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A theoretical model of stress distribution and contact width is established by Hertz contact theory. The reaction of roller under specific load is analyzed. The results shows that linear profile have significant edge contact stress concentration, which increases with the increase of load. The roller with logarithmic profile can solve the stress concentration, but it can't completely eliminate it. Under the same load, with the increase of the bias factor, the maximum contact stress of the roller decreases sharply at first and then increases slowly. The position where the maximum contact stress occurs shifts from both ends of the roller to the middle of the roller. The profile design of roller with logarithmic type can take a value between 1.0 and 2.5 for the bias factor based on working conditions, roller size and load conditions. The value of bias factor is adaptive to tilt error and the impact of tilt error on contact stress can be reduced by setting a reasonable value.

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利用Hertz接触理论建立计算滚子的应力分布和接触宽度理论模型,分析滚子在特定载荷下的反应。研究结果表明:直线型滚子具有明显的应力集中现象并随着载荷增大而加剧;对数曲线型滚子能解决应力集中现象,但不能完全消除;在同一载荷下,随着偏载系数的增加,滚子的最大接触应力先急剧减小后缓慢增加,最大接触应力出现的位置由滚子两端转移到滚子的中部;对数曲线型滚子的形状可根据工况、滚子尺寸及载荷条件来设计,对偏载系数在1.0~2.5之间取值;偏载系数的取值对倾斜误差有适应性,可通过设置合理的偏载系数来减小倾斜误差对接触应力的影响。

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黄襄茂(1987—),男,工程师,硕士。E-mail:

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黄襄茂(1987—),男,工程师,硕士。E-mail:

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黄襄茂(1987—),男,工程师,硕士。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658078607090449, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The trend of stress value

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号载荷/N应力差/MPa
1653.5308.2
2753.5338.3
31 059.8424.3
41 160.8451.1
), ArticleFig(id=1207748682829631895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116883411038211, articleId=1207658078607090449, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

应力差值趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号载荷/N应力差/MPa
1653.5308.2
2753.5338.3
31 059.8424.3
41 160.8451.1
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RV减速机圆锥滚子轴承滚道接触应力研究
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黄襄茂
中国工程机械学报 | 基础理论与关键技术 2025,23(2): 210-215
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中国工程机械学报 | 基础理论与关键技术 2025, 23(2): 210-215
RV减速机圆锥滚子轴承滚道接触应力研究
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黄襄茂
作者信息
  • 浙江环动机器人关节科技股份有限公司 技术中心,浙江 台州 317600
  • 黄襄茂(1987—),男,工程师,硕士。E-mail:

Study on contact stress of tapered roller bearing raceway of RV reducer
Xiangmao HUANG
Affiliations
  • Technical Center, Zhejiang Fine-Motion Robot Joint Technology Co, Ltd, Taizhou 317600, Zhejiang, China
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利用Hertz接触理论建立计算滚子的应力分布和接触宽度理论模型,分析滚子在特定载荷下的反应。研究结果表明:直线型滚子具有明显的应力集中现象并随着载荷增大而加剧;对数曲线型滚子能解决应力集中现象,但不能完全消除;在同一载荷下,随着偏载系数的增加,滚子的最大接触应力先急剧减小后缓慢增加,最大接触应力出现的位置由滚子两端转移到滚子的中部;对数曲线型滚子的形状可根据工况、滚子尺寸及载荷条件来设计,对偏载系数在1.0~2.5之间取值;偏载系数的取值对倾斜误差有适应性,可通过设置合理的偏载系数来减小倾斜误差对接触应力的影响。

RV减速机  /  圆锥滚子轴承  /  接触应力  /  偏载系数  /  倾斜误差

A theoretical model of stress distribution and contact width is established by Hertz contact theory. The reaction of roller under specific load is analyzed. The results shows that linear profile have significant edge contact stress concentration, which increases with the increase of load. The roller with logarithmic profile can solve the stress concentration, but it can't completely eliminate it. Under the same load, with the increase of the bias factor, the maximum contact stress of the roller decreases sharply at first and then increases slowly. The position where the maximum contact stress occurs shifts from both ends of the roller to the middle of the roller. The profile design of roller with logarithmic type can take a value between 1.0 and 2.5 for the bias factor based on working conditions, roller size and load conditions. The value of bias factor is adaptive to tilt error and the impact of tilt error on contact stress can be reduced by setting a reasonable value.

