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In this study, a method for control of humic acid-cadmium composite pollution using MXene/PMS process in the presence of trace Fe(III) was proposed. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Cd2+ by MXene material in the presence of humic acid decreased from 70% to 48%, and addition of 0.5µmol/L Fe(III) and 50µmol/L peroxymonosulfate increased the removal efficiency of Cd2+ to above 60%. too much or less PMS inhibited the removal of Cd2+. Reducing Fe(III) from 1.0µmol/L to 0.3µmol/L promoted the removal of Cd2+. The strong reducing property of MXene material and its strong interaction with metal ions triggered the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and inhibited the hydrolysis of iron ions, realizing the efficient removal of humic acid-cadmium composite pollution under neutral conditions. The reactive species generated in the reaction system were mainly hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals. Under the background condition of Xijiang river, this technique maintained good removal effect.

, correspAuthors=Hao-ran SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Le-chen REN, Yi-hang XU, Long-yu CHEN, Xu-dong ZHANG, Xu-kang LU, Jie LI, Xue-wei HU, Chen LI, Hao-ran SONG, Qun ZHAO, Sen-lin TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106390369858383, articleId=1234106386108445437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=痕量Fe(Ⅲ)条件下MXene/PMS控制腐殖酸-镉复合污染, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文提出了一种在痕量Fe(III)条件下,利用MXene/单过硫酸盐(PMS)体系同步控制HA-Cd复合污染方法.结果表明,腐殖酸存在下,过渡金属碳/氮氧化(MXene)材料对Cd2+的吸附去除率从70%降低至48%,添加0.5µmol/L Fe(III)和50µmol/L PMS能够将Cd2+的去除率提高到60%以上.PMS的添加量过多或不足均会抑制Cd2+的去除.将Fe(III)从1.0µmol/L降到0.3µmol/L会促进Cd2+的去除.MXene材料的强还原性及其与金属离子之间的强相互作用,触发了Fe(III)/Fe(II)循环并抑制了铁离子的水解,实现了中性条件下HA-Cd复合污染的高效去除.反应体系生成的活性物种主要为羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基.在西江原水背景条件下,该技术保持了良好的去除效果.

, correspAuthors=宋浩然, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,特聘教授,
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任乐晨(2000-),男,河南三门峡人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高级氧化及煤矸石生态化利用..

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任乐晨(2000-),男,河南三门峡人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高级氧化及煤矸石生态化利用..

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任乐晨(2000-),男,河南三门峡人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高级氧化及煤矸石生态化利用..

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CdSO4=1.0mg/L,反应时间10.0min

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CdSO4=1.0mg/L, pH=7.0, HA=8.0mg/L, MXene=25.0mg/L,反应时间10.0min

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CdSO4=1.0mg/L, pH=7.0, HA=8.0mg/L, MXene=25.0mg/L, PMS=500.0µmol/L, Fe3+=3.0 µmol/L,反应时间10.0min

, figureFileSmall=Bw0YQxYmcMpcK8pCZWpDJg==, figureFileBig=RTYTisAjIPAUaNL/G9GRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106403955209053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386108445437, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=3D-EEM spectra under different conditions, figureFileSmall=NuBJ5w6y5tE9JVwrX707yg==, figureFileBig=tGHjjgfsXAa1FsMtG1gcTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404106204015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386108445437, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同条件下的3D-EEM光谱

CdSO4=1.0mg/L, pH=7.0, HA=8.0mg/L, MXene=25.0mg/L, PMS 50.0µmol/L, Fe 4.0µmol/L,反应时间10.0min

, figureFileSmall=NuBJ5w6y5tE9JVwrX707yg==, figureFileBig=tGHjjgfsXAa1FsMtG1gcTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404244616058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386108445437, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Removal efficiency of Cd(II) by the reaction system in the context of Xijiang water, figureFileSmall=ZYhrYY6FoKxcU3aanpZSWw==, figureFileBig=Tw89VRteYtr30hCyo2vz1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404412388236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386108445437, language=CN, label=图9, caption=西江水背景下反应体系对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果

CdSO4=1.0mg/L,pH=7.0,HA=8.0mg/L,MXene=25.0mg/L,PMS 50.0µmol/L,Fe 4.0µmol/L,反应时间10.0min

