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Oxidative potential (OP) is a crucial indicator for evaluating the capacity of PM2.5 to trigger oxidative stress. Therefore, this study employed dithiothreitol (DTT) method to measure the OP of PM2.5. During the observation period, the results indicated that the daily average concentration of atmospheric PM2.5 in Taiyuan severely exceeded the standard, with a maximum concentration reaching 150.91µg/m3, signifying severe air pollution. The daily average values for volume-normalized (DTTv) and mass-normalized (DTTm) DTT activity were (2.90±1.07)nmol/(min·m3) and (38.34±18.91)pmol/(min·µg), respectively. Meanwhile, a significant positive correlation was observed between PM2.5 mass concentration and DTTv (r=0.916, P<0.01), while a negative correlation was found with DTTm. Furthermore, DTTv exhibited significant correlations (P<0.05) with organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), metallic elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb), and ionic components (K+, Cl-, etc.) within PM2.5. These phenomena suggested that DTT activity primarily depends on specific components of PM2.5. The study further integrated the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model with the multiple linear regression algorithm. Quantitative analysis revealed that solid fuel combustion sources, such as coal combustion, were the most important sources of OP in Taiyuan, contributing 54.7%, followed by motor vehicle sources (23.3%) and dust sources (22.0%).

, correspAuthors=Qian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-wen ZHANG, Qian ZHANG, Yong ZHANG, Meng-jin LI, Qi-yuan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106392752223119, articleId=1234106385747735288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=典型燃煤城市冬季大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及来源, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氧化潜势(OP)是评估PM2.5引发氧化应激能力的重要指标,因此本研究采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)法对太原市PM2.5的OP进行测定.结果显示,观测期间太原市大气PM2.5的日均浓度严重超标,最高可达150.91µg/m3,大气污染严重.体积归一化(DTTv)和质量归一化(DTTm)的DTT活性日均值分别为(2.90±1.07)nmol/(min·m3)和(38.34±18.91)pmol/(min·µg).PM2.5质量浓度与DTTv之间存在显著正相关(r=0.916,P<0.01),与DTTm之间呈现负相关,表明DTT活性并不完全由PM2.5的质量浓度决定.此外,DTTv与PM2.5中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、金属元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb)及离子组分(K+、Cl-等)之间存在显著相关(P<0.05),进一步证明了DTT活性主要取决于PM2.5中的特定组分.研究进一步耦合正矩阵分解模型(PMF)与多元线性回归算法(MLR),量化分析表明以煤燃烧等代表的固体燃料燃烧源是太原市OP的最重要来源,贡献高达54.7%,其次为机动车源(23.3%)和扬尘源(22.0%).

, correspAuthors=张倩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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张潇文(2000-),女,山东枣庄人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及其来源解析研究..

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张潇文(2000-),女,山东枣庄人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及其来源解析研究..

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张潇文(2000-),女,山东枣庄人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及其来源解析研究..

