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This paper analyzes the four anytime requirements for LEO remote sensing satellites to realize all-time online. In order to adapt to the practical needs of flexible operation and rapid response of the satellites, it proposes a plan to carry out space-based TT&C based on the Tiantong-1 high-orbit mobile communication satellite. It also compares and analyzes the characteristics of various TT&C methods. The paper puts forward some assumptions,such as constructing the space-based integrated TT&C service system, developing the multi-method integrated TT&C terminal, optimizing the remote sensing satellite classification and operation strategy, and analyzes the overall feasibility. It explores a development path for realizing all-time online and anytime control application of LEO remote sensing satellites.

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本文分析了低轨遥感卫星实现全时在线的4个随时需求,概述基于中继、北斗以及移动通信卫星系统等开展低轨遥感卫星天基测控的现状,提出了对应的天基测控方案,对比分析了各种途径的特点,提出构建天地基综合测控服务体系、发展多手段一体化综合测控终端、优化遥感卫星分级分类测控运管策略等设想,为实现低轨遥感卫星全时在线、随时指控应用探索了一种发展路径。

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张永强 1975年生,博士,副研究员。

阎梅芝 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

白鹤峰 1971年生,博士,研究员。

王志强 1979年生,硕士, 副研究员。

李杰 1985年生,硕士, 工程师。

谢斌 1976年生,硕士,研究员。

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Comparison of analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
途径及性能地面站网中继卫星北斗短报文天通卫星低轨通信星座
轨道覆盖率小于10%接近100%接近100%约50%可实现近100%
资源可用度入境时段使用,一站对一
星,服务对象扩增时冲突
增加,可用度较低
前向跟踪波束有数量约
束,返向资源几乎无约束,
可用度高
下行遥测/上行遥控资源
一致,数量大且无冲突,可
用度高
上、下行资源一致,数
量大且无冲突,可用
度高
上、下行资源一致,
数量大且无冲突,
可用度高
用户星容量较大
接入时效性前/返向过境时按计划使
用,响应时延秒量级
前向按需调度使用,返向
随时接入,响应时延秒
量级
随时接入,单包数据传输
延时平均为3.8 s
随时接入,响应时延
秒量级
随时接入,响应时
延秒量级
上行数据率较高较高较高
下行数据率较高较低较高
使用便捷性地面站及中心联网使用,
固定站为主,兼用机动站,
便捷性一般
中继卫星地面站与用户地
面系统互联使用,便捷性
一般
终端属小型化便携设备,
可按需部署、联网使用,便
捷性较好
天通地面终端属手持
式便携设备,可广域
分布,便捷性好
地面终端属手持式
便携设备,可广域
分布,便捷性好
), ArticleFig(id=1241757978374762626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757969357009781, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

对比分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
途径及性能地面站网中继卫星北斗短报文天通卫星低轨通信星座
轨道覆盖率小于10%接近100%接近100%约50%可实现近100%
资源可用度入境时段使用,一站对一
星,服务对象扩增时冲突
增加,可用度较低
前向跟踪波束有数量约
束,返向资源几乎无约束,
可用度高
下行遥测/上行遥控资源
一致,数量大且无冲突,可
用度高
上、下行资源一致,数
量大且无冲突,可用
度高
上、下行资源一致,
数量大且无冲突,
可用度高
用户星容量较大
接入时效性前/返向过境时按计划使
用,响应时延秒量级
前向按需调度使用,返向
随时接入,响应时延秒
量级
随时接入,单包数据传输
延时平均为3.8 s
随时接入,响应时延
秒量级
随时接入,响应时
延秒量级
上行数据率较高较高较高
下行数据率较高较低较高
使用便捷性地面站及中心联网使用,
固定站为主,兼用机动站,
便捷性一般
中继卫星地面站与用户地
面系统互联使用,便捷性
一般
终端属小型化便携设备,
可按需部署、联网使用,便
捷性较好
天通地面终端属手持
式便携设备,可广域
分布,便捷性好
地面终端属手持式
便携设备,可广域
分布,便捷性好
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低轨遥感卫星全时在线测控技术综述
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张永强 1 , 阎梅芝 2 , 白鹤峰 1 , 王志强 1 , 李杰 3 , 谢斌 2
遥测遥控 | 综述与评论 2024,45(4): 12-21
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遥测遥控 | 综述与评论 2024, 45(4): 12-21
低轨遥感卫星全时在线测控技术综述
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张永强1, 阎梅芝2, 白鹤峰1, 王志强1, 李杰3, 谢斌2
作者信息
  • 1北京跟踪与通信技术研究所,北京 100094
  • 2航天东方红卫星有限公司,北京 100094
  • 3南京熊猫汉达科技有限公司,南京 210000
  • 张永强 1975年生,博士,副研究员。

