Article(id=1207658086450434063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, issueId=1207658076900008717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765857725012, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765857725012, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765857725012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765857725012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207658076900008717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='189', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765857722735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765862348176, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207677477451833566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, issueId=1207658076900008717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207677477451833567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, issueId=1207658076900008717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=259, endPage=263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207658086760812591, articleId=1207658086450434063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, language=EN, title=Rapid prediction and verification of vehicle rearview mirror aerodynamic noise based on SNGR method, columnId=1207658079282373410, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, columnName=Design Manufacture and Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve rapid prediction of aerodynamic noise in the rearview mirror area of vehicles, an stochastic noise generation and propagation (SNGR) method is adopted. Unlike general aerodynamic noise simulation methods, this method is based on the reynolds-averaged navier-stokes (RANS) equation to solve the steady flow field, reconstructing the sound source term through a velocity random model, and finally using the finite interpolation method to solve the acoustic analogy equation, greatly reducing the computational period of aerodynamic noise simulation. Based on actual vehicle data, a wind tunnel model is established, with a speed of 120 km/h as the simulation condition. Under the same conditions, the SNGR method and the general unsteady method using large eddy simulation as the flow field calculation model are respectively used for simulation. The results show that the calculation time of the SNGR method is greatly reduced, and the calculation results are consistent in the frequency range of 500-5 000 Hz, proving the efficiency of this method. On this basis, the flow field results in the rearview mirror area are analyzed, and the design of the car rearview mirror is optimized based on the principle of aerodynamic noise generation. Install the rearview mirrors before and after optimization on the entire vehicle for wind tunnel experiments, and verify the accuracy of the SNGR method calculation results by comparing the sound pressure level reduction before and after rearview mirror optimization. The simulation and experimental error of this method is between 4%-5%, proving that this method can be used in the optimization stage of aerodynamic noise performance of vehicle rearview mirrors.

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为实现车辆后视镜区域气动噪声的快速预测,采用一种随机噪声产生和传播(SNGR)。不同于一般气动噪声模拟方法,该方法基于雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(RANS)方程求解定常流场,通过速度随机模型重构声源项,最后采用有限插分法求解声类比方程,大大缩短气动噪声模拟的计算周期。根据实车数据建立风洞模型,以速度120 km/h为模拟工况,在相同条件下,分别采用SNGR方法和以大涡模拟为流场计算模型的一般非定常方法进行模拟。结果表明,SNGR方法的计算时间大大缩短,且计算结果在500~5 000 Hz频段内具有一致性,证明了该方法的高效性。在此基础上,对后视镜区域流场结果进行分析,根据气动噪声的产生原理,对汽车后视镜造型进行优化。将优化前后的后视镜分别装在整车上进行风洞实验,通过对比后视镜优化前后的声压级降低量验证SNGR方法计算结果的准确性,该方法模拟与实验误差在4%~5%之间,证明了该方法可用于车辆后视镜气动噪声性能的优化阶段。

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王爱红(1973—),女,教授,博士。E-mail:
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王大宇(1979—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

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王大宇(1979—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

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Simulation and experimental sound pressure level error comparison

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参数风洞实验/dB(A)SNGR方法/dB(A)误差/%
平均值9.3069.7484.75
均方根值9.8119.4004.29
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仿真和实验声压级误差对比

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参数风洞实验/dB(A)SNGR方法/dB(A)误差/%
平均值9.3069.7484.75
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基于SNGR方法的车辆后视镜气动噪声快速预测及验证
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王大宇 1 , 王习昌 2 , 孙浩然 2 , 王爱红 2
中国工程机械学报 | 设计制造与质量控制 2025,23(2): 259-263
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中国工程机械学报 | 设计制造与质量控制 2025, 23(2): 259-263
基于SNGR方法的车辆后视镜气动噪声快速预测及验证
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王大宇1 , 王习昌2, 孙浩然2, 王爱红2
作者信息
  • 1.中国工程机械工业协会 科技质量部,北京 100176
  • 2.太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 王大宇(1979—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王爱红(1973—),女,教授,博士。E-mail:
Rapid prediction and verification of vehicle rearview mirror aerodynamic noise based on SNGR method
Dayu WANG1 , Xichang WANG2, Haoran SUN2, Aihong WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Science and Technology Quality Department of China Construction Machinery Industry Association, Beijing 100176, China
  • 2. College of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
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为实现车辆后视镜区域气动噪声的快速预测,采用一种随机噪声产生和传播(SNGR)。不同于一般气动噪声模拟方法,该方法基于雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(RANS)方程求解定常流场,通过速度随机模型重构声源项,最后采用有限插分法求解声类比方程,大大缩短气动噪声模拟的计算周期。根据实车数据建立风洞模型,以速度120 km/h为模拟工况,在相同条件下,分别采用SNGR方法和以大涡模拟为流场计算模型的一般非定常方法进行模拟。结果表明,SNGR方法的计算时间大大缩短,且计算结果在500~5 000 Hz频段内具有一致性,证明了该方法的高效性。在此基础上,对后视镜区域流场结果进行分析,根据气动噪声的产生原理,对汽车后视镜造型进行优化。将优化前后的后视镜分别装在整车上进行风洞实验,通过对比后视镜优化前后的声压级降低量验证SNGR方法计算结果的准确性,该方法模拟与实验误差在4%~5%之间,证明了该方法可用于车辆后视镜气动噪声性能的优化阶段。