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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics201818(23):17307-17323., articleTitle=The underappreciated role of nonvolatile cations in aerosol ammonium-sulfate molar ratios, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106401556066882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, awardId=2023-JC-JQ-23, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-JQ-23), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106393112933285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106393121321895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, companyId=1234106393112933285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106393138099113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, companyId=1234106393112933285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234106393255539634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106393263928243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, companyId=1234106393255539634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106393297482679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, companyId=1234106393255539634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院地球环境研究所,陕西 西安 710061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234106398351618409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Characteristics of PM2.5, DTTv and DTTm changes during the observation period, figureFileSmall=h+wCdEs/TPS2QSpxuFPamw==, figureFileBig=VSgoZMbv1K+5WBlTUBe3CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106398561333625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=CN, label=图1, caption=观测期间PM2.5、DTTv与DTTm变化特征, figureFileSmall=h+wCdEs/TPS2QSpxuFPamw==, figureFileBig=VSgoZMbv1K+5WBlTUBe3CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106398901072295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of PM2.5 oxidative potential of this study with other cities in China, figureFileSmall=GO81f9ieSU55t+nTwfyuzA==, figureFileBig=tU6+09bMApjuzwmCclHyIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399102398909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=CN, label=图2, caption=本研究PM2.5氧化潜势与国内其他城市的对比

数据对比引自文献[7,39-43]

, figureFileSmall=GO81f9ieSU55t+nTwfyuzA==, figureFileBig=tU6+09bMApjuzwmCclHyIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399278559688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heat map of the correlation between DTTv and various influencing factors, figureFileSmall=JR93JZDYdJuLiI/58tGmsQ==, figureFileBig=2MQCnkXUbT+nAmILBsEqvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399412777434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DTTv与各影响因素的相关性热图, figureFileSmall=JR93JZDYdJuLiI/58tGmsQ==, figureFileBig=2MQCnkXUbT+nAmILBsEqvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399567966697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Source analysis results, figureFileSmall=iMgII7KcVMMewzgNnnaUTw==, figureFileBig=EBYYOne+uzvssJf5XGz5rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399706378742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=CN, label=图4, caption=来源解析结果, figureFileSmall=iMgII7KcVMMewzgNnnaUTw==, figureFileBig=EBYYOne+uzvssJf5XGz5rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106399836402187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

MLR model results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型来源非标准化系数标准化系数tP
B标准误差Beta
1n = 16, r2 = 0.75, Adj.a R2 = 0.733固体燃料燃烧源2.1610.3220.8666.7080.000
2n = 16, r2 = 0.919, Adj.a R2 = 0.908固体燃料燃烧源1.7550.2040.7038.6060.000
机动车排放源0.7760.1430.4425.4130.000
3n = 16, r2 = 0.961, Adj.a R2 = 0.951固体燃料燃烧源1.4940.1640.5999.1210.000
机动车排放源0.6190.1120.3535.5110.000
扬尘源0.5930.1610.2593.6910.000
), ArticleFig(id=1234106399979008547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106385747735288, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MLR模型结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型来源非标准化系数标准化系数tP
B标准误差Beta
1n = 16, r2 = 0.75, Adj.a R2 = 0.733固体燃料燃烧源2.1610.3220.8666.7080.000
2n = 16, r2 = 0.919, Adj.a R2 = 0.908固体燃料燃烧源1.7550.2040.7038.6060.000
机动车排放源0.7760.1430.4425.4130.000
3n = 16, r2 = 0.961, Adj.a R2 = 0.951固体燃料燃烧源1.4940.1640.5999.1210.000
机动车排放源0.6190.1120.3535.5110.000
扬尘源0.5930.1610.2593.6910.000
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典型燃煤城市冬季大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及来源
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张潇文 1, 2 , 张倩 1, * , 张勇 2 , 李萌津 1, 2 , 王启元 2
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(6): 2974-2982
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 2974-2982
典型燃煤城市冬季大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及来源
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张潇文1, 2 , 张倩1, * , 张勇2, 李萌津1, 2, 王启元2
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.中国科学院地球环境研究所,陕西 西安 710061
  • 张潇文(2000-),女,山东枣庄人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及其来源解析研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Characteristics and sources of oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in winter in the typical coal-fired city
Xiao-wen ZHANG1, 2 , Qian ZHANG1, * , Yong ZHANG2, Meng-jin LI1, 2, Qi-yuan WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 2.Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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氧化潜势(OP)是评估PM2.5引发氧化应激能力的重要指标,因此本研究采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)法对太原市PM2.5的OP进行测定.结果显示,观测期间太原市大气PM2.5的日均浓度严重超标,最高可达150.91µg/m3,大气污染严重.体积归一化(DTTv)和质量归一化(DTTm)的DTT活性日均值分别为(2.90±1.07)nmol/(min·m3)和(38.34±18.91)pmol/(min·µg).PM2.5质量浓度与DTTv之间存在显著正相关(r=0.916,P<0.01),与DTTm之间呈现负相关,表明DTT活性并不完全由PM2.5的质量浓度决定.此外,DTTv与PM2.5中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、金属元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb)及离子组分(K+、Cl-等)之间存在显著相关(P<0.05),进一步证明了DTT活性主要取决于PM2.5中的特定组分.研究进一步耦合正矩阵分解模型(PMF)与多元线性回归算法(MLR),量化分析表明以煤燃烧等代表的固体燃料燃烧源是太原市OP的最重要来源,贡献高达54.7%,其次为机动车源(23.3%)和扬尘源(22.0%).