RV reducer  /  tapered roller bearing  /  contact stress  /  bias factor  /  tilt error
黄襄茂. RV减速机圆锥滚子轴承滚道接触应力研究. 中国工程机械学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 210 -215 .
Xiangmao HUANG. Study on contact stress of tapered roller bearing raceway of RV reducer[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2025 , 23 (2) : 210 -215 .
旋转矢量(rotary vector,RV)减速机因具有精度高、刚度大、耐过载及结构紧凑等优点用于工业机器人关节。RV减速机中的圆锥滚子轴承在实际工况中承受较大的冲击载荷,其滚道强度对RV减速机的寿命、精度保持及耐久性有直接的影响。近年来,RV减速机的研究取得了许多进展。Hidaka等[1-3]采用质量-弹簧等距模型,考虑了各种加工误差和安装误差,开展摆线针轮减速机的误差分析,揭示影响减速机精度的主要因素。韩林山等[4]采用集中质量法及动态子结构法建立系统动态传动精度的非线性动力学模型,分析各种误差对传动误差的影响。即便如此,精度保持及耐久性仍是瓶颈问题。
在圆锥滚子轴承方面,滚子形状、材料和热处理影响轴承的寿命。滚子凸度设计是在保证轴承力学性能基础上提高其接触性能、降低磨损的方式。滚子凸度设计不当会给减速机带来隐患。Hartnett[5]、Johnson[6]和Singh等[7]研究关于圆锥滚子的多种经典凸度公式,但不能显示表面轮廓与接触压力分布的关系。张乐宜等[8]采用有限元软件研究特定凸度下的滚子应力分布,该方法对数模精度高,计算时间长。
本文在分析RV减速机圆锥滚子轴承受力的基础上,基于Hertz接触理论和切片法理论,建立计算滚子应力分布和接触宽度的理论模型,计算滚子在不同载荷下的应力分布并分析倾斜误差、偏载系数对其影响,为RV减速机圆锥滚子轴承的设计、热处理提供理论依据。
RV减速机结构如图1所示。输入轴与行星齿轮啮合传递载荷,行星齿轮与曲轴通过花键传递载荷,摆线齿轮通过滚针轴承铰接在曲轴上,并与针齿圈上的针齿啮合,曲轴通过圆锥滚子轴承支撑在行星架上,针齿圈上通过主轴承与行星架支撑。
通过减速机内部受力分析,靠近行星齿轮一端(A)的圆锥滚子轴承对曲轴的受力为
远离行星齿轮一端(B)的圆锥滚子轴承对曲轴的受力为
式中:T1为输入转矩;α为齿轮啮合角;n为曲轴个数;r1为输入齿轮节圆半径;r3为分布圆半径;l2为行星齿轮在曲轴上的作用点到曲轴两偏心段中间的距离;l7为曲轴偏心段中间到曲轴两偏心段中间的距离;l8为圆锥滚子轴承在曲轴上的作用点到曲轴两偏心段中间的距离;z1为输入齿轮齿数;z2为行星齿轮齿数;z4为摆线齿轮齿数;αc为摆线轮压力角;e为偏心距;β=θ3+ac-θ6θ3为曲轴转角;θ6为行星架转角;G2为单个行星齿轮重力;G4为单个摆线轮重力。
圆锥滚子轴承中互相接触的滚道和滚子是2个圆锥体,其垂直于素线的截面为大小不同的椭圆,每个椭圆在接触点附近的曲率各不同,因此,它们的接触变形和接触应力也不同。
圆锥滚子轴承的几何描述如图2所示。距离滚子小端面为Li处,垂直于轴线的横截面直径为
式中:Dxw1Dw1L分别为滚子小端直径、大端直径和滚子素线有效长度。
垂直于素线的椭圆截面长半轴为
穿过椭圆中心垂直于圆锥轴线的圆截面直径为
图2所示的距离b
椭圆短半轴为
椭圆截面在接触点的曲率半径为
圆锥滚子轴承内部的滚子和滚道接触属于线接触问题。如图3所示,设MN是距离x=0平面为x且在同一平面上的2个点,它们到接触线的距离分别为Z1Z2。在外力P的作用下,2个滚动体轴向间的距离缩短了δ,同时在接触线位置产生了宽度为2a的接触区域,接触区域的最大应力为po,其接触区域应该满足如下方程:
式中:
式(10)左侧被积函数为弹性力学中的Boussinesq解,它表示半空间表面的一点(x'y')在集中力P的作用下在点(xy)产生的位移。这里隐含基本假设:接触区域的尺寸应该远小于接触体曲率半径,否则Boussinesq解不能适用。在一般情况下,式(10)找不到理论解,只能采用数值计算方式求解。
poj为单元中心的最大接触应力,2aj为单元的长度,2hj为单元的宽度,则
根据Hertz接触理论,得
式中:Rj为单元j的当量曲率半径。
只要能确定poj沿y轴的分布,aj就能确定。而求解poj是一维问题。将式(11)代入式(9)和式(10),得到
方程(13)和(14)组成了n+1个方程组,在求解过程中,方程需满足poj≥0,可解出pojδ
对数滚子母线由2条关于y轴对称的对数曲线组成,母线中部近似于直线,滚子的两端曲率变化快。对数曲线符合以下方程:
式中:z为滚子个数;l为滚动体有效长度;k为偏载系数。
对于圆锥滚子轴承,1/J取4.08。
本文以输入扭矩为6 479 N·mm的RV减速机为例,其相关参数:α=20°,n=3,z1=12,z2=36,z4=39,αc=21.35°,e=1.5,l2=33.4 mm,l7=14 mm,l8=20 mm,G2=0.157 kg,G4=0.66 kg。
根据上述的受力编写程序,计算得出A端的3个圆锥滚子轴承承受的最大力为3 983.5 N,最小力为2 585.0 N;B端的3个圆锥滚子轴承承受的最大力为3 636.6 N,最小力为2 242.3 N。
圆锥滚子轴承内部参数:d=35 mm,D=15 mm,B=12 mm,C=11 mm,T=13 mm,α=12°,β=1.5°,滚子母线在轴线上的投影长度7.98 mm,Dw1=4.78 mm,Dxw1=4.362 07 mm,滚子母线有效接触长度7.582 6 mm,滚子个数14。
将圆锥滚子轴承在减速机中受到的载荷转化为滚子受到的载荷,其数值分别为1 160.8、1 059.8、753.3、653.5 N。根据所受力及理论模型,分别计算在4种载荷下的应力分布及接触宽度,分析位置为滚子与轴承外圈滚道之间。
当滚子采用直线型时,其计算结果如图5图6所示。受载时,直线型滚子左右两端出现明显的接触应力集中。当载荷为1 160.8 N时,左端最大应力为2 316.7 MPa,对应的接触宽度为0.155 6 mm;右端最大应力为2 241.8 MPa,对应的接触宽度为0.165 mm,右端最大应力略小于左端最大应力。最小应力出现在滚子中部,其应力值为1 586.8 MPa,对应的最小接触宽度为0.111 6 mm。最大应力值为最小应力值的1.46倍,对应的接触宽度为1.39倍。发生应力集中的区域约占滚子接触长度区域的10%。这是导致滚子早期疲劳剥落的主要原因,降低了圆锥滚子轴承寿命和承载能力。
随着载荷加大,滚子最大接触应力与最小接触应力的差值越来越大,具体数值见表1。说明载荷越大,边缘接触现象越来越明显。
当采用对数曲线型滚子,滚子带有凸度,圆锥滚子轴承内部的边缘接触应力集中现象消失,在特定载荷下解决了直线型滚子的边缘接触现象,如图7图8所示。应力分布沿着滚道锥角倾斜方向减小,接触宽度沿着滚道锥角倾斜方向增大。当载荷为1 160.8 N时,最小接触应力为1 609.9 MPa,最大接触应力为1 704.0 MPa。最大接触应力比直线型滚子的最大应力小,最小接触应力略大于直线型的最小接触应力。对数曲线型滚子的接触应力在接触长度方向上增幅较小,左端和右端的接触应力之差只有62.5 MPa,比直线型滚子的接触应力均匀,接触宽度有同样趋势。