气动噪声  /  SNGR方法  /  后视镜  /  风洞实验

To achieve rapid prediction of aerodynamic noise in the rearview mirror area of vehicles, an stochastic noise generation and propagation (SNGR) method is adopted. Unlike general aerodynamic noise simulation methods, this method is based on the reynolds-averaged navier-stokes (RANS) equation to solve the steady flow field, reconstructing the sound source term through a velocity random model, and finally using the finite interpolation method to solve the acoustic analogy equation, greatly reducing the computational period of aerodynamic noise simulation. Based on actual vehicle data, a wind tunnel model is established, with a speed of 120 km/h as the simulation condition. Under the same conditions, the SNGR method and the general unsteady method using large eddy simulation as the flow field calculation model are respectively used for simulation. The results show that the calculation time of the SNGR method is greatly reduced, and the calculation results are consistent in the frequency range of 500-5 000 Hz, proving the efficiency of this method. On this basis, the flow field results in the rearview mirror area are analyzed, and the design of the car rearview mirror is optimized based on the principle of aerodynamic noise generation. Install the rearview mirrors before and after optimization on the entire vehicle for wind tunnel experiments, and verify the accuracy of the SNGR method calculation results by comparing the sound pressure level reduction before and after rearview mirror optimization. The simulation and experimental error of this method is between 4%-5%, proving that this method can be used in the optimization stage of aerodynamic noise performance of vehicle rearview mirrors.

