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Compared to 32QAM technology, 32APSK technology reduces the number of amplitudes and is suitable for a nonlinear channel in a relay satellite communication system. TCM technology combines channel coding and multi-level modulation,doesn't increase the spectrum bandwidth, decreases the transmission power, cuts down energy consumption, lowers the requirements for technical indexes of the power amplifier, and is beneficial for achieving lightweight and miniaturization of satellite payloads. This paper combines 32APSK technology and TCM technology, proposes a kind of 32APSK-TCM technology, discusses details of the 32APSK-TCM technology constellation subset splitting method and constellation point selection method, and analyzes the performance of the 32APSK-TCM technology. This paper simulates the 32APSK-TCM technology and 16APSK technology using the simulation platform of the relay satellite communication system developed by our research team. Simulation results demonstrate that under the condition of an ideal channel, I/Q amplitude phase imbalance, amplitude frequency characteristics, group delay, phase noise, power amplifier saturation point, and nonlinear channel, if the maximization value of the required bit error rate is 1E-6, compared to 16APSK technology, the minimization value of the signal-to-noise ratio of 32APSK-TCM technology saves 13.29 dB, 13.29 dB, 14.84 dB, 15.54 dB, 15.11 dB, 15.77 dB, and 16.37 dB, respectively.

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32APSK(Amplitude Phase Shift Keying,幅相键控)技术与32QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,正交幅度调制)技术相比,减少了幅值数目,适合于中继卫星通信系统非线性信道。TCM(Trellis Code Modulation,网格编码调制)技术将信道编码与多元调制相结合,在不增加频谱带宽的条件下,可以降低发射功率,减少能耗,降低对功率放大器技术指标的要求,有利于实现卫星有效载荷的轻型化与小型化。本文将32APSK技术与TCM技术相结合,提出了一种32APSK-TCM技术,详细论述了基于32APSK-TCM技术的星座子集分割方法和星座点选择方法,并对32APSK-TCM技术的性能进行了理论分析。在项目组自研的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台上,对32APSK-TCM技术进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:在理想信道条件、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature,同相/正交)幅相不平衡、幅频特性、群时延、相位噪声、功率放大器饱和点、非线性信道条件下,需要的最大误比特率为1E-6时,32APSK-TCM技术的最小信噪比与16APSK调制技术的最小信噪比相比,分别节省了13.29 dB,13.29 dB, 14.84 dB, 15.54 dB, 15.11 dB, 15.77 dB, 16.37 dB。

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张秀宁 1984年生,博士,工程师。

张旭 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

王义强 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

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张秀宁 1984年生,博士,工程师。

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张秀宁 1984年生,博士,工程师。

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张旭 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

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张旭 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

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王义强 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

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王义强 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

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figureFileSmall=5yGf7bYE75BCEeREdboPwg==, figureFileBig=b86wRrEW6TqNFcLLJ2pRmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241712924713079747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697946299855103, language=CN, label=图14, caption=非线性信道条件下16APSK与32APSK-TCM仿真误码率曲线, figureFileSmall=5yGf7bYE75BCEeREdboPwg==, figureFileBig=b86wRrEW6TqNFcLLJ2pRmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241712924809548742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697946299855103, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数取值
原始信息速率900 Mbps
成形系数0.35
幅相偏差0.4 dB, 3o
幅频特性f0±35%:2.0 dB
f0±50%:3.0 dB
群时延f0±25% : 15 ns
f0±35% : 25 ns
f0±50% : 30 ns
相位噪声10 Hz -48.67 dBc
100 Hz -70.59 dBc
1 kHz -82.77 dBc
10 kHz -85 dBc
100 kHz -94.3 dBc
1 MHz -112.35 dBc
16APSK半径1(内圆), 2.53(外圆)
32APSK半径1(内圆), 2.53(中圆), 4.3(外圆)
), ArticleFig(id=1241712926298526663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697946299855103, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真采用的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数取值
原始信息速率900 Mbps
成形系数0.35
幅相偏差0.4 dB, 3o
幅频特性f0±35%:2.0 dB
f0±50%:3.0 dB
群时延f0±25% : 15 ns
f0±35% : 25 ns
f0±50% : 30 ns
相位噪声10 Hz -48.67 dBc
100 Hz -70.59 dBc
1 kHz -82.77 dBc
10 kHz -85 dBc
100 kHz -94.3 dBc
1 MHz -112.35 dBc
16APSK半径1(内圆), 2.53(外圆)
32APSK半径1(内圆), 2.53(中圆), 4.3(外圆)
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32APSK-TCM技术在中继卫星通信系统中的应用研究
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张秀宁 , 张旭 , 王义强
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(5): 58-67
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(5): 58-67
32APSK-TCM技术在中继卫星通信系统中的应用研究
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张秀宁, 张旭, 王义强
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 张秀宁 1984年生,博士,工程师。