, figureFileSmall=ZYhrYY6FoKxcU3aanpZSWw==, figureFileBig=Tw89VRteYtr30hCyo2vz1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404601131933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386108445437, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

EDS spectra of MXene material before and after reaction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目COFTiFeCd
反应前wt(%)24.8116.2817.9740.93//
at(%)42.2920.8419.3717.50//
反应后wt(%)13.6619.828.3355.130.822.24
at(%)28.4430.9610.9628.770.370.50
), ArticleFig(id=1234106406077526958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106386108445437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

反应前后MXene材料的EDS谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目COFTiFeCd
反应前wt(%)24.8116.2817.9740.93//
at(%)42.2920.8419.3717.50//
反应后wt(%)13.6619.828.3355.130.822.24
at(%)28.4430.9610.9628.770.370.50
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痕量Fe(Ⅲ)条件下MXene/PMS控制腐殖酸-镉复合污染
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任乐晨 , 徐一航 , 陈龙雨 , 张旭东 , 鲁旭康 , 李杰 , 胡学伟 , 李晨 , 宋浩然 * , 赵群 , 田森林
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3102-3110
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3102-3110
痕量Fe(Ⅲ)条件下MXene/PMS控制腐殖酸-镉复合污染
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任乐晨 , 徐一航, 陈龙雨, 张旭东, 鲁旭康, 李杰, 胡学伟, 李晨, 宋浩然* , 赵群, 田森林
作者信息
  • 昆明理工大学环境科学与工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
  • 任乐晨(2000-),男,河南三门峡人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高级氧化及煤矸石生态化利用..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,特聘教授,
Study on the control of humic acid-cadmium composite pollution by MXene/PMS under trace Fe(III) conditions
Le-chen REN , Yi-hang XU, Long-yu CHEN, Xu-dong ZHANG, Xu-kang LU, Jie LI, Xue-wei HU, Chen LI, Hao-ran SONG* , Qun ZHAO, Sen-lin TIAN
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文提出了一种在痕量Fe(III)条件下,利用MXene/单过硫酸盐(PMS)体系同步控制HA-Cd复合污染方法.结果表明,腐殖酸存在下,过渡金属碳/氮氧化(MXene)材料对Cd2+的吸附去除率从70%降低至48%,添加0.5µmol/L Fe(III)和50µmol/L PMS能够将Cd2+的去除率提高到60%以上.PMS的添加量过多或不足均会抑制Cd2+的去除.将Fe(III)从1.0µmol/L降到0.3µmol/L会促进Cd2+的去除.MXene材料的强还原性及其与金属离子之间的强相互作用,触发了Fe(III)/Fe(II)循环并抑制了铁离子的水解,实现了中性条件下HA-Cd复合污染的高效去除.反应体系生成的活性物种主要为羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基.在西江原水背景条件下,该技术保持了良好的去除效果.

Ti3C2Tx Mxene  /  Cd  /  高级氧化  /  Fe(Ⅲ)  /  过一硫酸盐

In this study, a method for control of humic acid-cadmium composite pollution using MXene/PMS process in the presence of trace Fe(III) was proposed. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Cd2+ by MXene material in the presence of humic acid decreased from 70% to 48%, and addition of 0.5µmol/L Fe(III) and 50µmol/L peroxymonosulfate increased the removal efficiency of Cd2+ to above 60%. too much or less PMS inhibited the removal of Cd2+. Reducing Fe(III) from 1.0µmol/L to 0.3µmol/L promoted the removal of Cd2+. The strong reducing property of MXene material and its strong interaction with metal ions triggered the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and inhibited the hydrolysis of iron ions, realizing the efficient removal of humic acid-cadmium composite pollution under neutral conditions. The reactive species generated in the reaction system were mainly hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals. Under the background condition of Xijiang river, this technique maintained good removal effect.

