Article(id=1207658083279541089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, issueId=1207658076900008717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765857724256, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765857724256, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765857724256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765857724256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207658076900008717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='189', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765857722735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765862348176, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207677477451833566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, issueId=1207658076900008717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207677477451833567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, issueId=1207658076900008717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=292, endPage=297, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207658083644445552, articleId=1207658083279541089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, language=EN, title=Analysis of the main machine design and tunneling attitude of earth pressure balance TBM in shallow-buried tunnel, columnId=1207658079282373410, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, columnName=Design Manufacture and Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In shield construction, the tunneling attitude of the shield tunnel is an important parameter affecting the quality of the tunneling, which directly affects the track and the quality of the tunnel. Taking an earth pressure balance tunnel boring machine (TBM) as an example, the relationship between the weight of the main machine and the earth pressure and the bearing capacity of the foundation is determined from the theoretical level at the design of the shield machine, which is based on the analysis of the floating and sinking. The influence of the uneven mass distribution on the center of gravity is further analyzed. Finally, through the comprehensive study of the relationship between the force of the host and the thrust of the cylinder under the soil pressure model, the necessary conditions for the control of the driving attitude of the shield machine are determined. The results of this paper have important practical siginificance for improving the design and manufacturing of the shield machine and the construction level of the shield method in China.

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盾构法施工中,盾构主机掘进姿态是影响掘进质量的重要参数,其直接影响着掘进轨迹及隧道成型质量。盾构机主机在主机自重、上覆土压力、掌子面压力作用下经常会发生下沉和栽头的现象,对于掘进质量和掘进效率影响巨大。本文以某款浅埋隧道土压平衡盾构机为例,首先通过对盾构主机施工时上浮和下沉机理的研究,从理论层面确定了主机设计时,其重量与地层土压力及地基承载力之间的关系;然后进一步分析了主机质量分布不均匀对其重心的影响规律;最后通过综合研究土压模式下主机受力与推进油缸推进力之间的关系,确定了盾构主机掘进姿态可控的必要条件。本文研究结果对于提高中国盾构机的设计制造以及盾构法施工水平具有重要现实意义。

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阳斌(1982—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

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阳斌(1982—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

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阳斌(1982—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

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Rock and soil parameters of tunnels excavated by EPB-TBM

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层序土层名称重度/(kN·m−3内摩擦角/(°)内聚力/kPa静止侧压力系数k0
1灰色淤泥质黏土17.812.114.00.70
1-1灰色黏土18.218.516.00.53
1-2灰绿色粉质黏土20.023.024.60.43
2-1灰色砂质粉土夹粉质黏土层18.428.58.00.40
), ArticleFig(id=1207748682561196433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658083279541089, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

盾构机穿越隧道岩土参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层序土层名称重度/(kN·m−3内摩擦角/(°)内聚力/kPa静止侧压力系数k0
1灰色淤泥质黏土17.812.114.00.70
1-1灰色黏土18.218.516.00.53
1-2灰绿色粉质黏土20.023.024.60.43
2-1灰色砂质粉土夹粉质黏土层18.428.58.00.40
), ArticleFig(id=1207748682707997075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658083279541089, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Soil and water pressure on the top and bottom of EPB-TBM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层序土层名称拱顶垂直水土压力/kPa拱顶水平水土压力/kPa拱底垂直水土压力/kPa拱底水平水土压力/kPa
1灰色淤泥质黏土354.22201.15471.7306.00
1-1灰色黏土362.18186.28482.3262.65
1-2灰绿色粉质黏土398.00184.37530.0237.15
2-1灰色砂质粉土夹粉质黏土层366.16165.36487.6229.50
), ArticleFig(id=1207748682775105941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658083279541089, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