    张旭 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

    王义强 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

Research on the Application of 32APSK-TCM Technology in Relay Satellite Communication System
Xiuning ZHANG, Xu ZHANG, Yiqiang WANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240524001
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32APSK(Amplitude Phase Shift Keying,幅相键控)技术与32QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,正交幅度调制)技术相比,减少了幅值数目,适合于中继卫星通信系统非线性信道。TCM(Trellis Code Modulation,网格编码调制)技术将信道编码与多元调制相结合,在不增加频谱带宽的条件下,可以降低发射功率,减少能耗,降低对功率放大器技术指标的要求,有利于实现卫星有效载荷的轻型化与小型化。本文将32APSK技术与TCM技术相结合,提出了一种32APSK-TCM技术,详细论述了基于32APSK-TCM技术的星座子集分割方法和星座点选择方法,并对32APSK-TCM技术的性能进行了理论分析。在项目组自研的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台上,对32APSK-TCM技术进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:在理想信道条件、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature,同相/正交)幅相不平衡、幅频特性、群时延、相位噪声、功率放大器饱和点、非线性信道条件下,需要的最大误比特率为1E-6时,32APSK-TCM技术的最小信噪比与16APSK调制技术的最小信噪比相比,分别节省了13.29 dB,13.29 dB, 14.84 dB, 15.54 dB, 15.11 dB, 15.77 dB, 16.37 dB。

32APSK-TCM技术  /  中继卫星通信系统  /  非线性信道

Compared to 32QAM technology, 32APSK technology reduces the number of amplitudes and is suitable for a nonlinear channel in a relay satellite communication system. TCM technology combines channel coding and multi-level modulation,doesn't increase the spectrum bandwidth, decreases the transmission power, cuts down energy consumption, lowers the requirements for technical indexes of the power amplifier, and is beneficial for achieving lightweight and miniaturization of satellite payloads. This paper combines 32APSK technology and TCM technology, proposes a kind of 32APSK-TCM technology, discusses details of the 32APSK-TCM technology constellation subset splitting method and constellation point selection method, and analyzes the performance of the 32APSK-TCM technology. This paper simulates the 32APSK-TCM technology and 16APSK technology using the simulation platform of the relay satellite communication system developed by our research team. Simulation results demonstrate that under the condition of an ideal channel, I/Q amplitude phase imbalance, amplitude frequency characteristics, group delay, phase noise, power amplifier saturation point, and nonlinear channel, if the maximization value of the required bit error rate is 1E-6, compared to 16APSK technology, the minimization value of the signal-to-noise ratio of 32APSK-TCM technology saves 13.29 dB, 13.29 dB, 14.84 dB, 15.54 dB, 15.11 dB, 15.77 dB, and 16.37 dB, respectively.