aerodynamic noise  /  SNGR method  /  rearview mirror  /  wind tunnel experiment
王大宇, 王习昌, 孙浩然, 王爱红. 基于SNGR方法的车辆后视镜气动噪声快速预测及验证. 中国工程机械学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 259 -263 .
Dayu WANG, Xichang WANG, Haoran SUN, Aihong WANG. Rapid prediction and verification of vehicle rearview mirror aerodynamic noise based on SNGR method[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2025 , 23 (2) : 259 -263 .
随着新能源汽车的普及和国家基础建设的日益完善,车辆本身的结构噪声和路面噪声得到了有效控制,但气动噪声问题日益突出。研究表明,当车速达到120 km/h时,气动噪声占总噪声的60%以上[1-2]。而高速驾驶已经成为一个非常正常的现象,气动噪声的不良影响也受到越来越多消费者的抱怨。因此,对车辆气动噪声的研究是汽车设计的一个重要环节[3],吸引了越来越多汽车厂商和研究者的重视。
车辆风噪的研究方法主要分为实验法和模拟法,实验法又分为道路实验和风洞实验。目前,国内高校通过风洞实验对车辆的风噪、风振等气动现象进行了系统性的研究,并对噪声源集中区如A柱、后视镜、天窗槽等特征提出针对性意见[4-7]。但是声学风洞实验运行成本昂贵,不利于车辆的低成本研发。相比实验法,利用计算机求解的数值模拟法更加方便快捷[8]。杨博[9]针对一般气动噪声模拟需要在全计算域内进行非定常流场模拟的问题,提出了一种子域计算方法,为求解车辆气动噪声提供了一种新思路。谢超等[10]对3种不同的RANS/LES模型分别进行求解并与LES计算模型对比,结果表明相比全LES模型,基于可实现的k-ε/LES混合模型计算结果更为可靠且占用计算资源更少。Yao等[11]分别采用DES模型和LES模型对不同频段、不同区域和不同网格尺度下的计算可靠性进行了分析,为我们针对不同的研究对象选择合适的计算模型提供了指导。
随着社会节奏的加快,消费者对各车型更新换代的速度要求也在提高,如何实现车辆气动性能的快速开发也成了各高校和企业所关心的问题。随机噪声产生和传播(stochastic noise generation and propagation,SNGR)方法是一种基于定常流场结果得到非定常流场结果的方法。该方法通过求解RANS方程得到包括速度、湍流动能及湍流耗散率在内的定常流场信息,再利用速度随机模型得到带有时间信息的重构速度,最后通过求解声类比方程得到声场解。本文选用k⁃ε模型为湍流模型,采用无反射边界条件,利用SNGR方法对某车型后视镜气动噪声进行模拟,并与一般非定常模拟方法结果进行对比,验证该方法的高效性;最后通过对后视镜造型进行优化,并进行风洞实验验证,将仿真优化值与实验优化值进行对比,证明了该方法计算结果的准确性。
气动噪声的计算方法主要分为直接法和混合法。直接法是在整个流场区域内,通过求解纳维-斯托克斯方程(N-S方程)直接得到流场信息和声场信息。N-S方程矢量形式为
式中:ρ为密度;∇为哈密顿算子;μ为黏性系数;V为速度;左侧为惯性力项,表示流体动量随时间的变化;fb为体积力项;p为流场中的压力;右侧第2项为压差力项;右侧第3、4项为黏性力项,当流体不是强压缩流动时,该项一般可忽略。
N-S方程是欧拉坐标系下建立的非线性偏微分方程,求解极其复杂,至今仍然难以实现。
混合法是一种将流场与声场分开求解的方法,不考虑声压脉动对流体脉动的反作用,通过提取流场信息生成声学源项,最后求解声学扰动方程得到最终声场解。密度波动形式的莱特希尔方程为
式中:方程左侧为待求声场,方程右侧为声源;c0为声音在均匀介质中的传播速度;ρViVj为波动的雷诺应力项;热力学效应项;δij为黏性应力;τij为黏性应力张量。
相比直接计算法,混合法所需的网格尺度更加宽松,计算量更小,在实际使用上更加普遍。
SNGR方法的本质是一种混合计算法,该方法不需要进行非定常流场计算,可大大节省流场计算时所需要的时间和占用的计算机资源。该方法主要进行以下3个步骤:定常流场求解、湍流速度重构、声学源项重构与求解。
其中,湍流速度重构根据前一步所求的流场信息进行湍流速度重构。该方法通过将有限个离散傅里叶模态相加,将对流速度作为变量,引入冯-卡门谱(Von Karman-Pao),对定常流速度场进行修正。
湍流速度重构具体形式为
式中:ut为重构的湍流速度;x为流体内某微元在t时刻所处的位置;kn为波数矢量;ψnσn为与kn相关的第n阶模态的速度振幅、相位角和方向;uc为对流速度;Ωn为波动频率,由高斯概率密度函数确定。σn也是单位矢量,满足knσn=0,即knσn相垂直。波数矢量kn和单位矢量σn在空间中的关系如图1所示,其中θnanφn服从[0,2π]的随机分布,且σn处于垂直于kn的(k1,k2)平面上。
对于离散波数,湍流动能et与速度振幅和湍流能谱Ekn)的关系为
本文采用的是各向同性湍流的冯-卡门湍流能谱,其形式为
式中:k为波数;ke为冯-卡门谱中的最大波数;kv为流体中最小涡结构的Kolmogorov波数。