PM2.5  /  氧化潜势  /  影响因素  /  来源解析

Oxidative potential (OP) is a crucial indicator for evaluating the capacity of PM2.5 to trigger oxidative stress. Therefore, this study employed dithiothreitol (DTT) method to measure the OP of PM2.5. During the observation period, the results indicated that the daily average concentration of atmospheric PM2.5 in Taiyuan severely exceeded the standard, with a maximum concentration reaching 150.91µg/m3, signifying severe air pollution. The daily average values for volume-normalized (DTTv) and mass-normalized (DTTm) DTT activity were (2.90±1.07)nmol/(min·m3) and (38.34±18.91)pmol/(min·µg), respectively. Meanwhile, a significant positive correlation was observed between PM2.5 mass concentration and DTTv (r=0.916, P<0.01), while a negative correlation was found with DTTm. Furthermore, DTTv exhibited significant correlations (P<0.05) with organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), metallic elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb), and ionic components (K+, Cl-, etc.) within PM2.5. These phenomena suggested that DTT activity primarily depends on specific components of PM2.5. The study further integrated the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model with the multiple linear regression algorithm. Quantitative analysis revealed that solid fuel combustion sources, such as coal combustion, were the most important sources of OP in Taiyuan, contributing 54.7%, followed by motor vehicle sources (23.3%) and dust sources (22.0%).

PM2.5  /  oxidative potential  /  influencing factors  /  source apportionment
张潇文, 张倩, 张勇, 李萌津, 王启元. 典型燃煤城市冬季大气PM2.5氧化潜势特征及来源. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 2974 -2982 .
Xiao-wen ZHANG, Qian ZHANG, Yong ZHANG, Meng-jin LI, Qi-yuan WANG. Characteristics and sources of oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in winter in the typical coal-fired city[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 2974 -2982 .
细颗粒物(PM2.5)不仅可以吸收和散射太阳光降低大气能见度[1],影响地球辐射收支平衡[2],还会对人体健康造成潜在威胁[3-4].以往许多研究提出了PM2.5影响健康的多种病理机制,其中氧化应激是被广泛认可的理论[5-6].氧化应激是由于人体暴露在颗粒物中,刺激细胞产生过多的活性氧(ROS),导致细胞内氧化还原平衡被破坏,从而引发一系列健康问题,如炎症、DNA损伤和细胞死亡等[7].PM在生物体中诱导产生ROS的能力被称为氧化潜势(OP),可作为比PM2.5浓度更具生物相关性的综合指标,来评估PM对人类健康的影响[8].
目前,细胞和脱细胞法是OP的常用检测方法,其中脱细胞法因速度快、成本低、操作简单和可重复等优点被广泛应用[9].二硫苏糖醇(DTT)测定法是一种有效的脱细胞方法,其消耗速率可作为OP的衡量标准[10].近年研究表明,多种化学组分均具有DTT活性.例如PM中的过渡金属(如Cu、Mn和Fe)可通过芬顿反应诱导ROS生成[11].金属-金属或金属-有机物的混合物对DTT的消耗具有协同、相加和拮抗作用,进而影响OP水平[12].PM中的有机化合物(如水溶性有机碳、醌类等)也被证实对ROS生成具有促进作用[7,11].然而,由于PM化学组分的复杂性及其潜在的相互作用,将OP水平高低归因于任何单一组分是不合理的.因此,亟需建立OP与污染排放源的直接联系,以制定更具针对性、有效性的空气污染控制策略[13-14].天津、烟台和锦州作为典型的北方城市,其PM2.5的OP主要受煤炭燃烧、生物质燃烧、二次源、工业源和交通源的影响,且冬季采暖期间燃煤对OP的贡献尤为显著,贡献率高达34.6%[8].而对于南方城市,例如武汉、厦门的OP来源则分别以机动车排放源(26.9%)、海盐与扬尘源(28.0%)为主[9,15].