32APSK-TCM technology  /  Relay satellite communication system  /  Non-linear channel
张秀宁, 张旭, 王义强. 32APSK-TCM技术在中继卫星通信系统中的应用研究. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (5) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240524001
Xiuning ZHANG, Xu ZHANG, Yiqiang WANG. Research on the Application of 32APSK-TCM Technology in Relay Satellite Communication System[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (5) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240524001
中继卫星通信系统填补了我国天基测控的空白,与地基测控和海基测控一起,提高了我国全球测控覆盖率。地基测控、海基测控覆盖不到的地方,天基测控可以作为补充。地基测控、海基测控能覆盖到的地方,天基测控可以作为备份,提高了测控的可靠性。随着天基测控数据速率需求的日益增长,提高频谱效率成为众多学者的研究目标。采用高阶调制技术可以提高频谱效率,增加测控信息传输速率[1,2]。在地面蜂窝移动通信系统中,采用了自适应编码调制技术,调制技术可以根据信道情况选择32QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 正交幅度调制), 64QAM, 128QAM, 256QAM, 512QAM, 1 024QAM, 2 048QAM技术[3,4]。由于幅值较多MQAM(Multi-level Quadrature Amplitude Mod-ulation,多元正交幅度调制)技术,不适合非线性卫星通信信道。由于传输距离较远,卫星通信通常需要采用高功率放大器。当高功率放大器工作于接近饱和点时,容易引起信号的非线性恶化[5,6]。由于减少了幅值数目,MAPSK(Multi-level Amplitude Phase Shift Keying,多元幅相键控)技术比MQAM技术更适合于卫星通信的非线性信道环境。在相同误码率需求条件下、MAPSK需要的信噪比更低,可以降低发射功率、减少能耗,对高功率放大器的技术指标要求更低,可以节省成本、减少卫星有效载荷的体积与重量[7,8]
高阶调制技术与低阶调制技术相比,通过增加每符号比特数目来提高频谱效率。同时,由于星座图中信号点之间的欧氏距离减小,为了达到相同的误码率需求,需要更高的信噪比,即更大的发射功率。网格编码调制技术通过星座图逐级分割,逐级增大信号点之间的最小欧氏距离,来改善信噪比需求,不仅不需要增加发射功率,而且可以降低发射功率、节省能耗、降低成本,有利于实现卫星有效载荷的小型化[9-12]。此外,网格编码调制技术将一部分信源比特进行信道编码后传输,通过引入冗余比特,获得了信道编码增益,可以进一步改善信噪比需求。虽然引入了冗余比特,但是网格编码调制技术通过采用高阶调制,并没有增加对频谱带宽的需求。
本文将32APSK技术与TCM(Trellis Coding Modulation,网格编码调制)技术相结合,提出了一种32APSK-TCM技术。与16APSK技术相比,32APSK-TCM技术可以不改变信息传输速率,不增加频谱带宽,降低发射功率,降低对高功率放大器技术指标的要求,降低能耗,节省成本,有利于实现卫星有效载荷的轻型化与小型化[13,14]。在中继卫星通信系统领域,32APSK-TCM技术是一种非常有实际工程应用前景的技术。
32APSK星座图如图1所示。内圆半径R1=1,中间圆半径R2=2.53,外圆半径R3=4.3。内圆包含了N1=4个信号点,中间圆包含了N2=12个信号点,外圆包含了N3=16个信号点。
内圆星座点坐标计算公式如式(1)所示。
式中,θ1表示内圆星座点的初始相位。中间圆星座点坐标计算公式如式(2)所示。
式中,θ2表示中间圆星座点的初始相位。外圆星座点坐标计算公式如式(3)所示。
式中,θ3表示外圆星座点的初始相位。
32APSK第一级分割星座子集如图2所示。B0包含了s1、s3、s5、s7、s9、s11、s13、s15、s17、s19、s21、s23、s25、s27、s29、s31一共16个信号点,B1包含了s2、s4、s6、s8、s10、s12、s14、s16、s18、s20、s22、s24、s26、s28、s30、s32一共16个信号点。
B0第二级分割星座子集如图3(a)所示,E0包含了s3、s5、s7、s15、s19、s23、s27、s31一共8个信号点,E1包含了s1、s9、s11、s13、s17、s21、s25、s29一共8个信号点。B1第二级分割星座子集如图3(b)所示,E2包含了s2、s6、s14、s16、s20、s24、s28、s32一共8个信号点,E3包含了s4、s8、s10、s12、s18、s22、s26、s30一共8个信号点。
