Article(id=1241697944982836158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240504004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714752000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-04, revisedDate=1718121600000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973459716, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1726329600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973459716, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973459716, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973459716, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241697942122328272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973459034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973945698, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241699983414580120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241699983414580121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241697946694112208, articleId=1241697944982836158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Optimized Phase Gradient Autofocus Algorithm Based on Improved Point Selection and Windowing Processing, columnId=1239133500033528732, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Radar and Countermeasures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Phase Gradient Autofocus (PGA) algorithm is widely used to compensate for phase errors in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. In the processing flow of the PGA algorithm, the two-step operation of selecting points and adding windows has a significant impact on algorithm performance. Traditional PGA algorithms often suffer from poor point selection quality or incorrect window width estimation, leading to poor focusing effect and slower convergence speed. This article proposes a strong point selection method based on the maximum energy signal-to-noise ratio criterion and an adaptive window width estimation method. Using the dimensions of energy and signal-to-noise ratio, ideal isolated strong scattering points are selected from image data, and two traditional windowing methods are combined and improved to adaptively estimate the window width, achieving improved algorithm stability and convergence speed. The simulation and experimental data processing results confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this paper.

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相位梯度自聚焦(Phase Gradient Autofocus,PGA)算法被广泛应用于补偿合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像的相位误差。PGA算法的处理流程中,选点和加窗这两步操作对于算法性能的影响非常大。传统的PGA算法常因选点质量不佳或窗宽估计有误而导致聚焦效果变差,收敛速度变慢。本文提出一种基于能量-信杂比最大准则的强点选择方法和一种自适应窗宽估计方法。利用能量和信杂比两个维度从图像数据中筛选出理想的孤立强散射点,结合并改进两种传统加窗方法自适应地估计窗宽,实现算法稳定性和收敛速度的提升。仿真和实测数据处理结果证实了本文算法的有效性。

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周鹏()
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刘建彬 2001年生,硕士研究生。

周鹏 1976年生,博士,副教授。

王影 1979年生,硕士,研究员。

张振华 1977年生,博士,研究员。

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张振华 1977年生,博士,研究员。

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张振华 1977年生,博士,研究员。

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Partial parameters of simulation data

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参数数值
平均速度50 m/s
载频5 GHz
发射带宽200 MHz
脉宽1.5 μs
脉冲重复频率200 Hz
采样率320 MHz
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仿真数据部分参数

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参数数值
平均速度50 m/s
载频5 GHz
发射带宽200 MHz
脉宽1.5 μs
脉冲重复频率200 Hz
采样率320 MHz
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Comparison of azimuth focusing performance indicator for simulation data

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方法峰值旁瓣比/dB积分旁瓣比/dB分辨率/m
PGA-12.535 1-10.536 61.405 5
QPGA-14.527 6-9.557 91.403 2
本文方法-14.223 9-9.794 81.404 1
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仿真数据方位聚焦性能指标对比

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方法峰值旁瓣比/dB积分旁瓣比/dB分辨率/m
PGA-12.535 1-10.536 61.405 5
QPGA-14.527 6-9.557 91.403 2
本文方法-14.223 9-9.794 81.404 1
), ArticleFig(id=1241712924067164437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697944982836158, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Partial parameters of measured data

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参数数值
平均速度80 m/s
载频16.5 GHz
发射带宽500 MHz
脉宽25 μs
脉冲重复频率1 000 Hz
采样率1 200 MHz
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实测数据部分参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
平均速度80 m/s
载频16.5 GHz
发射带宽500 MHz
脉宽25 μs
脉冲重复频率1 000 Hz
采样率1 200 MHz
), ArticleFig(id=1241712924260102432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697944982836158, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Entropy of imaging results from measured data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
图像
传统PGA11.632 9
QPGA11.375 8
本文方法11.286 3
), ArticleFig(id=1241712924339794212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697944982836158, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实测数据成像结果的熵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
图像
传统PGA11.632 9
QPGA11.375 8
本文方法11.286 3
), ArticleFig(id=1241712924457234729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697944982836158, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of azimuth focusing performance indicator for measured data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法峰值旁瓣比/dB积分旁瓣比/dB
分辨率/m
PGA-6.904 1-7.657 4
0.516 4
QPGA-11.439 5-9.815 3
0.505 3
本文方法-13.677 6-10.220 1
0.508 1
), ArticleFig(id=1241712924583063856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697944982836158, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实测数据方位聚焦性能指标对比