煤炭在中国大多数城市的能源供应中占据主导地位,太原市作为中国北方典型的燃煤城市,煤炭占比高达82.70%[16].据统计,太原市每年的煤炭消耗量约为2500万t,其中960万t用于能源供应[17].近年来,随着太原市煤改气、煤改电以及清洁能源的逐步推进,煤炭在能源结构中的比例有所下降,但由于太原市能源生产结构单一,可再生能源开发利用不足以及散煤治理工作较难推进,2017年煤炭在太原市能源消费结构的占比仍超过70%[18].正是由于长期以来受盆地地形和以原材料密集型的煤炭、化工等重工业为主的工业结构的影响[19],太原市在全国168个重点城市的空气质量排名中居于末尾[20].尤其在冬季采暖期,太原市月均耗煤量高达170万t,约为非采暖季的2倍[21],导致了重污染事件频繁发生.据报道,2009年、2011年、2012年和2013年太原市采暖季PM2.5日平均浓度分别达到268.7,167.3,218.5,181.4µg/m3,远超《中国环境空气质量标准》[GB 3095-2012]中国家二级标准值(75µg/m3)[22].而煤炭燃烧所排放的碳质组分、重金属以及多环芳烃(PAHs)等物质能够促进ROS的生成,提高颗粒物的OP水平,从而对居民的身体健康构成严重威胁[815].然而,目前针对太原市大气PM2.5的研究多聚焦于污染特征和来源解析[21-22],PM2.5的OP特征及其来源的研究却鲜有报道[23].因此,本研究以太原市冬季大气PM2.5为研究对象,采用DTT检测法对太原市PM2.5的OP进行测定,揭示该地区PM2.5的健康风险水平;通过相关性分析,探讨PM2.5中影响OP的主要因素;进一步耦合正矩阵分解模型(PMF)与多元线性回归(MLR)分析方法,量化OP主要来源的贡献,以期为制定针对性的空气污染控制措施提供参考.
采用流量为1.13m3/min的大流量空气采样器(TE-6070,Tisch,NY,USA),并配备PM2.5切口和预焙(在600℃预烘烤5h)石英纤维滤膜进行PM2.5样品采集.采样地点位于山西省太原市小店区学府街102号中国辐射防护研究院(37.80°N,112.56°E),采样日期为2019年1月、2月、12月及2020年1月,采样时间为24h(09:00~次日09:00),共采集PM2.5样本16份.收集到的滤膜立即用干净的铝箔密封,在-18℃条件下保存.采样前后使用高精密微量天平(Sartorius LA130S-F,Germany)对石英滤膜进行称重,获得颗粒质量.称重前,将滤膜在恒温(20~23℃)和恒湿(35~45%)条件下保持24h.本研究中气态污染物(NO2、SO2、O3、CO)的浓度数据取自太原市小店区国家空气质量监测站点(数据获取地址:https://quotsoft.net/air/).