    阎梅芝 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

    白鹤峰 1971年生,博士,研究员。

    王志强 1979年生,硕士, 副研究员。

    李杰 1985年生,硕士, 工程师。

    谢斌 1976年生,硕士,研究员。

Research on All-time Online TT&C Technology of LEO Remote Sensing Satellite
Yongqiang ZHANG1, Meizhi YAN2, Hefeng BAI1, Zhiqiang WANG1, Jie LI3, Bin XIE2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2.DFH Satellite Co. Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
  • 3.Nanjing Panda Handa Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
出版时间: 2024-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240319001
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本文分析了低轨遥感卫星实现全时在线的4个随时需求,概述基于中继、北斗以及移动通信卫星系统等开展低轨遥感卫星天基测控的现状,提出了对应的天基测控方案,对比分析了各种途径的特点,提出构建天地基综合测控服务体系、发展多手段一体化综合测控终端、优化遥感卫星分级分类测控运管策略等设想,为实现低轨遥感卫星全时在线、随时指控应用探索了一种发展路径。

低轨遥感卫星  /  全时在线  /  中继卫星  /  北斗卫星短报文  /  天通卫星

This paper analyzes the four anytime requirements for LEO remote sensing satellites to realize all-time online. In order to adapt to the practical needs of flexible operation and rapid response of the satellites, it proposes a plan to carry out space-based TT&C based on the Tiantong-1 high-orbit mobile communication satellite. It also compares and analyzes the characteristics of various TT&C methods. The paper puts forward some assumptions,such as constructing the space-based integrated TT&C service system, developing the multi-method integrated TT&C terminal, optimizing the remote sensing satellite classification and operation strategy, and analyzes the overall feasibility. It explores a development path for realizing all-time online and anytime control application of LEO remote sensing satellites.