通过湍流速度重构,引入了一般湍流的能量谱,并将速度进行发散,将定常流场信息进行重构,得到了重构的空间湍流速度场,模拟出非定常流场下的流场信息并得到新的声学源项。结合声学扰动方程并采用有限插分法进行求解,得到最终声场解。
随机噪声产生和传播方法模型如图2所示。
我国高速公路的最高限速为120 km/h,且气动噪声占比随车速的增加而增大,所以本文选定120 km/h为模拟工况。
本论文基于某车型建立风洞模型如图3所示。这里计算域总长为3倍车长,5倍车高,7倍车宽。其中,车头距离入口为4倍车长,车尾距离出口为8倍车长,左右两侧为对称分布。这样的计算域使壁面对流场的影响较小,保证了流体的自由发展。计算流质为理想状态下的空气,将空气视为不可压缩,入口速度定为120 km/h,由于是低马赫下的流场,这里采用分离式求解方法;湍流模型为可实现的k⁃ε模型,为保证计算精度,空间离散格式选用二阶迎风格式;当计算残差小于1‰时,认为结果收敛。
为验证该方法的高效性,采用一般混合方法进行声场求解。一般混合法即通过求解非定常流场得到相应的流场信息和侧窗面脉动压力,再将这些信息差值应到声学网格中,再通过求解声类比方程得到最终声场解。为避免其他条件的干扰,我们采用完全相同的计算资源,根据奈奎斯特采样定理,计算步长Δt=1×10–5s,采样频率为5 000 Hz;计算总长t=0.3 s,计算频率间隔为60 Hz;湍流模拟方法采用大涡模拟法。
对于车内噪声,噪声都要通过侧窗玻璃传递至车内。将主驾驶室侧车窗玻璃面作为计算目标面,对目标面的声压级值进行分析,达到对车辆后视镜气动性能预测和优化的目的。声压级均方根值的最终计算结果对比如图4所示。
图4可知:在500~5 000 Hz这一大的频段内,2种方法的计算结果具有较好的一致性;2次计算采用的是同一台64线程256 GB运行内存的计算机,一般混合法的计算花费了20 d的时间,而SNGR方法只花费了3 d时间,且计算时占用内存更少。这主要是因为SNGR方法只需进行定常流场计算,从而带来计算时间上的优势,验证了该方法的高效性。
后视镜优化主要采取3个措施:将后视镜与车身夹角增大至15°,使后视镜后侧远离车身;将后视镜的车身向长度增加至220 mm,使分离区延后;将后视镜迎利风面的厚度增加至100 mm,使迎风面弧度更加圆润,如图5所示。
后视镜优化前(右)后(左),在高度H=0.88 m界面上的速度云图如图6所示。由图6可知,气流在后视镜和车身之间间隙处的流速要高于其他区域,此处的气流会直接越过后视镜后缘并在后视镜镜面的正后方形成一个负压区,负压区气流流速要远低于其他区域,在负压的作用下,其他区域的气流会向此偏转并产生回流,后视镜优化后的分离区更加远离车身面,后视镜的尾迹更小也就是声源区更小,靠近车身周围的空气流速皆有所下降。
后视镜优化后的主驾驶室侧车窗玻璃的平均声压级云图如图7所示。通过对比可以看到后视镜优化后,侧窗玻璃上的平均声压级峰值由102 dB(A)减至93.5 dB(A),且侧窗玻璃的平均声压级总体分布值也有所降低。
后视镜优化前后主驾驶室侧最终声压级对比如图8所示。由图8可知,优化后的模型其声压级在250~5 000 Hz这一大的频段内都有了不同程度的优化,降低量级在10 dB(A)左右。
风洞实验在中汽中心风洞实验室进行,喷口面积为28 m2,试验段长度为16 m,实验风速为120 km/h,环境温度为22 ℃。
将不同造型的后视镜分别安装在整车上进行实验,得到2种后视镜的实验数据,并计算2次实验的声压级降低量,如图9所示,图中,虚线为SNGR方法计算得出的降低量。可以看到,在500~5 000 Hz这一频段内,2种方法所得的降低量总体接近。其误差对比见表1,其平均值相差4.75%,均方根值相差4.29%。上述结果表明,SNGR方法在计算不同模型的声压级降低量时,其结果是较为准确的。
本文采用SNGR方法,以某SUV车型为对象进行后视镜气动噪声数值模拟,在相同计算机和相同网格尺度条件下,通过与一般非定常法对比,可以发现SNGR方法在计算结果一致性较好的同时占用计算机资源更少且计算周期更短,证明了该计算方法的高效性。在此基础上,根据侧窗区域气动噪声产生机理,对后视镜造型进行优化,采用SNGR方法计算得到了优化后的后视镜声压级信息,将不同造型的后视镜分别安装在实车上,通过风洞实验,得到了优化前后的后视镜声压级。将2种后视镜声压级的实验降低量和模拟降低量进行对比,发现SNGR方法模拟所得的降低量与实验所得的降低量基本一致,这表明利用SNGR方法对不同后视镜气动噪声性能进行快速预测是可靠的。
  • 山西省基础研究计划面上基金资助项目(201901D111245)
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山西省基础研究计划面上基金资助项目(201901D111245)
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    1.中国工程机械工业协会 科技质量部,北京 100176
    2.太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024

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王爱红(1973—),女,教授,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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