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The reliability, security, and real-time of information transmission are crucial in defence application. Aiming at the problems that the useful information required cannot be accurately received in the battlefield environment with complex and strong electromagne-tic interference as well as multi-module integration, this paper creates a function, calculates the optimal value of the parameters through Monte Carlo experiments, and proposes a variable step size LMS adaptive beam forming algorithm based on elliptic function. Compared with other algorithms, the results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing variable step size LMS algorithm in convergence speed under the premise of ensuring steady-state error, and the computational complexity is small. By simulating the interference signals of different incoming wave directions to draw the beam direction map, the simulation results show that this paper’s algorithm pointing strong, high interference suppression system, can achieve the effective reception of useful signals, effective suppression of interfering signals and equipment integration and miniaturization of the demand.

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信息传输的可靠性、安全性和实时性在国防应用中至关重要。针对复杂且电磁干扰强的战场环境下所需有用信息无法准确接收以及多模块集成化等问题,本文创建函数,经蒙特卡洛实验计算出参数最优值,提出了一种基于椭圆函数的变步长LMS自适应波束形成算法。对比本文算法与其他算法达到稳态的时间,结果表明:在保证稳态误差的前提下,该算法在收敛速度上优于已有的变步长LMS算法,并且运算量小。通过模拟不同来波方向的干扰信号绘制波束方向图,仿真结果证明本文算法指向性强,对干扰的抑制度高,可以实现对有用信号有效地接收、干扰信号有效地抑制及设备集成化小型化的需求。

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郑博文 1999年生,硕士研究生。

刘昊 1976年生,博士,研究员。

翟高伟 1986年生,硕士,研究员。

孟明珠 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

李昊鹏 1987年生,本科,工程师。

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100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241757981373681975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=24 element uniform linear array pattern, figureFileSmall=HtvrXITNWqbgebCqA78GXA==, figureFileBig=097QGZNG+C9Xx6DV+FbtwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757981503705403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图1, caption=24阵元均匀线阵方向图, figureFileSmall=HtvrXITNWqbgebCqA78GXA==, figureFileBig=097QGZNG+C9Xx6DV+FbtwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757981705032003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=LMS algorithms beam pattern, figureFileSmall=Qteos4igt+hIiRBxKIhIUw==, figureFileBig=tHptLQ3i9xxaS0/YBxBMGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757981826666825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LMS算法波束方向图, figureFileSmall=Qteos4igt+hIiRBxKIhIUw==, figureFileBig=tHptLQ3i9xxaS0/YBxBMGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757981973467472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Elliptic function curves, figureFileSmall=m2sbRwD82VftRhGhwsFjmw==, figureFileBig=dLUgM0w0cNpJbDY9nd4Efw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982061547862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图3, caption=椭圆函数曲线, figureFileSmall=m2sbRwD82VftRhGhwsFjmw==, figureFileBig=dLUgM0w0cNpJbDY9nd4Efw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982204154202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Convergence graph with fixed α and different β values, figureFileSmall=DKkBb7+mKVETiEPKv2aGoA==, figureFileBig=Av9+BgbIg1vH82MouJTfww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982300623199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图4, caption=α为固定值、β值不同的收敛曲线图, figureFileSmall=DKkBb7+mKVETiEPKv2aGoA==, figureFileBig=Av9+BgbIg1vH82MouJTfww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982380314981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Convergence graph with fixed β and different α values, figureFileSmall=0g2HkNJDX1bvk5619ITRdw==, figureFileBig=wMETasnXM5wZv4qXS0X1Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982468395366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图5, caption=β为固定值,α值不同时的收敛曲线, figureFileSmall=0g2HkNJDX1bvk5619ITRdw==, figureFileBig=wMETasnXM5wZv4qXS0X1Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982598418792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of convergence curves of five algorithms, figureFileSmall=v+JNsrLCyrtuY2EDlZkhwA==, figureFileBig=lJn9oWPwKNW63XR4R2HtsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982749413740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图6, caption=五种算法收敛曲线比较, figureFileSmall=v+JNsrLCyrtuY2EDlZkhwA==, figureFileBig=lJn9oWPwKNW63XR4R2HtsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757982871048561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=ELLIPTIC-LMS algorithms beam pattern, figureFileSmall=1tdp/GcABQSS6ZSMAklYqQ==, figureFileBig=8AmReSQlMAQlziwbZzGUmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757983005266293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ELLIPTIC-LMS算法波束方向图, figureFileSmall=1tdp/GcABQSS6ZSMAklYqQ==, figureFileBig=8AmReSQlMAQlziwbZzGUmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757983122706808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Beam pattern of different interference sources, figureFileSmall=xU9G013VV/P21WhcrmEgIw==, figureFileBig=Ec15/miux46gb8ZG14CI6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757983219175804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同干扰源的波束方向图, figureFileSmall=xU9G013VV/P21WhcrmEgIw==, figureFileBig=Ec15/miux46gb8ZG14CI6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241757983349199231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The number of iterations of the five algorithms