E0第三级分割星座子集如图4(a)所示,F0包含了s7、s15、s19、s27一共四个信号点,F1包含了s3、s5、s23、s31一共四个信号点。E1第三级分割星座子集如图4(b)所示,F2包含了s1、s11、s21、s29一共四个信号点,F3包含了s9、s13、s17、s25一共四个信号点。E2第三级分割星座子集如图4(c)所示,F4包含了s2、s16、s20、s28一共四个信号点,F5包含了s6、s14、s24、s32一共四个信号点。E3第三级分割星座子集如图4(d)所示,F6包含了s4、s8、s26、s30一共四个信号点,F7包含了s10、s12、s18、s22一共四个信号点。
F0第四级分割星座子集如图5(a)所示,G0包含了s15、s19一共两个信号点,G1包含了s7、s27一共两个信号点。F1第四级分割星座子集如图5(b)所示,G2包含了s3、s31一共两个信号点,G3包含了s5、s23一共两个信号点。F2第四级分割星座子集如图5(c)所示,G4包含了s1、s29一共两个信号点,G5包含了s11、s21一共两个信号点。F3、F4、…、F7第四级分割星座子集读者可自行推导。
G0第五级分割星座子集如图6(a)所示,H0包含了s15一个信号点,H1包含了s19一个信号点。G1第五级分割星座子集如图6(b)所示,H2包含了s7一个信号点,H3包含了s27一个信号点。G2、G3、…、G15第五级分割星座子集读者可自行推导。
图2中电平间隔d1为信号点s1与s7之间的距离,如式(4)所示。式(4)中real表示信号点的实部,imag表示信号点的虚部。内圆信号点s1的坐标可以根据式(1)求出,中间圆信号点s7的坐标可以根据式(2)求出。图3中电平间隔d2为信号点s15与s31之间的距离,如式(5)所示。中间圆信号点s15的坐标可以根据式(2)求出,外圆信号点s31的坐标可以根据式(3)求出。图4中电平间隔d3为信号点s7与s19之间的距离,如式(6)所示。外圆信号点s19的坐标可以根据式(3)求出。图5(a)G0中信号点s15与s19之间的距离,如式(7)所示,G1中信号点s7与s27之间的距离,如式(8)所示。G2、G3、…、G15中信号点之间的距离读者可自行推导。32APSK-TCM的电平间隔d32APSK-TCM即为32APSK第四级分割距离的平均值,如式(9)所示。
输入的信源比特u0u1u2经过n=4,k=3,K=3(4,3,3)的卷积编码器,如图7所示,生成卷积编码后的比特c0c1c2c3,信源比特u3c4一一对应[15,16]c0c1c2c3从G0、G1、G2、…、G15中选择一个子集,c4从确定的子集中选择一个信号点。
假设32个星座点等概率出现,则32APSK的平均归一化功率如式(10)所示。
平均归一化电压幅度为,32APSK星座图中最小电平间隔如式(11)所示。
32APSK欧氏距离如式(12)所示。
Euc32APSK=d5,6/3.430 8=1.309 6/3.430 8=0.381 7
32APSK-TCM的欧氏距离如式(13)所示。
图1中内圆和中间圆构成了16APSK星座,假设16个星座点等概率出现,则16APSK的平均归一化功率如式(14)所示。
平均归一化电压幅度为,16APSK星座图中最小电平间隔如式(11)所示,与32APSK星座图中的最小电平间隔相等。16 APSK的欧氏距离如式(15)所示。
Euc16APSK=d5,6/2.247 4=1.309 6/2.247 4=0.582 7
为了提高信息传输速率,采用高阶调制32APSK技术,与低阶调制16APSK技术相比,性能损失如式(16)所示。
由式(16)可知,与16APSK相比,32APSK性能损失了3.674 457 dB。如果采用32APSK-TCM技术,可以获得的性能增益如式(17)所示。
由式(17)可知,32APSK-TCM技术通过星座图逐级分割,增加了星座点之间的最小欧氏距离,与16APSK技术相比,可以将性能改善8.948 dB。32APSK-TCM技术通过卷积编码器引入了1比特冗余,但是与16APSK技术相比,调制阶数变高,1个符号由4个比特表示变成了由5个比特表示,所以并不需要增加频谱带宽[17]
表1列出了实施仿真时采用的仿真参数[18-21]。所涉及的中继卫星通信系统以及仿真平台来源于文献[18]和文献[19]。
16APSK与32APSK-TCM在AWGN信道条件下的仿真误码率曲线如图8所示。
图8可知,误码率需求为1E-6时,16APSK需要的信噪比为14.85 dB,32APSK-TCM需要的信噪比为1.56 dB。32APSK-TCM与16APSK相比,可节省13.29 dB。
图9为幅相偏差条件下,16APSK和32APSK-TCM两种调制技术误比特率与信噪比仿真关系曲线。与图8进行对比,可以得到如下结论:
① 误比特率需求为1E-6时,幅相偏差信道条件下,16APSK调制技术需要的信噪比在14.5 dB与15 dB之间,32APSK-TCM需要的信噪比在1 dB与2 dB之间。与理想信道相比,信噪比损失较小,这是因为中继用户终端的接收机采用了幅相偏差校正技术[18-21]