LEO remote sensing satellite  /  All time online  /  Relay satellite  /  Beidou satellite short message  /  Tiantong satellite
张永强, 阎梅芝, 白鹤峰, 王志强, 李杰, 谢斌. 低轨遥感卫星全时在线测控技术综述. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (4) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240319001
Yongqiang ZHANG, Meizhi YAN, Hefeng BAI, Zhiqiang WANG, Jie LI, Bin XIE. Research on All-time Online TT&C Technology of LEO Remote Sensing Satellite[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (4) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240319001
随着低轨遥感卫星从试验型向应用型转变,用户对实时操控卫星的需求不断强化。遥感卫星发展初期的卫星可统称为试验型遥感卫星,此阶段用户对全时在线、快速响应要求不高,可依托地基测控站网完成测控,通过预先任务筹划、计划及指令生成,卫星离境前通过地基测控站遥控通道注入,在轨程序控制卫星执行试验任务。进入应用型阶段后,遥感卫星任务会随时发起,快速响应要求也日益强烈,卫星需具备快速调整任务的能力。若继续以试验方式操控应用卫星,只能适应常态化、规律性的一般任务,难以适应随机性应急任务,应用领域严重受限。随着敏捷遥感卫星发展和其姿态机动能力提升,卫星涌现出单条带多目标、多条带拼接、滑动聚束成像等多种成像模式,单圈次的观测次数、区域大小等能力不断增强。同时,在轨遥感卫星数量增多后,协同开展关注区域信息获取成为可能,对实现多星协同应用提出两方面挑战。一是要求用户及时结合全局态势、新增最新信息等,快速筹划并提出新增任务或调整原任务需求,以支撑实现多星关联性引导观测;二是要求天地测控大环路将新增任务或调整情况快速上注卫星执行。若后者无法保障卫星全时在线,用户将无法实现对关注事件的关联性持续跟进、序列化动向信息获取,无法支撑事件动向及意图分析,势必将影响体系协同效能。
实现低轨遥感卫星全时可指控,有利于提升卫星应用灵活性、快速响应、应急抢救、多星协同等能力,可以预见全轨全时可测控将逐步成为应用型卫星重要特征。天基测控本质上是将地面测控站搬到太空,充分利用太空位置高远、广域覆盖优势,实现对低轨卫星的高效测控服务。
本文系统分析了天基测控各种技术途径的实现方式,比较分析了各途径总体能力,提出了构建天地基综合测控服务体系、发展多手段一体化综合测控终端、优化遥感卫星分级分类测控运管策略等设想,可为低轨遥感卫星实现随时指控提供技术参考。
近年来,我国逐步建立了中继、北斗以及通信卫星等天基测控系统,一般部署于中高轨道,不论是对于地基测控站还是低轨卫星轨道,均具有宽覆盖的特点,可以在低轨卫星无地基测控弧段的时段,作为中间媒介实现低轨卫星与地面测控终端或用户之间的随时交互。目前各类低轨卫星搭载了面向不同天基测控系统的终端设备,对天基测控手段与双向链路进行了初步验证,同时也对各个天基测控系统特点进行了研究与总结。