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算法迭代次数
LMS409
SVSLMS267
GVSLMS225
TVSLMS176
ELLIPTIC-LMS159
), ArticleFig(id=1241757984875925892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

五种算法的迭代次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法迭代次数
LMS409
SVSLMS267
GVSLMS225
TVSLMS176
ELLIPTIC-LMS159
), ArticleFig(id=1241757984980783496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The operation time of the five algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法迭代1 000次时间/s达到稳态用时/s
LMS0.007 9820.003 265
SVSLMS0.008 0100.002 139
GVSLMS0.008 8430.001 990
TVSLMS0.009 3770.001 650
ELLIPTIC-LMS0.008 1340.001 293
), ArticleFig(id=1241757985081446796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757970158113760, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

五种算法的运算时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法迭代1 000次时间/s达到稳态用时/s
LMS0.007 9820.003 265
SVSLMS0.008 0100.002 139
GVSLMS0.008 8430.001 990
TVSLMS0.009 3770.001 650
ELLIPTIC-LMS0.008 1340.001 293
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基于变步长LMS算法的空域抗干扰技术研究
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郑博文 , 刘昊 , 翟高伟 , 孟明珠 , 李昊鹏
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(4): 75-80
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(4): 75-80
基于变步长LMS算法的空域抗干扰技术研究
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郑博文, 刘昊, 翟高伟, 孟明珠, 李昊鹏
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 郑博文 1999年生,硕士研究生。

    刘昊 1976年生,博士,研究员。

    翟高伟 1986年生,硕士,研究员。

    孟明珠 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    李昊鹏 1987年生,本科,工程师。

Research on Airspace Anti-jamming Technology Based on Variable Step Size LMS Algorithm
Bowen ZHENG, Hao LIU, Gaowei ZHAI, Mingzhu MENG, Haopeng LI
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2024-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240228001
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信息传输的可靠性、安全性和实时性在国防应用中至关重要。针对复杂且电磁干扰强的战场环境下所需有用信息无法准确接收以及多模块集成化等问题,本文创建函数,经蒙特卡洛实验计算出参数最优值,提出了一种基于椭圆函数的变步长LMS自适应波束形成算法。对比本文算法与其他算法达到稳态的时间,结果表明:在保证稳态误差的前提下,该算法在收敛速度上优于已有的变步长LMS算法,并且运算量小。通过模拟不同来波方向的干扰信号绘制波束方向图,仿真结果证明本文算法指向性强,对干扰的抑制度高,可以实现对有用信号有效地接收、干扰信号有效地抑制及设备集成化小型化的需求。

蒙特卡罗  /  椭圆函数  /  自适应波束形成  /  收敛速度  /  集成化

The reliability, security, and real-time of information transmission are crucial in defence application. Aiming at the problems that the useful information required cannot be accurately received in the battlefield environment with complex and strong electromagne-tic interference as well as multi-module integration, this paper creates a function, calculates the optimal value of the parameters through Monte Carlo experiments, and proposes a variable step size LMS adaptive beam forming algorithm based on elliptic function. Compared with other algorithms, the results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing variable step size LMS algorithm in convergence speed under the premise of ensuring steady-state error, and the computational complexity is small. By simulating the interference signals of different incoming wave directions to draw the beam direction map, the simulation results show that this paper’s algorithm pointing strong, high interference suppression system, can achieve the effective reception of useful signals, effective suppression of interfering signals and equipment integration and miniaturization of the demand.

