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For the nut connection problems of narrow and deep cavity, invisibility, no access to traditional operating tools of aero-engine rotor, a new automation assembly method is advocated based on the image recognition and laser assisted positioning technology. The automated blind assembly torque device is developed with the functions of automatic folding of wrench head, accurate positioning, rapid nut recognizing, and electric loading, which can enter the narrow and deep operation space that is invisible to naked eye, to solve the low-level errors caused by artificial missing and wrong nuts, avoiding collision and damage on the inner wall of the shaft cavity. The device can carry out the compound tightening strategy with torque and angle to achieve the accurate automatic connection of engine rotor nut all the time, and the %GageR&R and %P/T of system precision are %22.21, %3.78 respectively through the test of automatic blind nut assembly, which will increase the accuracy and consistency on the large degree, which will lay the important foundation of the working stability and reliability of aero-engine farther.

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针对航空发动机转子在狭深腔、不可视、传统操作工具不可达的条件下螺母连接问题,提出一种基于图像识别和激光辅助定位技术的新型自动化装配方法。研制自动化盲装扭矩装置,扳手头具有自动折叠、精准定位、快速认帽、电动加载等功能,能进入肉眼不可见的狭深腔操作空间,解决人为漏拧、错拧螺母的低级错误,避免轴腔内壁发生磕碰损坏。装置可施加力矩和转角的复合拧紧策略,实现发动机转子螺母全程自动化精密连接。通过螺母自动化盲装应用试验,扭矩装置系统精度%GageR&R为%22.21,%P/T为%3.78,大幅度提高了装配的准确性和一致性,为进一步保障航空发动机工作稳定性和可靠性奠定了重要基础。

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赵哲(1987—),男,高级工程师,硕士。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=t+Pgmmob34705J+bq1o2sA==, figureFileBig=t1H0PtGECW/5stv0UuIqJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207748677960049454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658079055880987, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Qualification marks of measurement system

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%GageR&R或%P/T小于10%介于10%~30%大于30%
测量系统能力良好勉强可接受不合格
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测量系统的合格标志

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%GageR&R或%P/T小于10%介于10%~30%大于30%
测量系统能力良好勉强可接受不合格
), ArticleFig(id=1207748678123627322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658079055880987, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Variance analysis of measurement system

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波动源平方和均方
操作者O
部件P
操作者O×部件P
误差
总和
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测量系统方差分析表

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波动源平方和均方
操作者O
部件P
操作者O×部件P
误差
总和
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航空发动机转子螺母自动化盲装工艺设计与分析
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赵哲 1 , 冯永哲 1 , 孙贵青 1 , 张久成 2
中国工程机械学报 | 设计制造与质量控制 2025,23(2): 276-281
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中国工程机械学报 | 设计制造与质量控制 2025, 23(2): 276-281
航空发动机转子螺母自动化盲装工艺设计与分析
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赵哲1 , 冯永哲1, 孙贵青1, 张久成2
作者信息
  • 1.中国航发 沈阳发动机研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110015
  • 2.海通机器人系统有限公司,江苏 苏州 215000
  • 赵哲(1987—),男,高级工程师,硕士。E-mail:

Structure and shape analysis of main bearing for aero-engine horizontal rotation assembly
Zhe ZHAO1 , Yongzhe FENG1, Guiqing SUN1, Jiucheng ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Shenyang Engine Research Institute, Aviation Engine Corporation of China, Shenyang 110015, Liaoning, China
  • 2. Haitong Robot System Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
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针对航空发动机转子在狭深腔、不可视、传统操作工具不可达的条件下螺母连接问题,提出一种基于图像识别和激光辅助定位技术的新型自动化装配方法。研制自动化盲装扭矩装置,扳手头具有自动折叠、精准定位、快速认帽、电动加载等功能,能进入肉眼不可见的狭深腔操作空间,解决人为漏拧、错拧螺母的低级错误,避免轴腔内壁发生磕碰损坏。装置可施加力矩和转角的复合拧紧策略,实现发动机转子螺母全程自动化精密连接。通过螺母自动化盲装应用试验,扭矩装置系统精度%GageR&R为%22.21,%P/T为%3.78,大幅度提高了装配的准确性和一致性,为进一步保障航空发动机工作稳定性和可靠性奠定了重要基础。