杨天社等[1]对中继卫星系统指令执行时间、时间同步、信息序列顺序保持、动态捕获和信道容量等进行了仿真,验证了天基测控模式可行性,认为利用中继卫星系统可部分实现测控操作,当无中继测控系统时可应用通信卫星短消息通信服务实现。王宝华等[2]对天地基测控进行分析。于志坚、李艳华、关晖等[35]回顾了我国在轨卫星测控的发展历程并展望多星和天地基联合测控等技术趋势。刘保国等[6]从火箭测控、航天器入轨测控、载人航天测控、卫星长期管理等方面,全面分析中继卫星在我国航天测控中的应用。桂海潮等[7]在现有中继卫星服务模式基础上提出了伴随测控和中继定点指向策略的设想,以提高系统服务用户星数量和响应速度。李于衡等[8]提出了中继卫星定向天线中继终端的应急测控方法。聂琨坤等[9]重点分析中继卫星覆盖、链路、配合、时延、可靠性等前向遥控应用的关注点。刘风亮等[10]介绍了基于中继卫星SMA(S频段多址)的用户网络接入技术。孙宝升等[11]介绍了中继卫星S频段多址系统应用服务模式。单长胜等[12]研究了中继卫星支持海量航天器在轨测控技术。孙宝升等[13]提出了基于中继卫星S频段SMA全景波束在轨卫星健康管理概念及模式。曹正蕊等[14]提出采用中继卫星多址返向全景波束联合相扫前向波束支持航天器全时监控的应用模式。王磊等[15]围绕中继卫星的高效利用分析了效能提升瓶颈问题,从完备体系、增强综合能力及提升运维管控水平等方面给出了发展建议。姬涛等[16]提出基于中继卫星前返向实时跟踪波束和全域静态波束组合应用的测控资源保障模式,给出了即时计划驱动和“返向全时分发+前向业务驱动”两种典型模式下的系统工作流程。
何雨帆等[17]提出基于北斗一号的近地卫星天基测控技术及应用。刘保国等[18]针对低轨卫星星座测控管理全球覆盖需求和测控链路资源需求,分析北斗三号全球导航系统短报文用于低轨卫星测控的基本能力、工作流程及各部分功能。关新锋等[19]介绍基于北斗RDSS(卫星无线电测定服务)短报文的天基测控方法。谷军霞等[20]进行北斗短报文通信信道性能测试与统计分析,统计分析表明北斗短报文通信单数据包的传输成功率为95.5%、平均传输时延为3.8 s。万晓光等[21]提出了基于北斗短报文的星载信息传输系统。周馨等[22]提出建立高轨道海事卫星与低轨遥感卫星之间的双向数据链路,可大幅度提高低轨道遥感卫星在轨管理运行效率,缩短快速响应遥感数据回传滞后时间。
通过通信卫星与低轨卫星建立双向链路,完成低轨卫星测控服务的研究及应用逐步成为热点。美国DARPA的SeeMe计划曾提出采用经改造宽带终端[22],升级为低轨卫星通信载荷使得低轨卫星与IMMARSAT-4卫星建立持续的双向链路,链路速率达到492 kbps,提高低轨遥感卫星的应急快速响应能力,实现点即拍、拍立得。新加坡南阳理工大学研制的VELOX-2微纳卫星的主载荷是新加坡AddValue技术公司研制的高性能星间链路终端系统,搭载互为备份的2台终端,在轨验证了技术可行性和可靠性,可提供2路IP链路BANG服务。通过InmarSat卫星的通信,利用InmarSat的L频段信道作为星间中继链路,再利用InmarSat与地面网关的Feederlink完成Cubesat数据中继任务。Addvalue公司与InmarSat签署合作备忘录,将为低轨卫星提供数据中继服务。Audacy公司提出利用三颗MEO卫星作为中继网络空间部分,以支持低轨航天器测控实时性,以长时段支持、增强航天测控网应急测控能力。
全时在线(All-time on line)一般指可为用户提供覆盖全天任何时段服务的能力,可随时响应需求、随时开启服务、随时反馈信息等。全时在线能力需由系统或体系组织保障,通过系统内各组成部分协同操作、按流程服务实现。全时在线一般很难由某个具体实体实现,因为无法要求该实体不眠不休、无间断工作。所以一般“全时在线”均指系统能力全时在线,并非指系统内个体全时在线。理想情况下,若要求卫星系统全时在线服务,即要求随时提供服务,则需实现“四个随时”。
① 随时提报任务,是指各类用户随时向卫星运管中心提出任务需求,卫星运管中心不再设置需求最晚提出时间约束。设置需求受理时间约束虽有利于规划周期内的全局任务统筹,可适应常态化任务,但难以适应临时任务。而随时提报需求则要求任务受理环节持续在线,这对固定周期式的任务筹划提出挑战。