Ti3C2Tx Mxene  /  Cd  /  advanced oxidation  /  Fe(Ⅲ)  /  PMS
任乐晨, 徐一航, 陈龙雨, 张旭东, 鲁旭康, 李杰, 胡学伟, 李晨, 宋浩然, 赵群, 田森林. 痕量Fe(Ⅲ)条件下MXene/PMS控制腐殖酸-镉复合污染. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3102 -3110 .
Le-chen REN, Yi-hang XU, Long-yu CHEN, Xu-dong ZHANG, Xu-kang LU, Jie LI, Xue-wei HU, Chen LI, Hao-ran SONG, Qun ZHAO, Sen-lin TIAN. Study on the control of humic acid-cadmium composite pollution by MXene/PMS under trace Fe(III) conditions[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3102 -3110 .
由于采矿活动、工业废水排放、化肥和农药过度使用等原因,我国水体,农用地及蔬菜中镉(Cd)超标的情况频繁出现[1-3].Cd在天然水体中主要以Cd2+的形式存在,其余的则以有机和无机络合物的形式存在[4-5].Cd不仅会与Cl-、SO42-等阴离子结合,还会与溶解性有机物(DOM)形成络合物[6].重金属络合物通常具有强的稳定性和迁移能力,难以被常规的吸附或沉淀方法去除[7].需要对有机物-重金属污染物进行破络,释放出游离态重金属离子,便于后续处理处置.
基于单过硫酸盐(PMS)的类芬顿高级氧化工艺(AOPs)是一种有效的重金属络合物破络方法[8-9].然而,类芬顿高级氧化破络仍旧存在以下问题:(1)活化PMS需要消耗大量低价过渡态金属催化剂(Fe(Ⅱ)和Co(Ⅱ)等),并生成大量金属污泥[10];(2)天然水体的pH值往往呈现近中性,而类芬顿高级氧化通常要求强酸性反应条件[11-12],不仅增加运行成本,还限制了技术的广泛应用;(3)高级氧化技术破除重金属-有机物络合物后,游离态的重金属离子重新释放到水环境中,仍需通过吸附或者沉淀工艺去除.
MXene是一类过渡金属碳/氮化物材料,可以用Mn+1XnTx来表示,其中M代表早期过渡金属元素,X代表C或N,Tx代表表面终端(包括-O,-OH或-F)[13].本课题组的研究[14]发现MXene材料具有强还原性,能够促进Fe(III)、Cu(II)向Fe(II)、Cu(I)的转换,从而减少类芬顿反应过渡金属催化剂的消耗量.此外,MXene材料具备高比表面积[15]、丰富的-OH,-O基团[16-17]以及负表面电荷[18]特性,对重金属离子具有强的吸附去除能力.因此,使用MXene材料强化类芬顿反应,用于有机物-重金属复合污染控制,有望破除有机物对重金属去除的抑制作用,同时实现重金属离子的吸附去除.
本文选取Cd(Ⅱ)和腐殖酸(HA)作为水体重金属和溶解性有机物的代表,探究了痕量Fe(III)存在条件下,MXene/PMS体系去除HA-Cd复合污染的效能与机制.研究了MXene浓度、PMS浓度、Fe(Ⅲ)浓度和溶液pH值等条件影响Cd(Ⅱ)离子去除规律.通过鉴别反应体系活性物种,表征MXene材料特性,追踪Cd(Ⅱ)离子反应过程,揭示MXene/PMS利用痕量Fe(Ⅲ)控制有机物-Cd复合污染机制,评估西江原水背景下该技术的应用潜力.
浓硝酸(HNO3),硫酸Cd(CdSO4),硫酸铁(Fe2(SO4)3),氢氧化钠(NaOH),单过硫酸氢钾(2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4,PMS),腐殖酸(HA),亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3),甲醇(MeOH),叔丁醇(TBA)购自阿拉丁科学公司.Ti3AlC2陶瓷粉末购自吉林省一一科技有限公司.实验中使用的所有化学药品均为分析纯或更高纯度.
Ti3C2Tx MXene采用HCl/LiF刻蚀法制备[19],在9M HCl/12M LiF混合溶液中加入5g Ti3AlC2陶瓷粉,在35℃水浴中反应36h.使用超纯水洗涤混合物,并在2000r/min转速下离心5min,弃去酸性上清液.重复以上步骤,直至上清液pH值大于5.0.以2000r/min的转速离心5min,收集上层溶液,-65℃真空冷冻干燥48h得到单层或少层MXene材料.
在研究MXene对Cd的吸附动力学实验中,使用稀硝酸和氢氧化钠溶液调节CdSO4溶液pH值.将MXene加入到CdSO4溶液中启动反应.在研究HA与Cd竞争吸附的实验过程中,预先添加HA到CdSO4溶液中.在HA-Cd复合污染控制实验过程中,使用移液枪依次添加FeCl3、PMS、MXene溶液到CdSO4与HA混合溶液中.在自由基淬灭实验中,预先将过量的甲醇/叔丁醇添加到CdSO4溶液中.在一定的时间间隔使用移液枪取出2.50mL样品,通过0.22µm滤膜过滤至5mL离心管中,添加硝酸酸化之后,测定Cd浓度.实验设计2组平行对照,得出数据均为平均值.