使用DTT法对PM2.5的OP水平进行测定.首先,利用5mL超纯水超声提取2个直径为8mm的滤膜片,并将提取液使用0.22µm四聚氟乙烯滤头过滤.然后,将2mL提取液与0.5mL DTT(250µmol/L)在装有磷酸钾缓冲液(0.5mol/L,pH=7.4)的棕色离心管中混合,并置于温度为37℃、转速为250r/min的恒温金属浴(HM100-Pro,大龙兴创仪器有限公司,北京)中反应.分别在反应2,6,10,14,18,22,26min后取出等量反应液与2mL 1%三氯乙酸进行混合淬灭反应.稳定1min后,加入50µL的5,5'-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(0.2mmol/L)和10mL Tris缓冲液(0.08mol/L,含4mmol/L的乙二胺四乙酸,pH=8.90).反应后的混合液使用光程为100cm的液体波导毛细管流通池(LWCC-3100,World Precision Instruments,Sarasota,FL,USA)测定其在412nm处吸光度,以获得剩余的DTT浓度并计算DTT的消耗速率.DTT消耗率通过采样体积[DTTv,nmol/(min·m3)]和颗粒物质量[DTTm,pmol/(min·µg)]进行归一化[24],其公式如下:
式中:rs为样品的DTT消耗速率,nmol/min;rb为空白的消耗速率,nmol/min;Vt为大气采样总体积,m3;Mt为PM2.5总质量,µg;AhAt分别为DTT实验使用的滤膜面积和采样时滤膜的总面积,cm2;VsVe分别为参与DTT反应的样品体积和总提取液体积,mL.
对PM2.5的主要化学组分进行分析,包括常量和微量元素、水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC).采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(Epsilon4,PANalytical B.V.,the Netherlands)进行元素测定分析,根据颗粒物样品金属元素X-射线荧光强度测量值和校准曲线,计算样品中元素含量,包括常量元素(Fe、Ca、K、Ti)和其他的微量元素(As、Se、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Br和Pb等).使用Metrohm 940型离子色谱仪(IC,Metrohm,Switzerland)对样品中水溶性离子进行定量检测.主要包括颗粒物中的阴离子(Cl-、NO3-和SO42-)和阳离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+).另外还使用有热-光学碳组分分析仪(DRI Model 2001A,Atmoslytic,Inc.,USA),利用IMPROVE-A的热光反射协议[25]的分析方法完成对OC和EC分析.仪器的工作原理是基于不同温度下加热释放OC、EC,并用氦氖激光分离OC、EC进行测量.
耦合PMF和MLR方法共同量化PM2.5排放源对OP的来源贡献,该方法已被广泛用于PM中OP的来源分配[9,15].本研究采用美国环保署PMF 5.0模型对PM2.5中各化学组分的质量贡献和来源分布进行量化.PMF模型是应用最广泛的大气污染源分配受体模型[13],基本原理为:先利用权重计算颗粒物中各化学组分的误差,并利用最小二乘法解析颗粒物的主要污染源及其贡献率,如下式表示:
式中:xij为在第i个样品中测量的第j个化学成分的浓度;gki为第k个因子对第i个样品贡献率;fkj为第k个因子中第j种化学成分的含量;eij为实测值和模型估值的残差;n为因子的总数.
根据方法检出限(MDL)和测定误差分数计算数据的不确定度,计算公式如下:
化学组分浓度低于MDL,使用公式:
化学组分浓度高于MDL,使用公式:
式中:Ci为化学组分的质量浓度;Unc为数据不确定度;Error Fraction通过平均所有测量的误差分数来计算.
进一步利用MLR模型,以量化不同排放源对DTTv活性的相对贡献.模型以PMF解析源为自变量,测量的DTTv为因变量,计算公式如下:
式中:y表示测定的DTTv活性,nmol/(min·m3);下标1~i表示不同的排放污染源,自变量x1~xi表示不同排放源的浓度,µg/m3;β1~βi表示与单个自变量对应的回归系数,nmol/(min·µg source)[26].为了避免模型的过度拟合,本研究采用逐步回归法结合F检验(F-test)来判断某自变量是否应纳入回归方程[27].其中自变量的输入标准(F-to-enter)为P<0.05,剔除标准(F-to-remove)为P>0.10,并且回归线被迫穿过原点,回归方程中没有常数项,截距被强制为零[15].根据所获得的回归模型,可以识别和预测不同源对DTTv活性的相对贡献.