② 随时上注指令,是指卫星运管中心可快速完成需求筹划、任务规划、卫星指令生成,天地基测控系统可随时保障指令上行注入给卫星,这对卫星运管中心的快速筹划、多星协同规划、任务指令生成等时效性提出挑战。
③ 随时响应任务,是指在轨卫星系统可随时接收用户任务指令、可快速调整任务安排并正确执行观测计划,这对在轨卫星总体规模和各卫星星上能源管理、姿态调整控制及有效载荷管理等提出挑战。
④ 随时提供信息,是指卫星应及时反馈任务安排情况、星上状态情况及任务实施情况,快速安排卫星实施观测任务,并在任务执行同时向用户提供信息服务,或在观测任务执行后尽快处理并提供信息产品服务。
以上四个环节,其中,随时提报任务、随时提供信息是用户最关注、感受最直接的两个环节,直接影响使用体验。随时上注指令是用户侧对卫星系统随时能控制的要求,随时响应任务是对卫星系统服务侧快速调整适应新情况的要求。以上四方面密切关联、缺一不可,从提报任务需求到获取信息的全过程延迟时间应满足任务时效性要求,同时产品精度也满足任务要求。全时在线给地面运管中心、天地基测控、卫星系统等均提出新要求。低轨遥感卫星与地面站网的可见时间呈现为间断窗口,同时卫星单圈工作时间受限,为实现卫星系统全时在线,对在轨卫星、地面站的数量规模需求也很大。天基测控手段对于实现低轨遥感卫星全时在线非常关键,天基测控是解决随时上注的重要途径。
卫星数据与中继系统、卫星导航定位系统、卫星通信系统的发展,以及低轨商业遥感卫星的激增,都在客观上推进了低轨遥感卫星天基测控技术研究。相对而言,基于中继卫星开展低轨卫星测控的研究较为深入,在挖潜中继系统测控效能的基础上,已逐步在发展中继SMA连续业务+短报文测控模式。基于北斗短报文及高轨通信卫星的测控研究在逐步深化。
通过在低轨遥感卫星中装载中继终端,中继卫星系统可为低轨遥感卫星提供境外(非地基测控弧段)的计划实施、故障维护等测控支持,完成境外低速数据实时回传与上行指令实时注入,为空间任务快速响应、航天器在轨故障诊断与抢救等提供数据中继服务。
中继卫星系统可对低轨遥感卫星实现较高轨道覆盖,按照中继卫星资源应用流程及协议,用户可快速实现上下行通道申请。中继卫星系统为低轨卫星测控服务如图1所示,中继测控终端工作模式示意如图2所示。
上行任务指控:中继卫星运管中心统筹各类用户的天地基任务需求,经过任务规划后形成测控计划,完成测控指令编制后,发送至中继卫星管控地面站。地面站通过星地KSA上行链路将信号发送至中继卫星,中继卫星完成信号接收、变频并将信号通过星间SSA链路转发至低轨遥感卫星,由低轨遥感卫星中继测控终端完成遥控信息解调,遥感卫星星务计算机获取观测任务指令,最终完成用户观测任务的上行。
下行信息反馈:低轨遥感卫星收集设备状态及任务等有关遥测信息,中继测控终端完成遥测信息调制,信号通过星间SSA下行链路发送到中继卫星,中继卫星完成变频转发,再通过星地KSA下行链路发送给中继卫星管控地面站,最终完成遥测信息落地和向用户反馈。
SSA信道同时只为单个目标提供测控服务。第二代小S终端与第二代中继卫星星上SMA多址天线、地面波束成形配合,可缓解同时多目标测控问题。信道由SSA增加到SSA/SMA,可满足低轨卫星型号要求。第二代小S终端兼容天链一代及二代中继卫星系统,可实现用户星近全球范围测控覆盖,保障用户星快速任务响应能力。利用SMA链路功能发挥天链二号卫星系统多目标测控能力,可减轻多目标测控任务资源分配冲突。但中继卫星前向资源仍相对紧缺,众多用户并行使用时,时效性仍难以保证。
短报文通信功能逐步发展增强,从北斗一号、北斗二号的区域短报文覆盖,已逐步发展为北斗三号的全球短报文通信服务。相比北斗二号系统,通过提高卫星播发信号功率和改进信号体制等措施,北斗三号系统信号服务容量增强、单次信息长度增长、用户发射功率降低,已逐步成为天基测控体制的一种可选方案。