使用火焰原子吸收仪光谱(TAS-990,北京普析通用仪器有限公司)测定Cd(Ⅱ)浓度.使用pH计(pH-3C,上海精密科学,中国)测量溶液pH值.使用TDS测试笔(Portable A1TDS&EC meter)测量江水电导率.使用纳氏试剂-分光光度法测定江水氨氮含量.使用邻菲罗琳分光光度法测定溶液Fe(Ⅱ)的含量.使用总有机碳分析仪(CD-800S,杭州启鲲科技有限公司,中国)测定江水总有机碳含量.通过扫描电子显微镜(德国,ZeissSigma300)观察MXene形貌结构.使用三维荧光光谱(日本Hitachi,F7000)观察HA结构.使用X射线光电子能谱(美国Thermo,ESCALAB250)研究材料的元素成分,使用advantage软件进行分峰拟合.使用X射线衍射仪(日本Rigaku SmartLab SE)测定材料的晶型结构,使用jade软件进行数据分析.使用顺磁共振波谱仪(德国Bruker EMXplus-6/1)获得材料的电子顺磁共振(EPR)波谱.最终数据结果使用origin软件作图.
图1所示,制备的Ti3C2Tx MXene材料为薄层片状结构,表面整洁光滑,主要由Ti、C、O和F元素组成.氧化反应后MXene材料维持了良好的片状结构,表明其在反应过程中具有良好的结构稳定性[19].在反应后的MXene表面检测到了Cd和Fe元素,证明MXene对Cd和Fe具有良好的吸附去除能力.
表1可见,反应后MXene材料的Ti、C、F元素含量显著下降,但O元素含量从20.84 %提高到了30.96%,表明MXene材料在反应过程中被氧化[20].
图2所示,反应前后MXene材料的XRD图谱没有发生显著的变化.位于6.3°的MXene材料特征峰[20-21]也表明MXene材料在反应过程中保持了良好的结构稳定性[22].
图3所示,MXene材料的Ti 2p峰主要由Ti-O 2p3/2(455.70eV和459.50eV)、Ti-O 2p1/2(461.40eV和465.00eV)、Ti-C 2p1/2(461.20eV)和O-Ti-F(456.80eV)组成(图3(a))[23].反应后,材料Ti-O 2p1/2峰明显增强(图3(b)),表明MXene材料发生了氧化反应.在O 1s XPS谱图中,材料原本存在的C-Ti-O峰(图3(c),530.9eV)被Cd-O峰(图3(d),531.60eV)取代,表明MXene材料能够吸附去除Cd.
图3(e)-(f)所示,MXene与FeCl3混合反应后产生了显著的Fe(0)(707.19eV)和Fe(Ⅱ)峰(711.40eV),表明MXene能够还原Fe3+.氧化反应后,Fe(0)和Fe(Ⅱ)峰强度显著下降,并生成了新的Fe(III)峰(714.48eV).
以上实验结果表明,MXene材料对Fe(Ⅲ)具备优异的还原能力[20],并且能够同步吸附去除溶液中的Cd和Fe[24-26].
图4(a)所示,在Cd(Ⅱ)溶液中加入1.0mg MXene,溶液中的Cd(Ⅱ)含量在1min内快速下降,并在1~10min稳定,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率约为25%.增加MXene的投加量(1.5mg,2.5mg,3.5mg)能够显著提升Cd的去除率(50%,70%,99%).
图4(b)所示,当pH=3.0时,2.5mg MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为50%;提高溶液pH值,MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率上升.pH=9.0时,MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为80%.
溶液pH值会显著影响水环境中Cd离子的存在形式,是影响MXene吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的重要因素.使用medusa软件对Cd(Ⅱ)的水解情况进行模拟,结果如图4(d)所示.强酸性条件下,Cd主要以Cd(Ⅱ)的形式存在;在pH值大于6.0时,Cd(OH)-开始出现;在pH值大于9.5时,会形成Cd(OH)2沉淀[27].在实验研究的pH值范围内,Cd主要以Cd2+或Cd(OH)+形式存在.MXene对Cd2+的去除率随pH值升高而增加的原因是两者之间的电荷相互作用导致的.MXene材料的等电点在pH=2.7左右[28],随着pH值的升高,其表面电势由正转负,有利于吸附去除带正电荷的Cd2+或Cd(OH)+.由于天然水体的pH值主要呈现近中性,因此反应体系在天然水体中具有良好的应用潜力.
图4(c)可知,投加2mg/L HA,MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为66%,增加HA浓度到4,8,10mg/L,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率分别下降到60%,48%,46%.以上实验结果表明HA的存在对MXene吸附Cd(Ⅱ)具有抑制效果,并且其抑制效果随着HA浓度的升高而增加.