图1(a)可知,观测期间太原市PM2.5质量浓度范围为6.90~150.91µg/m3,平均值为(92.84±44.82)µg/m3,是《环境空气质量标准》[GB 3095-2012]中规定的二级标准日平均浓度限值75µg/m3的1.24倍,表明观测期间太原市PM2.5污染较为严重,这是由于采暖活动排放增加和冬季边界层厚度较低导致污染物的累积[25-26].观测期间,DTTm变化范围为23.72~93.01pmol/(min·µg),平均值为(38.34±18.91)pmol/(min·µg).DTTv的变化范围为0.64~4.31nmol/(min·m3),平均值为(2.90±1.07)nmol/(min·m3).从图1(a)可看出,观测期间太原市DTT活性波动较大,主要是由于颗粒物污染来源不同,导致PM2.5的组分存在较大差异,进而影响DTT的消耗水平[28].此外,DTTv随着PM2.5浓度的增加表现出总体上升的趋势,两者呈显著正相关(r=0.916,P<0.01)(图1(b)).然而,DTTm随PM2.5浓度增加呈幂函数下降趋势(图1(b)).当PM2.5浓度逐渐增加时,DTTm逐渐降低,这是因为PM2.5中对诱导ROS生成具有积极作用的化学组分(例如过渡金属和碳组分)浓度的增长速率明显低于二次无机离子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4+,SIA)的增长速率(图1(c))[1129-30].在以往的研究中表明,SIA是一种非氧化还原活性组分,仅对PM2.5质量增加有贡献,并不影响DTT活性[1031-33],因此导致PM2.5质量浓度与DTTm呈相反的变化趋势.此外,当PM2.5质量浓度超过90µg/m3,DTTm下降速率逐渐变缓.原因可能是:一方面是因为PM2.5浓度的增长速率有所降低(图1(d));另一方面是因为高浓度的氧化还原活性金属对DTT消耗具有抑制作用[34-35].以往的研究表明,金属与有机物之间的相互作用(例如拮抗作用等)主要受到金属种类及其浓度的影响.高浓度的特定金属(如Cu等)能够与有机配体形成络合物,从而影响其氧化还原活性[1136].
图2可知,观测期间太原市DTTm的平均值为[38.34pmol/(min·µg)],高于杭州[6.53pmol/(min·µg)]、新乡[31.6pmol/(min·µg)],但明显低于北京[90pmol/(min·µg)]等城市,总体而言处于中等水平.而相对于其他城市,观测期间太原市DTTv平均值[2.90nmol/(min·m3)]与青岛、新乡等北方城市冬季水平较为一致,却显著高于南方城市,如杭州[0.62nmol/(min·m3)]、深圳[1.3nmol/(min·m3)].原因可能与北方冬季燃烧排放的增加密切相关[37-38],如供暖和交通排放等污染源对氧化还原活性成分(如挥发性和半挥发性有机化合物、金属等)排放的增加[7,26],导致太原市冬季DTTv活性显著增强,单位暴露体积的健康风险上升.