该方案是利用北斗导航卫星系统,将低轨遥感卫星和地面用户连为一体,通过星载短报文终端、地面短报文终端之间的短报文传递,实现遥测数据向地面卫星测运控中心的数据下行传输,遥控数据由地面卫星测运控中心向低轨遥感卫星的数据上行传输。为满足导航卫星接收短报文信号的频偏要求,地面短报文终端、星载短报文终端均需对发射信号进行频率补偿。补偿思路主要是根据导航接收机接收的多路导航信号,获得可视范围内各入站卫星的轨道、径向多普勒、接收信号信噪比、短报文终端位置及本振频偏等,综合选择入站卫星并计算发射信号频率补偿值,对发射信号进行频率补偿。
在北斗短报文覆盖范围内,使用地面短报文终端即可给卫星发送间接指令或注入数据包,使用时间和地点灵活。可实现480 km以下低轨卫星的全球范围星下点实时测控覆盖,800 km以下的部分区域实时测控覆盖,800 km以上则可实现离散通信间断的准实时覆盖。
目前,北斗短报文测控应用存在抗干扰能力较差、传输速率较低、时延相对较长等不足。工程上可通过信源加密提升抗干扰能力,通过参数项精简、超帧编排优化、多张用户卡时分复用等方式改进传输速率。按照北斗系统发布的短报文响应时延一般优于1分钟,相对地基测控时延较长,分析认为,对于卫星周期性状态监视、前向遥控数据注入的影响较小,可能会影响实时遥控闭环控制效率。根据谷军霞等[20]进行测试的情况看,单包数据传输时延平均为3.8 s,对任务的影响可接受,实际使用时需根据任务实时性需求选择使用。
2016年8月,我国发射首颗天通一号高轨移动通信卫星;2020年11月、2021年1月又将02星、03星成功送入轨道,与01星完成在轨组网,建成了我国自主可控的卫星移动通信系统。天通一号卫星星上配置超大尺寸高增益多波束天线,提供百余个用户波束,实现我国领土、领海、中东、非洲,以及太平洋、印度洋大部分海域区域覆盖,可提供语音、短消息、物联网服务、数据通信等服务,系统用户容量可达百万以上,用户链路为S频段、馈电链路为C频段,链路上下行传输均为FDD/TDMA/FDMA方式。用户终端与普通手机相似,提供通话、短信与上网业务,数据速率可满足应用需求。
天通一号卫星具有波束资源丰富、覆盖区域大、终端间可实时互联等特点,可实现低轨遥感卫星(星载终端)与地面用户(地面用户终端)之间的建链互联和快速实时信息交互,是未来应对遥感卫星规模化发展对测控系统现实挑战的一种可选方案。本质上,该方案是利用天通一号高轨移动通信卫星系统,将低轨遥感卫星和地面用户连为一体,通过天通星载终端、天通地面终端之间的信息传递,实现遥测数据下行传输和遥控数据上行传输。涉及高轨卫星、低轨卫星、地面终端等之间建链和移动通信技术,目前动态建链和移动通信技术均较成熟。在建链方面,低轨卫星相比地面移动用户,将产生多普勒频移等影响,而多普勒频移技术补偿、频率环路自适应等均相对成熟。星间通信技术方面,高轨卫星移动通信技术及协议已得到工程应用,需针对低轨卫星特点进行协议定制化设计;无需改变原有遥测遥控数据格式等,通过星载天通终端按照通信协议格式化处理即可适应。基于天通一号的低轨遥感卫星星地互联应用原理如图3所示。
系统包括天通卫星系统地面终端通信网络和天通星载终端通信网两部分。天通星载终端通信网络采用定制专装通信体制,以满足应因低轨卫星大动态导致的终端快速入网建链、多波束无缝切换接力、多普勒效应处理等需求。天通地面终端通信网络与天通星载终端通信网络通过各自地球站(信关站与业务接入站)的链接组成一个互通互联大网络,管控天通地面终端广域远程使用卫星服务的能力。工作过程如图4所示,详细流程描述如下。
STEP 1:天通地面终端(用户业务测控)建立与信关站的上网链路;
STEP 2:地面用户完成遥感卫星任务筹划并据此生成遥感卫星上行任务数据;利用天通地面终端向信关站申请建立上行卫星业务应用服务;
STEP 3:信关站收到业务应用服务申请,为该终端建立与业务接入站之间的链接;
STEP 4:业务接入站通过权限管理机制确认天通地面终端身份,按权限开通天通地面终端使用卫星服务能力;
STEP 5:天通地面终端提交卫星业务服务任务到业务接入站;
STEP 6:业务接入站进行天通卫星任务协调规划,将业务服务任务加入卫星指令队列;