MXene对重金属的吸附主要通过静电吸附和层间作用[29],而HA具有丰富的苯环、羧基、醇羟基、酚羟基和氨基[30-31],能够与Cd(Ⅱ)发生交换、吸附和螯合反应,影响MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附.天然水体中HA的含量在1~10mg/L[32],由于8与10mg/L的HA对Cd(Ⅱ)去除的抑制效果接近,采用8mg/L HA作为后续实验条件.
图5(a)所示,投加200µmol/L PMS条件下,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率仅为18%.降低PMS浓度到150,100和50µmol/L,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率逐渐提高到55%.进一步降低PMS投加量到30µmol/L,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率下降至50%.因此,投加过量或不足量的PMS均无法促进MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除.这是因为PMS具有氧化性,而MXene具有强还原性[33],过量PMS会氧化MXene材料,降低MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力.而PMS投加量不足会导致产生的活性物种不足以将HA氧化去除.
图5(b)所示,投加1.0µmol/L Fe(Ⅲ),Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为54%;减少Fe(Ⅲ)的投加量到0.5和0.3µmol/L,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率增加到55%和60%.Fe(Ⅲ)的存在不仅为PMS的活化提供了Fe(Ⅱ)来源,还会与Cd(Ⅱ)竞争MXene的吸附位点.因此,过量的Fe(Ⅲ)会影响MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果,以上实验结果证明了,MXene材料能够利用水体环境中超低浓度的Fe(III)物种,实现有机物重金属复合污染的协同控制.
Fe3+在溶液pH值大于4.0条件下,会发生急剧水解作用.而MXene/PMS体系在pH=7.0条件下依然促进了HA-Cd复合污染物的去除,这主要是因为MXene材料与Fe(III)之间的强相互作用抑制了Fe3+的水解[26],为了验证以上推测,设计了3组实验.
第一组(Fe-Na2SO3组)用100mL pH值为7.0的超纯水配置硫酸铁溶液,反应10min后将溶液通过0.22µm滤膜,并向滤液中加入过量的Na2SO3;第二组(MXene-Fe组)用100mL pH值为7.0的超纯水配置硫酸铁溶液,反应10min后向溶液中加入2.5mg MXene,再次反应10min,将溶液通过0.22µm滤膜;第三组(Fe-MXene组)向100mL超纯水中加2.5mg MXene,将pH值调节至7.0,向溶液中加入一定量的硫酸铁,反应10min后将溶液通过0.22µm滤膜.3组实验中Fe(Ⅲ)的浓度均为50µmol/L/L.使用邻菲罗啉分光光度法测定溶液中Fe(Ⅱ)的浓度.
图6可知,Fe-Na2SO3组测得Fe(II)浓度为50.18µmol/L,MXene-Fe组中的Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为49.71µmol/L/L,接近溶液中所含Fe的总量(50.00µmol/L/L),表明所有的Fe(III)都能够被MXene还原为Fe(II).Fe-MXene组中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为27.37µmol/L/L,显著低于MXene-Fe组的Fe(Ⅱ)浓度.MXene-Fe组由于MXene的存在,Fe(Ⅲ)在进入溶液后迅速被还原为Fe(Ⅱ),并且被吸附在MXene材料表面,从而抑制了Fe的水解,而在Fe-MXene组中Fe(Ⅲ)在中性水溶液中迅速水解,形成Fe(OH)3沉淀,难以被MXene材料还原,导致生成Fe(Ⅱ)的量减少.以上结果证实MXene材料能够在中性条件下抑制Fe(Ⅲ)水解,从而拓宽反应体系的pH值适用范围.
PMS经过活化会产生羟基自由基(HO)和硫酸根自由基(SO4•-)[34].采用甲醇(淬灭HO和SO4•-)和叔丁醇(淬灭HO)[35]进行活性自由基的鉴定实验,结果如图7(a)所示.