计算了气态污染物(NO2、SO2、CO、O3)以及PM2.5中主要的化学组分与OPv的相关性(图3).结果表明,DTTv与多种化学组分存在显著相关性(P<0.05).其中,DTTv与OC、EC呈显著正相关(r=0.873,P<0.01;r=0.813,P<0.01),主要归因于碳质颗粒物表面氧化活性化合物(如醌类)能够进行氧化还原反应并诱导ROS生成[38,44-46].DTTv与金属元素Fe、Mn、Zn呈显著相关(r=0.624,P<0.01;r=0.763, P<0.01;r=0.792,P<0.01),这是由于过渡金属可作为催化剂,通过Fenton或类Fenton反应加速ROS生成,或通过与DTT结合的方式直接消耗DTT[11,47-48].此外,过渡金属(如Fe、Mn)能够与类腐殖质(HULIS)发生反应,对PM的DTT消耗能力产生影响[12].值得注意的是,与健康密切相关的As和Pb不仅能够诱导ROS产生[49-50],同时也是燃煤源的标志性元素[51],其浓度与DTTv显著正相关(r=0.848,P<0.01;r=0.849, P<0.01),表明煤炭燃烧对人体健康危害性较大.从离子角度来分析,K+和Cl-与DTTv的显著相关性(r=0.855,P<0.01;r=0.857,P<0.01)可能是由共排放的氧化还原活性成分所致[8].本研究中,K+和Cl-均与OC呈现显著相关(r=0.852,P<0.01;r=0.888,P<0.01),都主要来源于燃料燃烧[52-53].SO42+、NO3-与DTTv的显著相关(r=0.536,P<0.05;r=0.567,P<0.05)主要有两个原因:一方面,这些无机离子伴随二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的产生,由大气光氧化反应所形成,而SOA中的硝基多环芳烃(NPAH)以及醌类等在诱导ROS产生中起到关键性作用[7,54-55].另一方面硝酸盐和硫酸盐可为PM提供酸性环境,增强金属的溶解度,促进ROS产生[29,54].此外,Ca2+和Mg2+也与DTTv显著相关(r=0.589,P<0.05;r=0.647,P<0.01),这些离子本身可以调节PM的酸度,改变过渡金属(如Fe、Cu等)的溶解度[45],进而对PM的OP造成影响.同时,OPv与NO2表现出显著相关(r=0.497,P<0.05),可能是由于NO2与PM2.5中的OC、EC等组分发生非均相反应,产生亚硝酸盐(HONO)、亚硝酸酯(RONO)等化学物质[56-57],这些物质会直接或间接提高PM2.5中OP水平[58].这进一步表明,观测期间OP受到燃烧源和机动车排放的显著影响[59].
本研究利用EPA PMF 5.0模型对太原市冬季观测期间PM2.5样品进行解析,共识别出5种污染因子,如图4所示,因子1以SO42-、NO3-、NH4+为主要贡献物,贡献率分别为53.8%、51.8%、69.0%,是光化学或其他化学反应形成的典型二次污染物[46],因此该因子被指定为二次源.因子2中,Cr和Ni贡献较高,贡献率分别为66.1%和60.9%,是冶金工业重要的指示物[60],Fe和Mn贡献也较高,贡献率分别为25.5%和19.1%,可能来源于金属加工业[14],因此被定为工业源.因子3中贡献较高的Zn、Mn、Pb是轮胎和刹车磨损中常见的重金属[61-62],且EC贡献率高达43.7%,被认为是机动车排放的特征性指标[63].因子4是扬尘源,其中高含量的Ca2+、Ti、Fe、Mn与地壳相关[64-65],贡献率分别为61.9%、61.3%、42.7%、23.3%,符合扬尘来源特征[66].因子5中,Cl-的贡献率最高,为59.4%,其次为Pb、As、Se和K+,贡献率分别为55.1%、49.4%、48.2%和42.8%,其中Cl-和K+是煤燃烧和生物质燃烧的典型示踪剂[67-68],生物质飞灰中同样含有较高浓度的Br[69].同时,As、Se、Pb也是燃煤的标志性元素[52],因此将因子5归类为固体燃料燃烧源.以上识别出的5种污染源与任娇等人在2019年冬季对太原市小店区PM2.5解析出的污染源类别一致[23].