Monte Carlo  /  Elliptic function  /  Adaptive digital beamforming  /  Convergence speed  /  Integration
郑博文, 刘昊, 翟高伟, 孟明珠, 李昊鹏. 基于变步长LMS算法的空域抗干扰技术研究. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (4) : 75 -80 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240228001
Bowen ZHENG, Hao LIU, Gaowei ZHAI, Mingzhu MENG, Haopeng LI. Research on Airspace Anti-jamming Technology Based on Variable Step Size LMS Algorithm[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (4) : 75 -80 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240228001
随着时代的发展,信息化快速发展,信息交互成为现代社会的必然需求。信息战结合网络空间等多个维度,形成一个立体空间。在此空间中,场地广阔,手段多样,各种手段相互配合,多种信息迅速传播和共享,信息传输的及时性和准确性极大地影响了战争形势。而阻碍对方获取信息和抵抗对方干扰、有效获取信息的能力等抗干扰技术也愈发重要,抗干扰技术的发展也因此成为相关科技发展的必然趋势。
在信息战中,信号在理想状态下可以无遮挡地进行直线传播[2],但在实际传播过程中,设备应用环境复杂,信号会被地面及其他物体反射或散射,以及被天气环境等因素折射或吸收。除去非人为干扰外,通信系统还经常受到人为干扰。当通信系统处于复杂且电磁干扰强的环境中,主要会受到压制式干扰和转发式欺骗干扰两种干扰。压制式干扰分为窄带瞄准式干扰和宽带阻塞式干扰,其中的窄带瞄准式干扰由于干扰效率高且实现简单,目前成为针对通信系统的最常见的干扰方式[3]
现有的抗干扰手段基本可以分为时域抗干扰、频域抗干扰、空域抗干扰、码域抗干扰、认知域抗干扰等通信技术,并朝着多维度联合的方向发展[4]。信息传输过程中最常用的抗干扰手段是基于扩频通信的扩频和跳频技术[5],扩频技术的本质是用随机序列将信号分布的频谱扩宽,使得解扩时干扰信号占有用信号的比例小,降低了某段频率被干扰的可能性。对于跳频技术而言,跳频跳速越快,抗干扰和抗截获的能力就越强。
目前,许多学者针对基于扩频通信的抗干扰技术进行研究。如文献[6]结合Hadamard矩阵和改进的最长序列,提出了分区循环码移位键控方法。文献[7]建立了一个基于软件无线电的Link-16跳频系统。文献[8]提出了一种基于Link-16的跳频离散傅里叶变换扩展正交频分复用调制方案,不仅提高了抗干扰性能还提高了波形数据速率。文献[9]使用两种变换域算法抑制扩频通信系统中的干扰,仿真验证两种算法可以对多种窄带干扰有较好的抑制。文献[10]设计了一种高跳速的跳频无人机自组网终端,实验表明该设备具备集成度高、功耗低、成本低等优点。基于扩频通信的抗干扰技术经过数十年的发展,已经成为了一个完整的体系,但这种处理方式是对接收机后端的信息处理,干扰信号和期望信号的来波方向不同也是抗干扰技术关注的重点。基于已有的抗干扰基础,在接收机的天线端进行抗干扰设计,提高系统的抗干扰性能。
目前,大部分设备的接收机天线端使用自适应波束形成算法,该算法自提出以来备受人们的关注,可以自适应地调整阵列的权值,使干扰方向产生一个很深的零陷。文献[11]开发了一套作用于X波段的SHF(Super High Frequency,超高频)相控阵抗干扰系统,使用了Howells-Applebaum算法。文献[12]设计了一种基于THEOS平台的相控阵天线。文献[13]设计的GAS使用五和七阵元的自适应相控阵天线。文献[14]中也使用了自适应波束形成技术使干扰方向产生零陷。