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方法峰值旁瓣比/dB积分旁瓣比/dB
分辨率/m
PGA-6.904 1-7.657 4
0.516 4
QPGA-11.439 5-9.815 3
0.505 3
本文方法-13.677 6-10.220 1
0.508 1
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一种改进选点及加窗处理的相位梯度自聚焦算法
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刘建彬 1 , 周鹏 1 , 王影 2 , 张振华 3
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024,45(5): 91-99
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024, 45(5): 91-99
一种改进选点及加窗处理的相位梯度自聚焦算法
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刘建彬1, 周鹏1 , 王影2, 张振华3
作者信息
  • 1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 3北京航空航天大学 北京 100191
  • 刘建彬 2001年生,硕士研究生。

    周鹏 1976年生,博士,副教授。

    王影 1979年生,硕士,研究员。

    张振华 1977年生,博士,研究员。

通讯作者:

Optimized Phase Gradient Autofocus Algorithm Based on Improved Point Selection and Windowing Processing
Jianbin LIU1, Peng ZHOU1 , Ying WANG2, Zhenhua ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 3.Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240504004
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相位梯度自聚焦(Phase Gradient Autofocus,PGA)算法被广泛应用于补偿合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像的相位误差。PGA算法的处理流程中,选点和加窗这两步操作对于算法性能的影响非常大。传统的PGA算法常因选点质量不佳或窗宽估计有误而导致聚焦效果变差,收敛速度变慢。本文提出一种基于能量-信杂比最大准则的强点选择方法和一种自适应窗宽估计方法。利用能量和信杂比两个维度从图像数据中筛选出理想的孤立强散射点,结合并改进两种传统加窗方法自适应地估计窗宽,实现算法稳定性和收敛速度的提升。仿真和实测数据处理结果证实了本文算法的有效性。

自聚焦  /  相位梯度自聚焦算法  /  强点选择  /  窗宽估计

The Phase Gradient Autofocus (PGA) algorithm is widely used to compensate for phase errors in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. In the processing flow of the PGA algorithm, the two-step operation of selecting points and adding windows has a significant impact on algorithm performance. Traditional PGA algorithms often suffer from poor point selection quality or incorrect window width estimation, leading to poor focusing effect and slower convergence speed. This article proposes a strong point selection method based on the maximum energy signal-to-noise ratio criterion and an adaptive window width estimation method. Using the dimensions of energy and signal-to-noise ratio, ideal isolated strong scattering points are selected from image data, and two traditional windowing methods are combined and improved to adaptively estimate the window width, achieving improved algorithm stability and convergence speed. The simulation and experimental data processing results confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this paper.