基于源解析结果,进一步使用MLR模型量化不同来源对DTTv的相对贡献[6].本研究通过逐步筛选结合F检验方法,将工业源(P=0.363)和二次源(P=0.214)在回归模型中剔除,从而减少模型过拟合的风险(F-to-enter:P<0.05;F-to-remove:P>0.10).MLR结果的R2为0.951,表明模型拟合良好(表1).非标准化系数用于反映每个源对OP的相对贡献,最终优化后的预测方程建立如下:
经过验证,实测DTTv与预测DTTv显著相关(r=0.895,P<0.01),表明3种来源模型预测值的可靠性.其中,燃料燃烧源(54.7%)和机动车排放源(23.3%)对OP贡献最高,这主要与太原市冬季燃料燃烧和机动车使用量增加有关,其所排放的EC、OC、重金属及PAHs是ROS生成的主要贡献者[8-9,15,70-71],其排放的PM表现出更高的氧化毒性.据报道,燃烧源和机动车排放对太原市颗粒物PAHs的贡献高达到41.99%、30.52%,对颗粒物总碳排放的贡献分别为61%和23%[21,72].因此,管理部门在制定降低大气颗粒物对健康影响的相关政策时,应加强对燃料燃烧和机动车排放的监管和控制.本研究中扬尘是OP的第3贡献源,贡献率为22.0%.可能是由于扬尘颗粒表面本身就附着大量的氧化还原活性物质(如过渡金属和碳质组分)[70,73],并在远距离运输过程中通过表面反应生成高氧化活性的有毒物质(如1-硝基芘),从而进一步影响OP水平[73-74].此外,扬尘在吸附硫氧化物(SOx)和氮氧化物(NOx)等酸性气体后,能够为PM提供酸性环境,影响过渡金属的溶解度[75-77],或加速其他高氧化活性物质生成[73].
在北京和西安OP的相关研究中同样表明,燃煤源和机动车排放源是冬季OP的主要来源[14,24].然而在渤海沿海城市(如天津、锦州、烟台),燃煤和生物质燃烧主导OP来源,贡献率分别为34.6%和26.1%,但机动车排放对OP的贡献最小,仅为6.1%[8].而在新乡的研究中,除了燃烧源外,二次源在冬季对OP的贡献也显著高于其他季节.原因可能是由于该地区氮肥施用量大和牲畜养殖等因素导致其排放量较大,以及冬季有利的气象条件(低温、高相对湿度等),加强了二次无机气溶胶的形成[43].综上所述,北方城市冬季的OP主要来源于当地采暖期的煤炭燃料燃烧.因此,应积极响应国家及省级的控煤政策,制定明确的控煤计划,优化能源结构,实现煤炭消费比例的显著下降,并继续推广和应用清洁低碳能源技术.此外,机动车排放也是OP的重要来源之一,因此在控制煤炭等燃料燃烧的基础上,还需加强对机动车数量的管理,并减少尾气等污染物的排放.
3.1 观测期间太原市PM2.5日均浓度为(92.84±44.82)µg/m3,显著高于环境空气质量二级标准,存在严重的空气污染问题.使用DTT法对太原市的OP进行测定,其中DTTm的平均值为(38.34±18.91)pmol/(min·µg),DTTv的平均值为(2.90±1.07)nmol/(min·m3),其暴漏风险处于国内较高水平,表明观测期间颗粒物对人体健康危害相对较大.
3.2 PM2.5质量浓度与DTTv变化特征一致,而与DTTm呈相反的变化趋势,表明OP主要取决于化学组分而非PM2.5的质量浓度.PM2.5的碳质组分(OC、EC)、金属元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb)及离子组分(K+、Cl-等)与OP显著相关(P<0.05),表明这些化学组分对ROS的产生具有显著影响.
3.3 利用PMF模型将太原市PM2.5污染源划分为:固体燃料燃烧源、机动车排放源、扬尘源、二次源和工业源.基于PMF源解析结果,进一步耦合MLR模型量化各污染源对OP的相对贡献.结果显示,固体燃料燃烧(54.7%)是OP的主要来源,其次是机动车排放(23.3%)和扬尘(22.0%).结合北方其他城市OP排放源的特征,应优先加强对燃烧源的控制,优化能源结构,从源头降低颗粒物对人体健康的危害.
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-JQ-23)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-21
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陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-JQ-23)
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    1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.中国科学院地球环境研究所,陕西 西安 710061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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