盾构机顶部与底部所受水土压力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层序土层名称拱顶垂直水土压力/kPa拱顶水平水土压力/kPa拱底垂直水土压力/kPa拱底水平水土压力/kPa
1灰色淤泥质黏土354.22201.15471.7306.00
1-1灰色黏土362.18186.28482.3262.65
1-2灰绿色粉质黏土398.00184.37530.0237.15
2-1灰色砂质粉土夹粉质黏土层366.16165.36487.6229.50
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浅埋隧道土压平衡盾构主机设计与掘进姿态论证分析
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阳斌 , 王远志 , 徐德帆 , 付玉龙 , 龚廷民 , 张朝军
中国工程机械学报 | 设计制造与质量控制 2025,23(2): 292-297
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中国工程机械学报 | 设计制造与质量控制 2025, 23(2): 292-297
浅埋隧道土压平衡盾构主机设计与掘进姿态论证分析
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阳斌 , 王远志, 徐德帆, 付玉龙, 龚廷民, 张朝军
作者信息
  • 中铁工程装备集团技术服务有限公司,河南 郑州 450016
  • 阳斌(1982—),男,高级工程师。E-mail:

Analysis of the main machine design and tunneling attitude of earth pressure balance TBM in shallow-buried tunnel
Bin YANG , Yuanzhi WANG, Defan XU, Yulong FU, Tingmin GONG, Chaojun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • China Railway Engineering Equipment Group Technical Services Co, Ltd, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
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盾构法施工中,盾构主机掘进姿态是影响掘进质量的重要参数,其直接影响着掘进轨迹及隧道成型质量。盾构机主机在主机自重、上覆土压力、掌子面压力作用下经常会发生下沉和栽头的现象,对于掘进质量和掘进效率影响巨大。本文以某款浅埋隧道土压平衡盾构机为例,首先通过对盾构主机施工时上浮和下沉机理的研究,从理论层面确定了主机设计时,其重量与地层土压力及地基承载力之间的关系;然后进一步分析了主机质量分布不均匀对其重心的影响规律;最后通过综合研究土压模式下主机受力与推进油缸推进力之间的关系,确定了盾构主机掘进姿态可控的必要条件。本文研究结果对于提高中国盾构机的设计制造以及盾构法施工水平具有重要现实意义。

土压平衡盾构机  /  主机设计  /  倾覆力矩  /  推进油缸  /  姿态控制

In shield construction, the tunneling attitude of the shield tunnel is an important parameter affecting the quality of the tunneling, which directly affects the track and the quality of the tunnel. Taking an earth pressure balance tunnel boring machine (TBM) as an example, the relationship between the weight of the main machine and the earth pressure and the bearing capacity of the foundation is determined from the theoretical level at the design of the shield machine, which is based on the analysis of the floating and sinking. The influence of the uneven mass distribution on the center of gravity is further analyzed. Finally, through the comprehensive study of the relationship between the force of the host and the thrust of the cylinder under the soil pressure model, the necessary conditions for the control of the driving attitude of the shield machine are determined. The results of this paper have important practical siginificance for improving the design and manufacturing of the shield machine and the construction level of the shield method in China.