航空发动机  /  转子螺母  /  自动化  /  盲装  /  系统精度

For the nut connection problems of narrow and deep cavity, invisibility, no access to traditional operating tools of aero-engine rotor, a new automation assembly method is advocated based on the image recognition and laser assisted positioning technology. The automated blind assembly torque device is developed with the functions of automatic folding of wrench head, accurate positioning, rapid nut recognizing, and electric loading, which can enter the narrow and deep operation space that is invisible to naked eye, to solve the low-level errors caused by artificial missing and wrong nuts, avoiding collision and damage on the inner wall of the shaft cavity. The device can carry out the compound tightening strategy with torque and angle to achieve the accurate automatic connection of engine rotor nut all the time, and the %GageR&R and %P/T of system precision are %22.21, %3.78 respectively through the test of automatic blind nut assembly, which will increase the accuracy and consistency on the large degree, which will lay the important foundation of the working stability and reliability of aero-engine farther.

aero-engine  /  rotor nut  /  automation  /  blind assembly  /  system accuracy
赵哲, 冯永哲, 孙贵青, 张久成. 航空发动机转子螺母自动化盲装工艺设计与分析. 中国工程机械学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 276 -281 .
Zhe ZHAO, Yongzhe FENG, Guiqing SUN, Jiucheng ZHANG. Structure and shape analysis of main bearing for aero-engine horizontal rotation assembly[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2025 , 23 (2) : 276 -281 .
现有精密构件螺纹的连接大多采用电动自动化加载,可对连接件施加扭矩、转角及复合连接策略,保证连接面的准确度、预紧力、一致性及装配效率。航空发动机作为高精密结构件,转子连接是整机装配必不可少的关键工序,其连接质量对发动机的工作性能具有重要影响[1-2]。由于结构特殊性,某型发动机转子螺栓在拧紧过程中肉眼不可视,轴颈操作空间狭小深长,传统扳手不可达,现有方法为使用特制弓形扳手,进行人工手动拧紧连接。手动拧紧螺母的连接预紧力分散度较差,螺母容易漏拧、错拧,轴腔内壁也经常发生磕碰损坏,因此发动机转子螺母深盲腔装配已成为制约整机装配可靠性、效率的瓶颈之一,问题亟待解决。