Autofocus  /  Phase gradient autofocus  /  Strong point selection  /  Window width estimation
刘建彬, 周鹏, 王影, 张振华. 一种改进选点及加窗处理的相位梯度自聚焦算法. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (5) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240504004
Jianbin LIU, Peng ZHOU, Ying WANG, Zhenhua ZHANG. Optimized Phase Gradient Autofocus Algorithm Based on Improved Point Selection and Windowing Processing[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (5) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240504004
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)系统通常以移动平台为载体,利用平台的直线运动形成方位向合成孔径。但是在实际的工作过程中,受气流扰动等外界因素的影响,SAR系统平台往往无法保证理想的运动航迹[1,2],由此带来的运动误差会对最终的SAR图像质量产生影响,引起场景模糊、分辨率下降,造成图像散焦。因此,有必要针对回波进行运动补偿来消除误差的影响。
一般而言,根据所用数据来源的不同,可以将SAR运动补偿技术分为以下两种。
一种是基于运动传感器的补偿方法,这种方法在SAR系统中配备惯性导航系统等测量设备作为辅助工具,以此来获取平台的运动信息,从而实现对平台的运动补偿[3]。所用测量仪器的精度越高,对运动误差补偿的精准度也越高。但是在实际工程应用中,必须要考虑系统整体成本、平台载荷能力和功耗限制等因素,所以高精度的测量设备并不适用于一般情况。大多数情况下,基于传感器的补偿并不能完全消除运动误差,部分残余的误差仍然会导致图像散焦[4]。因此,为了获得质量更好的图像,有必要开展基于回波数据的运动补偿,也就是另一种补偿技术——自聚焦处理[5]
自聚焦算法利用回波数据或结果图像中的信息来估计误差,以此进行补偿从而获得理想的图像[6]。有些自聚焦算法基于图像质量展开,主要包括最小熵自聚焦方法[7]、对比度最大自聚焦方法[8]等。该类方法以对比度、熵等图像质量评价函数作为代价函数,并不断迭代进行优化,以此得到相位误差的最优解。理想情况下,这类方法可以得到最优解,但是所需的计算量非常大,严重影响系统处理效率。另一类方法主要从相位误差入手,常见的方法有子视图相关法(Map Drift,MD)[9]、相位梯度自聚焦算法[10]等。MD算法从子孔径频谱的角度出发,以计算最大相关位置的方式实现对方位向调频率的精确估计[11],适用于估计二阶相位误差。相比之下,PGA算法凭借可以同时补偿低阶和高阶误差的优异性能受到广泛关注。然而,其处理结果会受到成像场景的影响,并且算法过程中选点和加窗这两步操作是影响处理精度和效率的关键[12]。针对算法的一系列问题,文献[13]提出了一种强点质量评估方法来改进选点操作;文献[14]通过改进窗宽估计方法来提升算法收敛性;文献[15]通过散射点的杂波概率分布来判断孤立性,并提取脉冲包络实现对窗宽的估计;文献[16]不直接对PGA算法进行改进,而是通过结合MD算法来弥补缺陷;文献[17]基于加权最大似然估计和数据划分来实现更准确的聚焦效果。
本文对PGA算法中的强点选择及窗宽估计两步操作进行改进,提出一种基于能量-信杂比最大准则的强点选择方法和自适应窗宽估计方法。在进行强点选择时,结合能量和信杂比这两个维度,保证选出的点既具有足够大的能量,又是足够孤立的理想强点。在窗宽估计方面结合两种传统的加窗方法,改进自动窗宽估计中的阈值估计方法,使得窗宽计算更准确,并通过比较判定的方式保证迭代中使用的窗宽大小收敛。改进后的算法在面临不同特征的场景时不仅更稳定,而且效果更优。在运算效率方面,本文所提算法相较于传统算法有显著提升,更适合于实时处理。
当载机航迹与理想情况出现偏差时,其观测几何模型如图1所示。其中,X轴表示理想航迹,相邻的不规则曲线表示实际航迹,Rrel表示雷达和目标之间的瞬时斜距,R0表示雷达和波束照射中心点之间的距离,X0表示目标的方位距离。
此时雷达与目标的瞬时斜距可以表示为:
Rrel(t)=R(t)+ΔR(t)
结合式(1)、式(2),对原始回波数据进行初步的运动补偿处理并进行距离脉压和距离迁移校正(RCMC),目标信号表达式为:
其中ta为方位向慢时间,tr为距离向快时间,B为距离向带宽。对上述回波信号表达式进行子孔径划分,进一步有:
式中,Tsub为回波信号在方位上的子孔径时间间隔,tm为第m个子孔径中心时刻,相位误差γ
综合以上公式进行泰勒展开并离散化表示到图像中,可以将第m个距离单元里、方位向索引为n的点目标回波信号模型表示为:
Sm(n)=|Sm(n)|·exp(j[θm+γ(n)+φm(n)+2πfmn])
其中,θm表示目标自身的初始相位,φm(n)表示由杂波和噪声等因素引入的干扰相位,fm表示点目标的多普勒频率。由此可见,接收信号的相位可以表示为:
ϕm(n)=θm+γ(n)+φm(n)+2πfmn
PGA算法的核心步骤主要包括选点并圆移、加窗、相位误差估计和迭代[18]。下面将随PGA的处理流程表示相位的变化历程。
首先进行选点和圆周移位处理,圆移能够将频域点脉冲搬至零频处,从而使强点的多普勒频率fn变为0,所以此时的接收信号相位变为:
ϕm(n)=θm+γ(n)+φm(n)
之后对强点进行加窗处理,从而去掉高频噪声以及邻近杂波的干扰。窗宽的大小至关重要,无论过大还是过小都会对算法结果产生重大影响[19]。理想情况下,加窗的宽度正好可以获取强点的全部相位信息而又排除掉干扰相位,此时的信号相位变为:
ϕm(n)≈θm+γ(n)
在进行相位误差估计之前,需要对图像在方位向做反傅里叶变换(IFFT),从而将图像变回相位历史域,此时的接收信号模型为:
gm(n)≈|gm(n)|×exp(j[θm+γ(n)])
为了避免因幅值和θm项在每个距离单元的随机性带来的影响,采用估计相位梯度的方式来实现对相位误差的估计[20],对信号求相关序列可得:
进一步得到相位误差梯度的最大似然估计为:
其中,当m=0时,有。再对式(7)得到的相位误差梯度进行求和后可得相位误差为:
最后用上述操作所得到的相位误差γ(n)对方位压缩前的数据进行补偿,再进行匹配滤波从而得到一次校正后的聚焦图像。以上操作循环进行,每得到一次聚焦后的结果便与设定好的误差阈值进行比较判断,直至符合要求。为避免陷入循环,有时算法会再引入强制性结束循环的手段,如设置最大循环次数或判断窗宽的大小等。
传统的PGA算法在选点时,只会选择那些能量较大的距离单元内的点。而实际上以此方法选择出来的距离单元虽然可以保证能量足够强,但无法保证其内部的强点是否孤立。图2所示分别为非孤立强点和孤立强点的方位向点散布函数图像。
显然,只有选择孤立的强散射点,才能避免强点周围其他杂波的干扰,从而有利于算法的收敛速度和处理质量。文献[21]提出一种质量相位梯度自聚焦(QPGA)算法,在相位历史域计算目标的对比度,以此为标准选择对比度较小的距离单元用于估计相位误差,如式(14)所示。
其中,Qk代表对比度,N表示信号长度,Uk(n)表示第n个距离单元的相位历史域响应。经过这种方法的筛选后可以使选点的质量得到提升,但由于整体计算量较大,因此对于整个系统的实时性会产生不利影响。
本文提出一种基于能量-信杂比最大准则的自适应选点方法。
首先,像传统的PGA算法一样计算每个距离单元的能量,得到各距离单元的能量大小,按照大小进行排序,从中选出能量最大的一部分单元。对于这部分初步筛选出的距离单元,在能量标准上均达到了一定要求,可以认为是潜在的包含孤立强点的目标。之后通过计算信杂比的方式,判断强点孤立性,具体操作方法如下。首先将前一步选出的含强点距离单元进行圆移,并采用自动窗宽估计法得到粗略的窗宽值,将该值作为总判断区域L,计算得到总能量;再将其进行缩减得到信号区域Lsig并计算出信号能量,一般可以令Lsig=0.6 L。以Lclu表示杂波区域,用P(·)表示区域内的能量,则可以将每个距离单元的信杂比写为:
使用此方法对前面选出的距离单元计算各自的信杂比,按照大小进行排序,选出其中信杂比最大的一部分。对于这部分经过能量和信杂比双重标准筛选出的距离单元,不仅具有较强的能量,也具有较高的信杂比,可以认为其中所包含的强点是理想的孤立强散射点。一般情况下会控制最终选出的距离单元占总数量的5%~10%之间,使用这一小部分进行后续的相位误差估计等操作,不仅有利于误差估计的准确性,同时可以有效降低运算量,保证算法的处理效率和实时性。
根据上一步操作,得到了包含孤立强散射点的距离单元,对这部分距离单元进行强点的圆周移位后,沿着方位向对每个距离单元进行能量累加,如式(16)所示,可以得到方位向的能量分布图像,如图3所示。
式中,an(m)表示方位向索引为n时,第m个距离单元里的数据。传统的自动窗宽选择方法本质上是找到能量基线来确定点扩展函数支撑域的范围,但是仅通过峰值能量向左右下降10 dB再扩展50%的方法,所得到的窗宽并不具有普适性。如图3所示,若使用传统的自动窗宽选择方法,则得到的窗宽无法将强点目标完全包括进去,进而可能造成聚焦性能变差。
本文结合两种传统的加窗方法并进行改进,提出一种自适应的窗宽估计方法。首先,计算整个区域的平均能量,记作Em。以此为门限,从方位向能量分布中选出高于Em的部分,并计算出该部分的平均能量,记作En。以En作为窗宽限值,从方位向的能量峰值点出发,分别向左右两边搜索至下降到此值处的位置,取这部分区域宽度为W,将其作为迭代时使用。此外,为了保证收敛,每次迭代计算出窗宽后都与前次迭代使用的窗宽大小进行比较。若大于前次窗宽,则本次计算出的窗宽作废,直接对前次迭代使用的窗宽进行收敛性调整,并用作本次迭代使用的窗宽,一般可以取80%的大小。与传统的加窗方法相比,本文所提方法可以更有效地得到点扩展函数的支撑域,从而更有利于算法的聚焦性能。