甲醇存在下Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为50%,叔丁醇存在下Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率接近56%,未添加淬灭剂的对照实验中,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为60%.以上结果表明,在反应过程羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基都参与了污染物的去除过程.使用电子顺磁共振(EPR)测定了反应过程中活性自由基的产生(图7(b)),DMPO同时捕捉到了羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的信号[36],进一步证明了上述结论.
图8所示,HA的EEM光谱可分为芳香蛋白荧光区(I区)、类富里酸荧光区(II区)和腐殖质荧光区(Ⅲ区)[37-38].在纯HA酸溶液和HA-Cd溶液中,在Ⅲ区出现代表HA的峰,同时在Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区出现了少量的芳香蛋白小分子和富里酸(图8(a)图8(c)图8(e)).向纯HA和HA-Cd溶液中加入MXene,Ⅲ区HA的峰未发生显著改变(图8(b)图8(d)).向纯HA和HA-Cd溶液分别加入MXene、Fe(Ⅲ)和PMS进行反应,Ⅱ区代表富里酸的峰和Ⅲ区代表HA的峰消失,说明MXene/Fe(Ⅲ)/PMS体系与HA进行了反应,改变了HA的存在形态.
为了验证反应体系在真实环境下对污染物的去除效果,使用西江原水作为背景开展了污染物去除实验.西江水质为弱碱性(pH=8.0),电导率200.0mS/cm,氨氮含量0.11mg/L,有机物含量和浊度较高(26.17mg/L,114.20NTU),环境条件复杂.使用西江水配置1.0mg/L CdSO4溶液,搅拌1d后进行吸附实验,并与纯水+HA条件下的吸附效果对比.
图9(a)所示,在西江水中MXene对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率降低到30%,小于纯水中的去除率,表明实际水体中存在的复杂物质会抑制Cd的吸附去除.在MXene/PMS/Fe(Ⅲ)体系中,西江水背景下Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率为55%,接近纯水条件下Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率(60%).西江水中MXene的吸附效果被抑制,对Cd的吸附曲线显著滞后于纯水,这是江水较高的TOC和浊度导致.
图9(b)所示,西江水实验组溶液TOC浓度从26.17mg/L下降到10.45mg/L,去除率62%.纯水实验组HA的TOC从8.22mg/L下降到2.42mg/L,去除率70%.MXene/PMS/Fe(Ⅲ)在江水高HA浓度背景下依然保持了良好的Cd(II)去除效果,这主要是因为MXene/PMS/Fe(Ⅲ)能够有效降解HA,消除HA竞争吸附、络合作用的抑制作用.因此,MXene/Fe/PMS在实际水体背景下仍保持良好的性能,具备良好的应用的潜力.
3.1 验证了在µg/L使用量Fe(Ⅲ)存在情况下MXene/PMS程序对HA-Cd复合污染进行去除的可行性,络合态Cd吸附去除率从48%提升至60%.
3.2 反应体系中产生的羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基破除了HA的抑制作用.
3.3 利用MXene还原性促进Fe(ⅡI)/Fe(II)循环、MXene与Fe(III)强相互作用抑制Fe水解,能够实现对HA-Cd复合污染的协同控制.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52100077)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3708103)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2020A1515410002)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-02
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52100077)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3708103)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2020A1515410002)
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    昆明理工大学环境科学与工程学院,云南 昆明 650500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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