国外先进的航空公司已实现发动机智能化、自动化、柔性装配[3-5]。在GE90涡扇发动机中,低压涡轮轴与低压涡轮转静子间的螺栓连接,采用电枪拧紧设备。在V2500涡扇发动机中,高压压气机3~8级转子鼓筒与9~12级转子鼓筒间的螺栓连接,采用的是自动化拧紧设备,可实现转子自动化拧紧,但无法实现扳手头自动折叠,仍受限于操作空间。国内发动机正处于由手工转向自动化装配的过渡阶段,周烁等[6]指出发动机关键装配工序,并对数字化、智能化单元体装配技术提出了展望。刘思佳[7]设计了发动机转子柔性装配系统平台,可实现发动机自动化精密装配。王志等[8]和黄松等[9]研制发动机多自由度装配平台,可实现发动机总装时的多自抬调整,提高装配效率。张渝等[10]指出发动机重要装配连接技术,研制低压涡轮转子盘轴螺栓自动化拧紧设备,并开展螺纹连接机理分析。魏企业等[11]设计了一种发动机转子装配螺栓自动拧紧机,可实现转子螺母的自动化连接,但须保证螺母暴露在外,无法实现盲腔的转子螺母连接。张雷[12]设计了螺栓力矩拧紧机,并对螺栓拧紧方式、参数的选择进行了研究。调研发动机转子螺栓连接的研究现状,国内外均在发动机自动化、数字化、智能化装配应用领域有所突破,但国内尚处于起步阶段,发展时间较短,与国外差距明显。在发动机转子螺栓拧紧方面,虽然已初步实现自动化装配,但对于发动机转子狭窄深长的盲腔螺栓拧紧技术,未发现参考资料。
本文提出一种新型发动机转子连接螺母的自动化装配工艺方法,用于发动机转子在狭深腔、不可视、传统操作工具不可达的条件下实现螺母电动连接。保证预紧力一致,可实现扳手头对发动机转子螺母的精准定位,不会出现螺母漏拧、错拧人为错误问题,避免轴腔内壁发生人为磕碰损坏,可实现转子螺栓全程自动化精密连接,大幅度提高装配质量和效率。
某型涡扇发动机风扇单元体由进气机匣、风扇转子、风扇静子组成,其中风扇转子由一、二、三级转子组件通过螺栓连接固定,如图1所示。当风扇单元体安装时,在图示状态下,进行风扇转子与后轴颈连接螺母的拧紧固定。由于结构特殊性,发动机转子在拧紧过程中肉眼不可视,轴颈操作空间狭小深长,传统扳手不可达,且螺母拧紧力矩大(100 N·m)、精度要求高,因此装配难度大。
现有解决方法为使用特制弓形扳手,进行人工手动拧紧连接,但无法精准定位螺母位置,且拧紧力矩、转角精度不足,不能实现力矩、转角准确连接,螺母连接预紧力分散度较差,且螺母容易漏拧、错拧,轴腔也经常发生磕碰损坏,发动机转子装配质量、效率、安全均较低。
设计的自动化盲装扭矩装置由电动扳手机构、扳手折叠机构、竖直升降机构、水平移动机构、水平旋转机构组成,如图2所示。电动扳手机构用于转子连接螺母的自动拧紧加载,可施加扭矩和转角策略。扳手折叠机构用于电动扳手水平折叠,缩小扳手轴向空间。竖直升降机构用于电动扳手的竖直z轴方向升降。水平移动机构用于电动扳手的水平x轴方向移动。水平旋转机构用于电动扳手的水平θ方向旋转。
通过水平旋转机构固定底座安装到发动机进气机匣的安装边上,通过发动机进气机匣的安装边止口进行定心,由于发动机进气机匣的轴心与风扇转子的轴心重合,电动扳手轴心与固定底座的轴心重合,使得电动扳手轴心与风扇转子的轴心重合,这样电动扳手的回转中心即为转子连接螺母分度圆的理论位置中心。
工作原理为:首先,将电动扳手底端的扳手头折叠成竖直状态,通过竖直升降机构将扳手头沿竖直z方向下降到转子连接螺母附近。然后,将扳手头折叠成水平状态。如果折叠空间不足,可先通过水平移动机构将扳手移动至一定偏心距离,通过扳手头的折叠功能、竖直升降机构的竖直升降功能、水平移动机构的水平移动功能三者复合动作,将扳手头折叠至水平状态,并定位到转子连接螺母的正上方。最后,通过竖直升降机构继续沿竖直z轴方向下降扳手头,将其安装到转子连接螺母上,进行电动旋转加载(扭矩、转角)。
在电动扳手机构中,电动扳手与扳手杆相连,操作电缸驱动折叠杆进行扳手头折叠,当扳手头折叠至水平状态后,操作电缸驱动扳手杆进行竖直升降,实现扳手杆顶端套齿与扳手头连接,进而驱动电动扳手时,通过扳手杆传递扭矩,实现扳手头对发动机转子连接螺母的拧紧加载,如图3所示。
由于发动机转子为深盘腔,转子连接螺母肉眼不可视,在扳手头下方设置内窥头和激光传感器,分别用于扳手头初步查找和最终确认螺母位置,如图4所示。
激光传感器轴线与扳手头轴线重合,内窥头设置在激光传感器的一侧,如图5所示。当扳手头折叠下降到深盘腔后,通过内窥头观察扳手头相对螺母的位置。通过竖直升降机构和水平回转机构,利用内窥头观察激光传感器射向螺母的光点位置,当光点射向螺母最大直径端面时,此时扳手头在竖直方向调整到位,初步找到螺母的角向位置。小幅度操作水平回转机构,激光传感器射向螺母的光点在最大直径端面进行左右扫动,激光传感器将反馈收集到距离螺母最大直径端面的最短距离,此时扳手头轴线角向位置和螺母中心的角向位置重合,找到扳手头套筒相对螺母的水平距离l和水平角向位置θ
设螺母直径为d,激光传感器测得距离螺母最大直径端面的最短距离为m,激光传感器头部距离扳手头套筒中心距离为n,操作水平移动机构需要移动扳手头距离l
设扳手头的轴心回转精度为Δ1,设螺母的位置度为Δ2,激光传感器的测量精度为Δ3,扳手头套筒内套齿内径为D,螺母外径为d,为实现扳手头套筒可以克服形位测量偏差Δ1Δ2Δ3,与螺母进行配合套入,这里要求扳手头套筒内径与螺母14外径的径向安装间隙t