本文所提的改进PGA方法具体流程如图4所示。首先,进行改进的强点选择操作,经过能量和信杂比两个标准筛选出图像数据里最理想的孤立强散射点。其次,对这部分点进行圆周移位,使各个强点对齐,从而去除点目标的线性相位分量。随后,进行改进的窗宽估计操作,通过能量分布图像估计出合适的窗宽,并辅以调整确保所加窗宽值的收敛性。完成加窗后进行相位误差估计并对散焦图像进行补偿,得到一次循环后的聚焦结果。重复以上操作,直至误差满足门限要求,并输出聚焦完毕的图像。
为了验证本文所提方法的有效性,首先模拟了点目标仿真回波数据并进行处理,所用的部分系统参数如表1所示。
采用RD成像算法对其进行成像处理后,得到正常情况下的点目标SAR原始图像。在正常成像的基础上加入相位误差,产生散焦图像。图中垂直方向为方位向,此时的图像中三个点目标均产生明显散焦,整体变得模糊,图像质量严重下降。之后分别采用传统的PGA算法、QPGA算法和本文所提方法对散焦图像进行处理,得到三种对应聚焦后的图像结果,如图5所示。可见在经过本文所提算法处理之后,图像中的三个点目标基本被恢复成理想状态,整体聚焦程度得到明显改善。
通过点目标的方位向剖面图可以进一步分析算法的处理结果。选择仿真图像中间的点目标绘制方位向剖面图,如图6所示。可以看到,相比于散焦时点目标的方位向剖面图,在采用三种方法对图像进行聚焦处理后,主瓣和旁瓣的状态都变得接近正常情况,散焦问题得到不同程度的改善。计算三种方法对应结果在方位向上的峰值旁瓣比、积分旁瓣比和分辨率,具体如表2所示,其中方位向理论分辨率为1.4 m。此外需要说明的是,在采用传统PGA算法和QPGA算法处理时均需要经过4次迭代,而采用本文所提方法处理时仅需要经过2次迭代。说明本文所提方法在整体的运算效率上有明显的提升,有利于实时处理。
使用机载实测数据对算法有效性进行验证,并将本文方法的结果与传统PGA和QPGA的处理结果进行对比。实测数据的部分参数如表3所示。
三种不同方法的处理结果如图7所示,包括整体场景的图像和局部区域的放大图像,其中水平方向为方位向。可以看到,相比于其他两种方法,在经过本文所提方法的聚焦处理后,图像的视觉质量相对最佳。以图7中区域A为代表的无强点场景为例,虽然没有从该区域中提供点目标用以估计误差,但使用整体误差估计值对全局图像补偿后仍可以使这些区域的聚焦情况得到一定提升。以区域B为代表的有强点场景中,强点目标的散焦情况得到明显改善,整体上更接近于真实的图像。选择圆圈中的点目标绘制方位向剖面图,如图8所示。经过对比可以看出,在使用本文所提方法处理后强点目标的主瓣变得更窄,旁瓣被有效降低。说明本文所提方法在聚焦性能上可以取得较理想的结果,算法处理有效。
如文献[2]和文献[22]所提到的,图像聚焦效果越好则图像的熵越小,计算得到三种方法对应结果的图像熵,如表4所示。基于实测数据的方位聚焦性能指标对比结果如表5所示,其中理论方位分辨率为0.5 m。综上,通过对比可以看出,本文所提方法有效地提高了图像质量,与传统PGA算法和QPGA算法相比,本文方法具有更优的视觉效果和评估指数,聚焦效果更佳。
在运算效率方面,采用传统PGA算法对实测数据进行处理时需要经过6次迭代,QPGA算法需要经过5次迭代,而采用本文所提方法只需要经过3次迭代,说明本文方法在收敛速度上明显更优。改进后的方法具有更强的自适应性,因此更适合于实时成像处理。
针对传统PGA算法过程中选点和加窗操作的局限性,本文提出一种基于能量-信杂比最大准则的强点选择方法和自适应窗宽估计方法,可以更有效地获得图像数据中的高质量孤立强点,并且可以实现自适应的窗宽估计。所提方法在点目标仿真数据和机载实测数据上的表现证实了自身的有效性。相较于传统PGA算法和QPGA算法,本文方法在聚焦效果和收敛速度上有了一定的提升,更适合于实时成像处理。
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240504004
  • 接收时间:2024-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-04
  • 修回日期:2024-06-12
基金
青岛市科技惠民示范专项项目(24-1-8-cspz-5-nsh)
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点支持项目(U22A20586)
中国石油大学(华东)校级教学改革项目(CM2022067)
中国石油大学(华东)研究生精品示范课程建设项目(UPCYJP-2022-16)
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    1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    3北京航空航天大学 北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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