STEP 7:当低轨遥感卫星进入天通波束覆盖区时,打开天通星载终端载荷,天通星载终端执行入网建链动作,建立与业务接入站的链路;
STEP 8:业务接入站将该星任务队列中的可执行任务指令上注给遥感卫星;
STEP 9:遥感卫星收到任务后,启动任务载荷完成任务,并将任务执行结果或卫星状态等信息返回业务接入站,业务接入站再将数据分发给天通地面终端。
总体上,基于移动通信实现低轨遥感卫星测控,具有以下优点:
一是支持授权用户的远程化、移动化使用。用户无需在特定场所、固定位置使用卫星服务,支持荒漠、远海条件下使用,或者车载、船载、机载等应急情况下特殊场景使用。
二是支持随遇建链、大容量使用。凡持有天通地面终端并入网授权的用户,即可按需与遥感卫星建链、提交任务上行请求、及时获取下行反馈信息,高度契合未来低轨卫星规模化应用场景带来的卫星在轨长期管理需求。
三是具备近实时端到端的上行操控低轨卫星的服务能力。只要低轨卫星处于天通卫星波束覆盖区内即可近实时受领任务,考虑大回路建链及信息传输速率等时延因素,信息传递滞后秒级,遥感卫星任务规划时考虑传递滞后因素即可。
四是具备近实时端到端的下行反馈信息及星上产品快速分发的服务能力。通过天通卫星近实时下行数据服务能力与遥感卫星星上数据处理能力支持,可将遥感星上提取的数据产品直接分发到最终用户。
当前,我国卫星在轨测控管理主要采用地面测控模式,地基测控站网系统包括西安卫星测控中心和渭南、南宁、闽西、厦门、青岛、长春等国内站及卡拉奇站、马林迪站、基律纳站等境外测控站,同时可按需设置若干活动测控站。表1针对500 km、85°倾角圆轨道的低轨遥感卫星,分析各种测控方案的覆盖率、资源可用度、用户容量等。
当前低轨卫星通信星座成为新发展热点,国际上纷纷提出低轨通信星座发展计划。低轨大规模通信卫星星座利用星间链路、星上处理交换、空间组网等技术,将实现全球无缝覆盖端到端通信服务能力。低轨大规模通信卫星星座相比高轨移动通信卫星,与低轨遥感卫星星间建链时存在链路频繁切换、相对运动变化更快等特点,但通过建立波束覆盖及路由切换调度模型、信号多普勒频移补偿等,低轨移动通信星座可作为实现全时在线测控的可选途径,并将提高双向通信速率,既实现随时上注指令,又解决信息尽快下传用户,进一步提升低轨遥感卫星使用灵活性及应用效益。
随着在轨航天器数量快速增加,多航天器同时测控、全时在线服务将成为航天测控服务能力体系建设发展的重点内容。地基测控站网经过长时期建设、发展和运行服务,已形成卫星测控中心+国内分布固定测控站+按需部署机动站+国外站的总体格局,卫星测控中心、测控站能力及测控服务管理模式、信息流程等已固化,主体上以地基测控站网服务为主。随着我国中继卫星系统研制发射并实现全球覆盖,一代中继卫星系统实现S频段单址接入能力、二代中继卫星系统提升为S频段多址接入能力,中继卫星系统逐步具备多目标同时测控服务能力,我国航天测控服务逐步由以地基为主向天地基互补方向发展。
目前,基于北斗短报文的低轨卫星遥测遥控数据传输技术已得到在轨验证,短报文上下行资源可用性、遥控遥测时效性等能够总体满足低轨卫星测控要求。基于天通一号高轨通信卫星或未来低轨通信卫星星座,开展低轨卫星遥测遥控数据传输时,上/下行资源均丰富,可用性高,且小型化地面用户终端即可实现。天基测控手段不断发展,天基测控已形成广阔发展前景。中继卫星系统、北斗导航卫星系统、天通一号卫星、地基测控站网系统等各类测控资源有各自特点,有各自发展规划,并已形成各自管理服务模式。为更好服务于低轨卫星运行管理尤其是应对大规模低轨遥感卫星运维需求,急需构建天地基综合测控服务体系,从服务侧全局能力优化角度,开展体系顶层设计,建立各天基系统、地基测控中心、低轨卫星用户之间的信息交互机制和测控管理协议,推动形成全球覆盖、多用户并发、随遇接入、无感使用的天地基综合测控服务保障体系能力,将利于大幅提高在轨遥感卫星的测控安全性、灵活性和运管效益。
通过多年工程实践和技术发展,低轨遥感卫星大多已采用对天对地一体化测控终端技术,但目前对天对地一体化范畴大多局限在中继卫星S频段SSA链路。随着天基测控手段快速发展,急需扩展形成覆盖更多手段的一体化测控终端。
