纪化学品安全法案》正式生效.此次对TSCA的修订完成了对现有化学物质和新化学物质的管控从“基于全部已知信息”的宽松式审查转变为根据化学品具有的潜在的暴露风险优先级进行强制风险评估的重大调整[19],为实施各类健康风险管控提供了强有力的支撑.
世界卫生组织作为最早开展环境健康风险评估的重要国际组织之一,早在1978年就发布了《化学品毒性评估的原理和方法:第1部分》[20].随后于1980年,世界卫生组织联合国环境署、国际劳工组织联合成立国际化学品安全计划(IPCS),通过发布环境健康风险评估相关指南、标准等技术文件,规定了化学品造成的人类健康和环境风险评估的具体要求,形成了包括:针对肾毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性、皮肤过敏、免疫毒性等不同毒性类型,致癌物质、食品添加剂及污染物、杀虫剂、化学品、室内污染物、微量元素、纳米材料、公共卫生事件等不同暴露类型,以及妊娠、子代、婴幼儿、儿童、老年人等不同人群类型在内的暴露风险评估技术指南.
参考发达国家和国际组织在环境健康风险体系建设的经验,我国应进一步加强环境健康管理制度的顶层设计,适时推动《环境保护法》修订,新增新污染物防治的相关条款.研究出台关于新污染物环境风险管理相关条例,明确新污染物源头准入,生产,排放等不同过程的限制性条款,强化对新污染物防控的战略支撑.
围绕中国复杂环境介质与人群暴露特征,有序推进地表水、海洋、大气、土壤等领域的基准研究,构建适用于我国环境的基准推导方法和毒性测试方法.评估主要发达国家和世界卫生组织已有的环境基准对我国的适用性,形成关键污染物的基准值.通过高分辨率环境监测网络与人工智能驱动的大数据分析方法,构建针对中国差异化的暴露场景数据库,形成涵盖不同暴露类型(常规污染物、新污染物)、环境介质(大气、水、土壤)、不同毒性终端(致癌、致畸、致病等)、不同人群结构(分区域、分性别、分年龄结构以及分敏感人群)的毒性和健康风险数据库,最终建立健全国家环境基准体系,研制适用于中国国情的环境健康风险技术指南、基准文件和模型计算软件等,为推动精细化环境健康风险防控提供有力的技术支持.
有效控制污染排放,全面提升生态环境质量是实现美丽中国建设目标的核心要求.中国在2013~2020年,由于两阶段的清洁空气行动计划带来的空气质量改善避免了全部人群人均0.6年的预期寿命损失[21].污染的深度治理与生态环境的持续改善会缓解地区人群间的不平等问题,使得更多人收益[22].但同时,受疫情后经济生产活动的复苏和气象条件影响,污染反弹现象时有发生.2023年,仅西藏、河南、河北等六个省份保持了PM2.5暴露浓度的下降趋势[21].除此以外,不同领域的环境质量改善和环境健康风险管理有效性存在差异.固废与新污染物的治理进度仍需加快,需要抓住主要矛盾,实现精准治污.
生态环境标准和准则值为生态环境能力建设提供了科学依据.国际组织和发达国家基于毒理学或流行病学研究汇总的最新的健康风险证据不定期开展关键环境介质的质量标准的更新与修订.世界卫生组织最早于1984年和1987年分别出台了首个基于健康保护的《饮用水质量指南》和《空气质量指南》,并分别于2022年和2021年发布最新版本.相比于以往版本,在2022版的《饮用水质量指南》中,提出了以健康为基础目标的安全饮用水概念框架,调整了微生物、化学、放射性物质等14种物质的准则值和相关建议,包括石棉、苯他酮、铬、碘、锰、微囊藻毒素、四氯乙烯、三氯乙烯等[23].在2021版的《空气质量指南》中,收紧了PM2.5、PM10、NO2等关键污染物的长期暴露指标,更新了部分污染物的概率分布特征,并增加了O3浓度高峰季的平均值指导值[24].WHO提出的指导值体现了当前环境健康证据集确定的现阶段能够彻底保护人群健康的质量水平.
世界卫生组织相关质量指南修订后,欧美发达国家基于最新证据,结合各国经济社会发展实际状况也纷纷调整国家相关环境质量标准限值.以空气质量标准修订为例,欧盟在2022年10月,提出《环境空气质量指令》修订案,以实现“2050年零污染”愿望为目标,加严了到2030年主要空气污染物浓度目标限值,把PM2.5、PM10、NO2的年均值分别由25,40,40μg/m3加严至10,20,20μg/m3,并新增了PM2.5和NO2日均限值.美国于2024年2月宣布加严国家空气质量标准(NAAQs)的最终决定,将PM2.5年均浓度的“一级”标准从12μg/m3更新为9μg/m3,从而推动落实《清洁空气法》新要求,充分保护公众健康.
在空气质量管理上,目前我国仍使用2012年出台的《环境空气质量标准》, PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2的年均浓度二级限值分别为35,70,40和60μg/m3,距离欧美发达国家和WHO指导值存在较大差距.研究发现,以2020年为基准,当我国PM2.5年均浓度达到WHO推荐的AQG时,约能避免121.5万人过早死亡以及96%的长期暴露死亡[25].为了有效防控环境健康风险,提升人民的幸福感,需要考虑对关键环境质量标准进行更新升级.
在饮用水质量管理上,我国于2022年新出台了《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022),增加了高氯酸盐、乙草胺、2-甲基异莰醇、土臭素4类重点有毒污染物质的管控,其中高氯酸盐的限值设定为0.07mg/L,与WHO指导值保持一致.同时根据我国饮用水水质特点,对人群健康和感官容易造成威胁的指标,乙草胺、2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素分别设定了0.02mg/L、10ng/L和10ng/L的浓度限值.但现有标准仍然缺少对于一些高毒性消毒副产物的管控,比如亚硝胺和卤乙腈类[26].而这些污染物已经被WHO、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国际组织或发达国家纳入标准体系,并给出了明确限值.