earth pressure balance tunnel boring machine (TBM)  /  main machine design  /  the overturning moment  /  the thrust cylinder  /  control of the driving attitude
阳斌, 王远志, 徐德帆, 付玉龙, 龚廷民, 张朝军. 浅埋隧道土压平衡盾构主机设计与掘进姿态论证分析. 中国工程机械学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 292 -297 .
Bin YANG, Yuanzhi WANG, Defan XU, Yulong FU, Tingmin GONG, Chaojun ZHANG. Analysis of the main machine design and tunneling attitude of earth pressure balance TBM in shallow-buried tunnel[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2025 , 23 (2) : 292 -297 .
盾构机主机掘进姿态的控制是盾构法施工中尤为重要的一环。盾构机主机的姿态将直接影响隧道的成型状况和地表沉降程度,进而影响到工程的竣工质量[1]。因此,做好盾构机主机姿态的控制是保证工程质量的重要环节。
目前国内外针对盾构机姿态的分析主要集中在盾构掘进姿态的控制及纠偏和斜井盾构机主机栽头的机理等。彭涌涛[2]从土压的设定值、地质变化、注浆位置与时间、转弯管片的使用、管片的姿态和施工的连续性等6个方面对影响盾构掘进姿态的因素进行总结,阐述盾构掘进过程中姿态控制的技术方法。王春凯[3]、张爱军[4]、高超[5]通过理论分析及对某工程施工中大量实测数据的整理,推导得出推进油缸与盾构姿态的相互关系,可为施工优化提供依据。梁荣柱等[6]结合杭州地铁某区间盾构掘进实测数据,分析了盾构在杭州典型软土地层施工中竖向姿态变化及控制措施。戈文昌等[7]、梁寿[8]研究了斜井盾构机发生的机理,认为斜井隧道“头重脚轻”的重力分布引起的地层不均匀沉降,是栽头发生的主要原因。李森等[9]、钟小春等[10]对软土地层盾构机选型及姿态控制进行分析,认为盾尾渗漏是盾构机姿态突变的主要因素。任颖莹等[11]为提高盾构施工过程中姿态控制系统的控制精度和控制性能,提出一种盾构推进姿态控制策略。
以上文献均是从盾构施工角度对浅埋隧道盾构掘进姿态及机理进行研究,而对于盾构主机设计及如何保证盾构主机可以主动控制掘进姿态等方面的研究还较少且不够深入。本文以应用于华东地区软土地层的某款土压盾构机为例,分析了盾构施工时主机重量设计范围以及盾构机实现主动姿态调整的条件,该研究结果对于提高我国盾构机的设计制造水平具有重要意义。
盾构掘进时的地质情况直接影响其实际受力情况,判断主机掘进时的地质状况对下文的主机设计以及姿态控制至关重要。本文盾构使用区间为上海某地铁隧道,隧道直径D为6.6 m,埋深H为9.3~19.9 m,本章对其水文地质情况进行了针对性分析。
依照规范,深、浅埋隧道的判定一般以隧道顶部覆盖层能否形成“自然拱”为原则[12-13]。根据经验,深浅埋隧道分界深度为
式中:HP为深、浅埋隧道分界的深度,m;hq为施工坍方平均高度(等效荷载高度),hq=0.45×2S-1ω,m,其中S为围岩类别,如Ⅲ类围岩,则S=3,ω为宽度影响系数,且ω=1+i(B-5),B为隧道净宽度,iB=5 m为基准,B每增减1 m时的围岩压力增减率,当B<5 m时,取i=0.2,B>5 m,取i=0.1,m。
以最不稳定围岩Ⅴ类为假设,依据隧道直径获得i为0.1,计算施工坍方平均高度hq为8.352 m,可求得HP最大为20.88 m,相较于本隧道最大埋深19.9 m,判定该隧道为浅埋隧道。本文主要针对浅埋隧道盾构法施工时,开展土压平衡式盾构机主机设计及掘进姿态论证分析。
隧道穿越部位地层主要有局部④1灰色淤泥质黏土、⑤1-1灰色黏土、⑤1-2灰绿色粉质黏土、⑤2-1灰色砂质粉土夹和粉质黏土层。考虑上海地层,稳定水位位于地面以下7.3~8.6 m,约拱顶以上1.5~3.8 m。考虑到最大埋深为19.9 m,经地质资料查询,可计算得到隧道沿线所穿越的地层参数见表1