图6所示,驱动电动扳手机构扳手头套筒进行缓慢旋转,对套筒施加旋转力矩T,竖直升降机构对套筒施加向下作用力为F,套筒受到螺母反作用力为F',这里F=F'。套筒下端面受到螺母上端面的摩擦力为f0,摩擦系数为μ0,此处f0=μ0F,由于旋转力矩T产生的等效作用力为F0,应大于摩擦力f0,套筒直径为O,这里要求套筒可以克服摩擦力f0进行旋转,即F0=2T/O>f0=μ0F,则竖直向下进给距离l应保证:
图7所示,螺母螺纹受到套筒竖直向下的作用力F,螺母螺纹受到套筒的摩擦力f0,螺栓螺纹对螺母螺纹产生压力FN,螺栓螺纹对螺母螺纹的摩擦力为f,设摩擦系数为μ,螺纹升角为λ。要求套筒旋转,螺母保持不动,得到
由于f0=μ0F,整理得到
保证套筒与螺母的摩擦系数μ、螺母与螺栓的摩擦系数μ0、螺纹升角λ在要求范围内。套筒下端面与螺母上端面接触后,驱动扳手头套筒进行缓慢旋转,螺母保持不动,当套筒内套齿角向位置与螺母外套齿对正时,完成套筒对螺母的电动认帽。
为检验发动机转子自动化盲装装置的系统精确度,设计进行转子螺母盲装应用试验,让3名操作者对发动机转子的5颗螺母进行扭矩连接试验。每个人操作3次,螺母目标力矩为95 N·m,分析系统的偏倚性、重复性和再现性。如图8所示,整理试验测量数据曲线(A~E为对应螺母),应用传统精度分析方法,发现发动机转子自动化盲装装置的力矩整体分布在95.40~95.65 N·m,测量平均偏倚为0.529 N·m。分析偏倚为系统误差,推断为扳手头折叠后,结构连接精度变低所致。重复精度为0.05 N·m,再现精度为0.04 N·m。
发动机转子螺母连接力矩测量过程实际是一个测量系统,由操作者、量具(校准仪)、测量对象(转子螺母)、操作方法(十字交叉法)和环境所构成。采用方差分析法对测量系统进行精确度分析,测量系统精度由测量过程波动和测量系统波动组成,其中测量系统波动由操作者、操作者与部件交互作用及同一操作者测量同一部件波动组成,精度公式为
式中:为测量过程的波动方差;为测量系统的波动方差;为操作者的波动方差;为操作者与部件交互作用的波动方差;为同一操作者测量同一部件的波动方差。
式中:σRPD为重复性波动方差;σRPT为再现性波动方差。
评价测量系统精确度[13]的重要指标之一为%GageR&R,是测量系统波动占过程整体波动的百分比,着重评估测量系统对整体过程变异的测量结果(再现性)。另一重要指标为%P/T,是测量系统精度占公差的百分比,着重评估测量系统对相关产品规格的测量效果(重复性),合格标志见表1
%GageR&R数学式为
式中:σT为总测量方差的方根。
%P/T数学式为
式中:USL为公差的上偏差;LSL为公差的下偏差。
实际操作时,首先选择S(5)个部件,再随机选择R(3)个操作员,每个操作员按随机顺序对所有部件重复测量T(15)遍,将第r个操作者对第s个部件进行第t次测量的结果记为Xrst。计算方差分析表,数学模型为
式中:μ为总均值;Or为操作者随机变量;Ps为部件随机变量;(OPrs为操作者与部件交互作用的随机变量;erst为测量误差的随机变量
,且四者相互独立。将离差的总平方和SST进行分解,得到方差分析表(表2)。
根据表2,计算各个波动源的方差分量:
通过计算,%GageR&R为%22.21,测量系统对整体过程变异测量结果可接受,%P/T为%3.78,测量系统足够精确,重复性和再现性较高,扭矩装置系统的力矩精确度满足发动机装配要求。
本文首次提出基于狭深腔、不可视、传统工具不可达的条件下发动机转子螺母自动化装配工艺方法,研制自动化盲装装置,成功实现复杂条件下发动机转子螺母的自动化连接。装置具有扳手头自动折叠、螺母精准定位、螺母快速认帽、电动加载等功能,可快速进入狭深、不可见的操作空间,对连接螺母进行精准定位,解决人为漏拧、错拧螺母的低级错误,避免轴腔内壁发生磕碰损坏。试验表明,装置系统足够精确,重复性和再现性较高,满足发动机装配要求。但存在系统误差,推断为扳手头在自动折叠后,加上扳手杆较长,结构连接精度降低所致,后续应优化改进。
发动机转子螺母深盲腔自动化连接技术为国内首次应用,可大幅度提高装配准确性和一致性,不仅改善了航空发动机工作稳定性和可靠性,更为机械行业内复杂工况下的精密连接提供参考,具有广阔的市场应用价值和现实意义。
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2025年第23卷第2期
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    1.中国航发 沈阳发动机研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110015
    2.海通机器人系统有限公司,江苏 苏州 215000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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