环境质量标准的更新除保障公众健康外,还需要综合考量当前经济社会发展阶段的风险管理能力和需求,即了解公众的最大可接受风险水平.公众对环境条件的敏感性会受到区域文化、发展程度、环境本地、媒体环境等多因素影响,表现出在不同地区、不同时期的最大可接受风险水平的动态性[5,27-29].为了确保美丽中国建设目标满足公众对于生态环境质量的最新需求,需要重点开展公众对于关键环境风险(包括大气、水、土壤、固废、噪声、自然灾害等)的可接受水平专项调研,获取公众在当前以及美丽中国建设关键时间节点的风险认知和接受水平.
积极推动关键环境介质质量标准的提标更新,尤其是环境空气质量标准的提标.基于公众最大可接受风险水平调研结果,结合流行病学、毒理学的最新证据,设计不同环境质量提标目标情景,在考虑不同目标的时空匹配性和标准更新启动时间异质性基础上,评估不同环境质量提标目标下的社会经济影响,为开展关键环境质量标准更新以及设计分时分区动态环境质量标准提供科学可靠的决策支撑.
新污染物的有效监测是开展其环境健康风险评估与管控的重要基础.发达国家自20世纪70年代就探索开展全国性/地区性的新污染物监测,并于2000年后形成了相应的新污染物调查监测制度[30].
2013年欧盟尝试探索观察清单机制,标志着新污染物监测制度的正式建立[31].在此基础上,欧盟于2015年提出首个观察清单,要求观察清单中新污染物数量不超过14种/组,并以2年一次的频率于2018~2022年期间对观察清单进行了3轮更新[32-35].美国在《安全饮用水法》修正案中提出要求美国环保署针对管控之外物质建立污染物候选清单(CCL),由EPA每五年发布一次CCL,对其中至少5种污染物决定是否监管[36].同时设立未管控污染物监测规则(UCMR),5年一次提出饮用水中不超过30种优先未管控污染物清单,并开展监测.从2001起,已经完成了4次UCMR监测,目前正在开展第5次监测UCMR5(2023-2025),共纳入29种全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质和锂[37].
我国目前已经出台了《新污染物治理行动计划》,提出了开展新污染物调查监测的要求,但尚未建立起新污染物的监测名录和监测规则.根据发达国家的新污染物监测经验,我国应该建立优先监测新污染物动态清单制度,以一批典型新污染物为切入点,率先建设新污染物监测设施,开展新污染物的专项监测工作.将新污染物监测纳入地方监测计划,为全面掌握我国新污染物底数和分布情况提供基础支撑.
针对我国新污染物监测能力不足的现状,我国于2024年9月出台了《新污染物生态环境监测标准体系表(2024年版)》,从顶层设计出发,逐步建立健全新污染物监测体系.《体系表》共涵盖170项新污染物生态环境监测标准,但目前已经发布且现行有效的仅为49项,有102项仍处于拟制定阶段,包括《新污染物环境监测技术指南》.因此,仍需加快构建新污染物监测和检测方法标准体系,确保方法的普适性与系统性,同时考虑不同级别生态环境部门监测能力的差异,实施差异化的新污染物监测方案.
在新污染物有效识别与科学监测基础上,构建以源头管控为主,兼顾过程减排和末端控制措施的新污染物全过程环境管理机制.全面落实新化学物质的环境管理,针对新污染物种类繁多、分布广泛、区域差异明显的特性,结合区域和行业特征,在各地区制定差异化的优先监管、禁止、限制、限排等环境风险管控策略.探讨建立新污染物与常规污染物的风险联动管控机制.
4.1 为了支撑中长期美丽中国建设战略,环境健康风险管理需实现以下3阶段目标:到2027年,常规污染物排放总量稳定减少,全要素环境质量稳定达标;聚焦一批国内外公认的、且环境与健康风险已经显现的新污染物集中攻关,解决突出的环境风险隐患.到2035年,探索形成常规污染物和新污染物全过程联动风险管控机制,确保环境健康风险平均水平控制在公众最大可接受风险以内.到21世纪中叶,常规污染物和新污染物实现常态化管控,确保环境健康风险水平全面稳定控制在公众最大可接受风险水平以内.
4.2 当前阶段我国环境健康风险防控体系根基尚不夯实,指南类型少、覆盖范围窄,现有指南尚未形成针对不同毒性物质、人群类型、健康终端的系统化体系,尤其缺乏新污染物等新发环境健康关键问题的针对性技术规范.常规污染物的环境健康风险管理虽然整体取得了可观的进展,但部分关键指标离达标目标仍存在较大差距.环境质量标准较为宽松,难以有效规避低浓度暴露风险,也无法完全反映公众对环境风险的最大可接受水平.新污染物的社会认知和研究基础相对薄弱.尚未建立新污染物的有效监测、防控体系,也缺乏针对性的监测手段、管控方法、模型、数据库等技术支撑.
4.3 未来我国环境健康风险防控体系构建将以保障公众健康为核心,通过完善法律法规体系和关键基础支撑,提升顶层设计保障能力.针对常规污染物,应持续推进污染攻坚,重点关注公众最大可接受风险水平,推动环境质量标准升级;针对新污染物,应强化风险识别预警与源头准入机制,实现有效的全过程环境风险管控.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72234003; 72488101)
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-01
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(72234003; 72488101)
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    1.南京大学环境学院,水污染控制与资源绿色循环全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京大学前沿科学学院环境与健康研究院,江苏 苏州 215163

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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