② 误比特率需求为1E-6时,32APSK-TCM调制技术比16APSK调制技术可节省13.29 dB。
幅频特性条件下,16APSK调制技术和32APSK-TCM技术的误码率仿真曲线如图10所示。仿真结果表明:
① 幅频特性信道条件下仿真值与理想信道条件下仿真值相比,无论是16APSK调制技术还是32APSK-TCM技术,信噪比损失均较小,这是因为中继用户终端接收机采用了均衡技术,对使信号恶化的幅频特性进行了纠正[18-21]
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-6,32APSK-TCM技术与16APSK调制技术相比,节省的信噪比为14.84 dB。
32APSK-TCM调制技术与16APSK技术在群时延信道条件下的解码解调误比特率与信噪比关系曲线如图11所示。仿真结果表明:
① 误比特率需求为1E-6时,群时延信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,32APSK-TCM调制技术的解码解调信噪比损失可以忽略,16APSK技术的解码解调信噪比损失为2.25 dB。
② 32APSK-TCM技术和16APSK调制技术相比,节省的信噪比为15.54 dB。
32APSK-TCM调制技术与16APSK技术在相位噪声信道条件下的解码解调误比特率与信噪比关系曲线如图12所示。仿真结果表明:
① 相位噪声信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,16APSK调制技术损失了1.82 dB,32APSK-TCM技术的损失可以忽略,两种调制技术的损失均较小,这是因为中继用户终端接收机采用了盲自适应均衡技术,对相位噪声引起的信号畸变可以进行改善[18-21]
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-6,32APSK-TCM技术和16APSK调制技术相比,可以将信噪比改善15.11 dB。
中继用户终端功率放大器工作于饱和点时,16APSK调制技术和32APSK-TCM技术的解码解调误比特率与信噪比关系曲线如图13所示。仿真结果表明:
① 当功率放大器工作于饱和点时,与理想信道相比,16APSK调制技术的信噪比损失了2.48 dB,32APSK-TCM调制技术的信噪比损失可以忽略。
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-6,32APSK-TCM技术和16APSK调制技术相比,可以将信噪比改善15.77 dB。
非线性信道条件下,16APSK技术和32APSK-TCM调制技术的误比特率与信噪比之间的仿真曲线如图14所示。
仿真结果表明:
① 与理想信道相比,非线性信道条件下16APSK调制技术的信噪比损失了3.08 dB,32APSK-TCM调制技术的信噪比损失可以忽略。
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-6,32APSK-TCM技术和16APSK调制技术相比,可以将信噪比改善16.37 dB。
在理想信道条件、I/Q幅相不平衡、幅频特性、群时延、相位噪声、功率放大器饱和点、非线性信道条件下[18-21],需要的最大误比特率为1E-6时,32APSK-TCM技术的最小信噪比与16APSK调制技术的最小信噪比相比,分别节省了13.29 dB,13.29 dB, 14.84 dB, 15.54 dB, 15.11 dB, 15.77 dB, 16.37 dB。
使用项目组开发完成的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台,在各类信道条件下,仿真了16APSK调制技术和32APSK-TCM技术的误码率与信噪比关系曲线。仿真结果表明:32APSK-TCM技术在各类信道条件下的性能均优于16APSK技术,与理论分析结果一致。本文的理论分析结果与仿真验证结果,对实际工程建设的中继卫星通信系统的调制技术选择有一定的借鉴意义。更高阶的网格编码调制技术,比如64APSK-TCM技术、128APSK-TCM技术可以作为下一步的研究方向。
  • 中国航天科技集团自主研发项目“卫星中继用户终端子系统
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240524001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-24
  • 修回日期:2024-08-14
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中国航天科技集团自主研发项目“卫星中继用户终端子系统
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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