信息传递需要实现两个或多个设备之间的通信,且设备需综合各域抗干扰技术,因此通信系统端机的集成化与小型化、信息传输的可靠性与安全性成为人们重点研究的方向。本文为实现通信系统端机集成化以及提高系统的抗干扰能力,提出一种计算量小、对硬件资源要求少且收敛速度快的变步长LMS算法,旨在使用自适应波束形成技术解决通信设备天线端对于期望信号获取和干扰信号抑制问题,并构建阵列天线模型,模拟期望信号和干扰信号进行仿真和实验,验证了本文算法的可行性。
自适应波束形成技术是空域抗干扰的一种方法。空域抗干扰一般可以分为自适应波束形成技术和多波束接收技术,由于多波束接收技术运算量大且基本不具备抗干扰的能力,因此空域抗干扰常选择抗干扰能力强的自适应波束形成技术。
自适应波束形成技术又被称为空域滤波技术,可以显著提高阵列天线的性能,利用阵列接收信号相位差异,辨别不同空间方位的来波信号,对有用信号进行有效接收,使用合适的自适应算法来调整各阵元权值使其达到最优,从而改变阵列的方向图,使主瓣指向期望信号的来波方向,在干扰信号来波方向上产生一个零陷[15]
现阶段自适应波束形成已经衍生出很多算法,但较为经典的是自适应波束形成算法——最小均方误差(Least Mean Square,LMS)算法。由于算法简单且计算量小,目前被人们应用在各种领域。
LMS算法基于最陡梯度法,期望均方误差在每一次迭代都小于上一次的计算值,最后一次迭代取得最小,此时取得最佳权值。
假设n时刻期望信号为d(n),输入信号为x(n),权值为w,则实际输出信号为:
y(n)=wHx(n)
误差为期望信号和实际输出信号的差值为e(n)=d(n)-y(n)。n时刻权值为w(n),迭代后的权值w(n+1)与w(n)之间相差一个Dw为均方误差期望的相关函数:Δw=-μE[e2(n)],得到下一时刻的权值表达式为:
w(n+1)=w(n)+2μx(n)e(n)
其中μ为迭代步长,μ的值越大,LMS算法的收敛速度越快,迭代步长必须满足条件:
现有一个24阵元均匀直线阵列天线,来波方向为0°时其方向图如图1所示,可以看出第一旁瓣主要在7°和-7°。由此设定期望信号入射方向为0°,干扰信号方向为7°和-7°,使用LMS算法处理干扰信号,可以得到波束方向图如图2所示。
该方法在干扰信号的来波方向上产生零陷,与未使用抗干扰算法的方向图相比,在干扰信号方位上提高了30 dB的抑制。
经典的LMS算法迭代步长为常数,因此收敛速度慢,根据算法理论可以看出,在误差较大时,选择较大的步长可以加快收敛速度,但步长太大会导致无法达到稳态。许多学者针对步长进行了改进,华南理工大学的覃景繁和欧阳景正提出了一种基于Sigmoid函数的变步长LMS算法——SVSLMS算法,大幅减少了收敛迭代次数[16]。在SVSLMS变步长算法的基础上,华南理工大学的高鹰和谢胜利提出了GVSLMS算法,此算法使用新函数表示μ(n)和e(n)之间的关系,该函数弥补了Sigmoid函数在零点处变化率过大的问题[17]。吉林大学的钟慧湘等人将双曲正切函数引入变步长LMS算法中,提出TVSLMS算法,提高收敛速度[18]
本文在前人对变步长LMS算法研究的基础上提出一种基于椭圆函数的新型变步长LMS算法,兼顾收敛速度和稳态误差,且计算量小,对硬件资源需求少,满足通信系统对集成化、小型化的需求。
本文引入椭圆函数作为步长变换的函数,公式4为椭圆函数表达式,本文在椭圆函数的基础上进行修改,设定参数αβ,得到μ(n)与e(n)的相关函数如公式5所示。
其中,参数α控制曲线中椭圆的轴比,参数β控制曲线的取值范围,根据该算法画出步长与误差之间的函数关系,曲线形状如图3所示。
可以看出,该算法中步长在误差较大时为一个较大的常数值,加快收敛速度。在误差较小时,步长随之减小,逐渐趋近于0,减小稳态误差。β的改变会大幅改变函数取值,改变α的取值则曲线的斜率会发生变化,可以小幅度调整小误差阶段的步长。因此,应先确认合适的β值,再通过改变α的值对函数斜率进行细微调整,收敛速度最快且可以达到稳态时的取值为本文最优解。假设输出信号为期望信号与干扰信号的和,参考现有变步长算法,首先固定α为2,β取不同值,经历1 000次蒙特卡罗实验,减少不确定性,绘出均方根误差随迭代次数的变化曲线如图4所示。