① 星载测控终端一体化小型化发展,推动形成低轨遥感卫星一体化终端。一是对地对中继一体化测控终端,即将对地测控+中继SSA+中继SMA连续业务+中继SMA短报文业务等集成实现。二是对地对中继对天通一体化测控终端,即在纳入SMA链路基础上,进一步将天通一号终端纳入;由于对地、对中继和天通一号用户链路均为S频段,射频部分具有一致性,具有实现一体化的现实条件。三是导航及短报文终端,将短报文测控终端功能纳入星载导航接收机,实现低轨遥感卫星基于北斗短报文开展测控功能。一般而言,低轨遥感卫星必配导航接收机,这样即可实现北斗短报文测控功能成为低轨遥感卫星的标配。
② 用户侧测控终端一体化发展,将北斗短报文测控终端、天通卫星通信终端与用户广播分发信息接收终端等复合集成设计,推动形成一体化综合测控终端。综合测控终端具备基于各类天基手段运管在轨卫星的能力。一体化终端设计时,值得注意的是,为实现低轨遥感卫星全时在线,各类测控途径所需星载终端设计应考虑卫星各种姿态状态下的测控链路建立问题,需确保有途径让卫星始终在线,随时可接受指令。
地基测控设备、中继卫星和其他可用系统可统称为测控资源,其数量总体有限。随着卫星规模快速扩增,同时载人航天、发射测控、应急抢救等任务占用,客观上要求不断提高测控资源一体化管控、科学运维、高效调用的总体水平,不断提高测控资源利用率,推动遥感卫星更好发挥效益。遥感卫星进行分级分类测控运管,有利于各类测控资源的科学规划、精准调用或自主匹配,满足各类型应用对测控保障的要求。用户侧分级分类和测控资源运管调度策略对快速高效、精准调度至关重要。
综合考虑体系定位、应用侧重方向等因素,对低轨遥感卫星分级分类。总体上,可将遥感卫星分为常态保障、应急响应两大类。常态保障类卫星所执行任务具有长期性、稳定性和预测性,以提前规划+按计划管控模式运维为主,临机调整任务可能性相对较低。应急响应类卫星所执行任务具有较强临时性,临机调整任务可能性很高。两类卫星对测控资源需求的弹性存在较大差异。综合观测目标类型、任务重要度等,对卫星观测任务分级,如可分为五个级别。综合卫星分类及任务分级,一般而言,满足高优先级卫星、高优先级任务的测控需求,可获取更高收益。结合遥感卫星测控途径多样性及任务需求随机性等,评估测控需求弹性程度。假设观测任务开始前一定时间内具备上注指令条件,即认为可满足测控保障要求。测控资源规划时,先满足高优先级任务、再满足次优先级任务、逐次循环,将所有卫星观测任务测控保障需求与测控资源匹配,必要适度调整即可生成测控资源调度计划。
低轨遥感卫星的发展需要实现卫星全时在线测控。目前中继卫星系统已具备天基测控保障能力,可提升低轨卫星轨道覆盖率。但由于中继卫星系统前向波束总体有限,仅依赖中继卫星资源难以适应未来大规模遥感卫星面临的多星并发、随机组网、按需协同应用对前向上注指令的测控需求。文中综述实现天基测控的总体方案,建议从体系层面构建天地基综合测控服务体系,发展多手段一体化综合测控终端,优化遥感卫星分级分类测控运管策略,为逐步实现低轨遥感卫星全时在线、随时指控应用奠定技术基础。
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240319001
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
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    1北京跟踪与通信技术研究所,北京 100094
    2航天东方红卫星有限公司,北京 100094
    3南京熊猫汉达科技有限公司,南京 210000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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