本章通过对主机上浮和下沉机理进行研究,寻找主机设计时其重量与地层土压力及地基承载力之间的相对关系。
上覆土压力与主机自重小于等于主机受到的浮力,主机上浮。考虑上浮时,埋深最浅时可能性最大,若满足,则其余埋深均可满足。盾构施工埋深最浅约9.3 m,此时上覆土压力为
式中:γ为土体重度,此处取区间最小值17.8 kN/m3H1为最浅位置时高度9.3 m;D为盾体直径6.76 m;L为盾体长度9.23 m。
上覆土压力与主机自重的合力为
式中:G为主机质量。
地下水对主机的上浮力与地下水液位高度呈正相关,当盾体全部被水淹没时,主机上浮力最大。此时水对主机的上浮力为
式中:ρ为水密度,ρ=10 kN/m3R为盾体半径,R=D/2=3.38 m。
FF时,主机不会上浮,综合式(2)、式(3)、式(4)得
地层承载力具有一定的极限,当地层的最大承载力小于等于主机自重和上覆土压力之和时,主机下沉。根据地层最大承载力理论计算为
式中:γ为土体重度,kN/m3c为黏聚力,kPa;ϕ为内摩擦角;H为地下水位以上埋深,m;H为地下水位以下埋深,m。
盾体和上覆土对基底产生的最大压力为
式中:H2为主机基底层埋深,m。
因此,当P1P时,主机不会下沉,此时
本隧道施工时稳定水位位于地面以下7.3~8.6 m,因此取H=8 m,H=H2H。埋深H范围为9.3~19.9 m,选取最恶劣的工况进行计算,即主机在④1灰色淤泥质黏土最大埋深时,此时H2=19.9+6.76=26.66 m。
综合式(5)、式(8),当主机质量gπR2LγH1DLG≤(PγH2)·DL时,主机不会发生下沉和上浮现象。带入具体数值,可得–7 016 kN≤G≤10 000.13 kN
本文盾构主机自重G=4 341 kN,因此不管是最小埋深9.3 m,或是最大埋深19.9 m,主机自重均满足要求,不会发生上浮和下沉现象。
上述盾构设计时主机重量与地层土压力及地基承载力分析结果满足施工要求,盾构在相应地层中不会上浮或下沉,但由于主机设计时各单元部件不可能具有均匀性和平衡性,使得主机在质量密集区域可能会发生局部下沉。
本节假设盾构机在静态条件下,诸如停机状态下且土仓敞开,不考虑正面土压力及推进力,只承受自重时,对盾构主机重心与地层支撑盾体几何中心关系进行分析,判定盾构在掘进过程中是否会发生下沉(栽头)趋势。
为了比较准确地计算主机的重心,根据主机中各个部件的几何特征以及质量特点,将主机分为9个部分,各部件简化及其重心如图1所示。图中,G1~G9表示刀盘、土仓、前盾加驱动、中盾总成、尾盾总成、螺旋机、管片机、管片、设备桥的质量,大小分别为37、70、100、110、32、20、21、42、11 t,主机总质量G=443 t。
图1中,xi表示单元部件重心距离主机重心的距离,x表示主机重心与几何中心之间的距离,h代表各个单元部件重心之间的距离,其中h23代表G2G3之间的距离,h12~h89分别为0.582、1.225、2.054、2.195、0.361、0.450、0.762、1.440 m。根据重心计算公式,可以得到
式中:部件重心在主机重心左边时xi取正值,右边取负值。
结合各个单元部件之间的距离,计算得各个部件重心距离主机重心的距离x1~x9分别为3.460、2.880、1.653、0.401、2.596、2.957、3.407、4.169、5.609 m。
由于重心在中心之前,主机有可能会发生栽头,其受到的倾覆力矩大小为
假设主机掘进过程中,重心前后受到的地基支撑力均匀,分别为P1P2,如图2所示。
根据主机受力平衡,可得
式中:L1P1分布中点距离主机几何中心距离,2.658 m;L2P2分布在主机中心右边中心距离主机中心距离,2.308 m;G为覆土质量,G=γHDL≈20.0×23.28×6.76×9.23 kN=29 051 kN;M为地基对主机的力矩,M=MG
由以上各值,可得P1=569.3 kPa,P2=509.8 kPa。根据式(6)可得,地基最大承载力为640.8 kPa,大于其受到的压力。因此,主机在施工过程中,不会发生栽头现象。
对盾构主机自由状态下的栽头现象进行了分析,实际掘进过程中,由于主机受到的正面土压力不同,也会产生一个倾覆力矩作用,影响掘进姿态。盾构主机只能通过推进油缸对其进行补偿,才能实现掘进姿态的调整[14]
本隧道所处地层地下水位埋深较浅,结合浅埋隧道,利用土柱法,即上覆土的重量计算水土压力,计算选择如下:
式中:σv为盾构机顶部所受垂直土压力,kPa;σh为盾构机顶部所受水平土压力,kPa;σw为盾构机顶部所受水压力,kPa;γ'为土体浮容重,kN/m3γw为水的容重,kN/m3q为水压折减系数,根据土层渗透系数确定的经验数值,砂土中取0.8<q<1.0,黏性土中取0.3<q<0.5,风化岩层中取0<q<0.5,此处取0.5。
结合土层及相应参数,根据式(12)、式(13)、式(14),盾构机最大埋深时顶部与底部所承受的水土压力见表2
刀盘受到的土应力与其距地面的高度正相关,该掘进区间埋深最大为19.9 m,底部的最大埋深为26.75 m,差别较大,因此刀盘在径向上受到大小不同的力,导致盾构机施工时受到倾覆力矩。此外,盾构掘进时的土仓压力以及刀具分布不均同样会产生倾覆力矩,但这些相对于埋深产生的倾覆力矩影响较小,可以忽略。如图3所示,设刀盘在埋深19.9 m和26.75 m时受到的土应力分别为P0P1,土应力呈梯形分布作用于刀盘。
则刀盘在不同高度受到的压力为
式中:K为单位高度上土压力增加量,其值为(P1-P0)/D kPa/m;h为刀盘距刀盘顶端的距离。
刀盘在相同的径向高度上受到的压力相同,因此,采用积分的思想,将刀盘沿径向分为N等份,当N足够大时,可以近似认为在每一份上受到的压力相等,计算出每一份受到的倾覆力矩,将其相加,即得到总的倾覆力矩。根据图3,假设第i段距刀盘中心面的距离为y,高度为dy,则第i段的面积为
i段受到的倾覆力矩大小为
则刀盘总的倾覆力矩为
由于刀盘面左右两边对称,其力矩相等,为了计算简便,只计算右半部分。令y=r·sin θ,则
4种地质结构中,K最大能满足条件时,则均可满足。由于K=(P1P0)/D,因此,在④1灰色淤泥质黏土中K最大,其值为15.51 kPa/m。此时倾覆力矩M=1 590 kN·m,负号表示总的倾覆力矩是下半部分土压力作用。
盾构可以通过推进油缸,调整主机的掘进姿态[15]。本盾构机布置4组23根推进油缸,其中B组第11对采用双杆,如图4所示。该推进系统最大推力为4 606 t,每根推杆200 t。
设前方覆土对盾体隔板的阻力为F,则
根据4.1节中刀盘受到的水平压力值,可得F=9 101 kN。盾构掘进时,需要对掌子面受到的阻力和倾覆力矩进行补偿调节,设图4中A、B、C、D 4组油缸能施加的推力分别为FaFbFcFd,则盾构可以主动调整掘进姿态的必要条件为
式中:F为主机推力,F=FaFbFcFdF为B、D组油缸压力差,F=FbFd。带入具体数值得F≥9 101 kN,F≥471 kN。
本文主机推力F总max=46 060 kN,F差max=15 680 kN,掘进姿态安全可控。为了对盾构施工现场进行指导,需要将压力换算成对应的压强,设A、B、C、D 4组油缸施加的压力分别为PaPbPcPd,则
式中:r为推进油缸缸径,270 mm。得P≥39.74 MPa、P≥2.06 MPa。
P=39.74 MPa、P=2.06 MPa时,盾构主机保持现状进行掘进。增加P,主机将抬头向上偏移掘进,调节PaPb主机将左右偏移,偏移角度与压力大小相关。而当推进油缸可以提供的P小于2.06 MPa时,主机持续处于栽头状态,不能对掘进姿态进行调整。
本文以某土压平衡盾构主机为例,结合施工过程中的工程地质实际情况,研究了盾构主机在初始设计时的质量计算方法,并确定了掘进时主机姿态可调的条件,主要成果如下:
(1)确定了主机设计时的质量取值范围。通过对主机上浮和下沉机理的研究,得到了主机设计时其质量与地层土压力及地基承载力之间的相对关系,为主机初始阶段的质量设计提供了理论依据。
(2)对自由状态下主机受力情况进行了分析。通过对主机中各个单元部件进行合理简化,确定了主机重心位置,并计算了重心偏移引起的栽头力矩,然后建立了自由状态下主机受力平衡公式,得到了地基对主机支撑力的大小,分析了主机在自由状态下的受力情况。
(3)确定了盾构主机掘进时姿态可控的必要条件。以本文盾构施工条件为例,通过分析土压模式下盾构主机受力与推进油缸作用特点,确定了只有当推进油缸可以对倾覆力矩和覆土阻力进行补偿时,主机才可实现掘进姿态可控,并进一步论证了本盾构使用的推进油缸可以满足主机姿态调节需要。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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