图4中可以看出,误差随着迭代的次数而减小。随着β的增加,收敛速度加快,达到稳态时的迭代次数减少,且稳态误差降低,β的数值从0.001开始增加时不能稳定地达到稳态效果,因此在本文的实验条件下,取β=0.000 8为最佳值。固定β为0.000 8,改变α的取值,可以得到收敛曲线如图5所示。
α的取值会引起函数斜率的细微变化,从图5中可以看出,α取1时的收敛速度比α取0.1时要快。再次增加α的取值,当α达到1.5时,需要一定的迭代次数才能达到稳态,为兼顾稳态误差和收敛速度,本文取α=1.2为最佳值。
将本文算法应用在24阵元均匀线阵中,干扰方向为7°和-7°,期望信号入射方向为0°,设置信噪比为10 dB,取上文分析出的最佳值:α=1.2,β=0.000 8。SVSLMS算法中参照文献的最佳取值,取α值为5,GVSLMS算法α取为2,TVSLMS算法取α为30,γ为2,对其进行仿真对比。本文将椭圆函数与LMS算法结合的ELLIPTIC-LMS算法与传统固定步长LMS算法、SVSLMS算法、GVSLMS算法和TVSLMS算法进行比较,绘制出这五种算法均方根误差随迭代次数变化的收敛曲线,其结果如图6所示。
列出各算法达到稳态时所用的收敛次数,见表1。通过对比可以发现,各变步长算法达到稳态的收敛次数小于传统固定步长LMS算法,而本文算法的收敛速度优于其他三种变步长LMS算法。
在满足收敛速度和稳态误差的同时,需要有较小的运算量才能满足通信系统端机小型化、集成化的要求。通过仿真软件计时程序得到五种算法一秒内迭代1 000次的时间,结合表1中的迭代次数计算出每种算法达到稳态用时如表2所示。
对比各算法达到稳态时所用时间,可以看出变步长算法的用时相对于传统固定步长LMS算法明显减小,综合运算复杂度和达到稳态时的收敛次数,本文算法更有实际应用价值。经历1 000次蒙特卡洛实验,绘制与椭圆函数结合的变步长算法所得的波束方向图如图7所示。该方向图的主瓣指向0°,并在7°和-7°方向上产生零陷,与预设的期望信号方向和干扰信号方向相符。
改变干扰信号数量和入射方向,更改为单一干扰源7°和双干扰源16°和-16°,得到不同干扰源的波束方向图如图8所示,可以看出在波束方向图上干扰方向产生明显零陷,证明本文算法可以准确识别干扰信号来波方向并对其进行有效抑制。
本文介绍了现代信息战中通信系统常受到的干扰类型和常使用的抗干扰手段,使用自适应波束形成技术调整阵列天线的权值,解决设备接收端期望信号获取和干扰信号抑制的问题,实现通信系统功能的集成化。在传统及现有的算法基础上,本文提出了一种基于椭圆函数的变步长LMS算法并进行仿真验证,与前者对比,本文算法在保证达到稳态的同时可以加快收敛速度。对比相同迭代次数的运算时间和达到稳态所需时长,证明本文算法比现有的变步长LMS算法复杂度低且计算量小。改变干扰信号来波方向,本文算法可以精准识别干扰信号,绘制此算法的波束方向图,其主瓣方向指向期望信号方向,在干扰信号入射方向上产生零陷,与未使用抗干扰算法的方向图相比提高了30 dB的空间抑制度。在实际工程应用中,接收设备需要长时间接收并处理大量信号,实际累计迭代次数远远大于仿真次数,因此本文算法可以有效地减少运算时间,提高信息传输的实时性,降低硬件需求,实现通信设备小型化的目的。
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240228001
  • 接收时间:2024-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-28
  • 修回日期:2024-05-17
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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