随着载荷的增大,对数曲线型滚子两边的接触应力逐渐产生应力凸点,这说明对数曲线型滚子的凸度设计还与受载大小有关。轻载时,对数曲线型滚子的载荷分布均匀,在重载时不一定适用。对数曲线型滚子在特定载荷下能缓解边缘接触现象,但在重载作用下,边缘接触现象依然会发生,并不能完全消除。
载荷1 160.8 N的情况下,不同偏载系数对应接触应力分布的影响如图9图10所示。当k<1时,对数曲线型滚子的接触应力分布效果与直线型滚子的应力分布效果一样,出现明显的边缘接触现象。当k>1时,边缘接触现象消失,而且随着k值的增大,滚子两端的接触应力分布越来越缓和,但滚子中部的接触应力有逐渐增加的趋势。
图9图10可以看出,在同一载荷下,随着偏载系数k的增加,滚子的最大接触应力先急剧减小后缓慢增加。最大接触应力出现的位置由滚子两端转移到滚子的中部。结果表明:对数曲线型滚子的轮廓设计可根据工况、滚子尺寸及载荷条件,对偏载系数k在1.0~2.5之间取值。
圆锥滚子轴承分别置于RV减速机输出和输入行星架。当输出和输入行星架之间的轴承孔有较大的同心度误差时,曲轴在减速机内处于偏斜状态,滚子与轴承外圈滚道产生安装误差,轴承外圈滚道应力产生较大的变化。为观察倾斜误差对滚道应力的影响,本次分析取预紧力为0。
当载荷为1 160.8 N、载荷系数取1.5时,滚子与轴承外圈滚道的安装误差分别为0、0.01°、0.02°、0.03°和0.04°时,其接触应力分布情况如图11所示。从结果可以看出,随着倾斜误差的加大,滚子小端的接触应力逐渐减小,而滚子大端的接触应力相应地逐渐增大。安装误差从0.02°到0.03°时,滚子大端出现明显的边缘接触应力。倾斜误差越大,将加速圆锥滚子轴承的疲劳。经过验证,输出行星架轴承孔与输入行星架轴承孔之间的同轴度控制在0.01为宜。
当滚子与轴承外圈滚道的倾斜误差为0.05°、偏载系数分别取1.5、1.8和2.0时,接触应力分布如图12所示。随着偏载系数的增大,滚子大端的边缘接触应力现象逐渐消失,接触应力趋势逐渐缓和。这说明偏载系数的取值对倾斜误差有适应性,可通过设置合理的偏载系数来减小倾斜误差对接触应力的影响。
(1)直线型滚子具有明显的边缘接触应力集中现象并随着载荷增大而加剧。对数曲线型滚子能解决边缘应力集中现象,但不能完全消除;随着载荷增大,对数曲线型滚子两边的接触应力逐渐产生应力凸点,说明对数曲线型滚子的凸度设计还与受载大小有关。
(2)在同一载荷下,随着偏载系数的增加,对数曲线型滚子的最大接触应力先急剧减小后缓慢增加,最大接触应力出现的位置由滚子两端转移到滚子中部。对数曲线型滚子轮廓设计可根据受载条件及尺寸,对偏载系数在1.0~2.5之间取值。
(3)随着倾斜误差加大,滚子小端的接触应力逐渐减小,而滚子大端的接触应力相应地逐渐增大。输出行星架轴承孔与输入行星架轴承孔之间的同轴度控制在0.01为宜。偏载系数的取值对倾斜误差有适应性,可通过设置合理的偏载系数来减小倾斜误差对接触应力的影响。
  • 国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目(2015AA043002)
  • 浙江省重点研发计划资助项目(2017C01086)
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国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目(2015AA043002)
浙江省重点研发计划资助项目(2017C01086)
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    浙江环动机器人关节科技股份有限公司 技术中心,浙江 台州 317600
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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