Article(id=1241697944097837992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240417001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1719331200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973459505, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1726329600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973459505, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973459505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973459505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241697942122328272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973459034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973945698, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241699983414580120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241699983414580121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241697944294970281, articleId=1241697944097837992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Application of Low Delay QC-LDPC Codes in Telemetry System, columnId=1239133503154081962, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=TT & C Communication and Navigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper introduces an application of QC-LDPC codes to telemetry system. At the same time, a joint design method of code length and telemetry frame length is proposed. Spectrum resources, channel qualities, and hardware capabilities are comprehensively considered in this design method, so that the optimal scheme can be designed. By using the RU encoding algorithm and the LLR BP decoding algorithm, a hardware implementation method based on FPGA and AD936X architecture is proposed. The coding gain of the designed system is simulated according to the technical route. Combining the theoretical analysis and simulation results, it can be seen that of the advantages of low latency and high gain, the proposed telemetry system design method has certain application value in future telemetry systems. In summary, the proposed method solves the problem of high coding delay in traditional telemetry system, and brings about 8 dB coding gain at the cost of minimal delay.

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本文介绍了一种基于QC-LDPC编码的遥测系统应用方案,提出了编码码长与遥测帧长的联合设计方法,该设计方法对频谱资源、信道质量以及硬件能力进行综合考量,给出最优的设计方案。针对所采用的RU编码算法以及LLR BP译码算法,基于FPGA与AD936X架构给出了遥测系统的硬件实现路线。按照技术路线对系统的编码增益进行了仿真计算,结合理论分析与仿真结果,可以看出所提出的遥测系统设计方法同时具备低时延和高增益的优势。该方法克服了传统遥测系统中信道编码延迟较大的问题,以极小的编码延时带来了约8 dB的编码增益,在未来的遥测系统中具备一定的应用价值。

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孙士捷 1995年生,硕士,工程师。

何云东 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

孙成 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

张德超 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

汤佳骏 1995年生,硕士,工程师。

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低时延QC-LDPC编码在遥测系统中的应用
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孙士捷 , 何云东 , 孙成 , 张德超 , 汤佳骏
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(5): 68-72
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(5): 68-72
低时延QC-LDPC编码在遥测系统中的应用
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孙士捷, 何云东, 孙成, 张德超, 汤佳骏
作者信息
  • 上海机电工程研究所 上海 201100
  • 孙士捷 1995年生,硕士,工程师。

    何云东 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    孙成 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

    张德超 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    汤佳骏 1995年生,硕士,工程师。

Application of Low Delay QC-LDPC Codes in Telemetry System
Shijie SUN, Yundong HE, Cheng SUN, Dechao ZHANG, Jiajun TANG
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai 201100, China
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240417001
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本文介绍了一种基于QC-LDPC编码的遥测系统应用方案,提出了编码码长与遥测帧长的联合设计方法,该设计方法对频谱资源、信道质量以及硬件能力进行综合考量,给出最优的设计方案。针对所采用的RU编码算法以及LLR BP译码算法,基于FPGA与AD936X架构给出了遥测系统的硬件实现路线。按照技术路线对系统的编码增益进行了仿真计算,结合理论分析与仿真结果,可以看出所提出的遥测系统设计方法同时具备低时延和高增益的优势。该方法克服了传统遥测系统中信道编码延迟较大的问题,以极小的编码延时带来了约8 dB的编码增益,在未来的遥测系统中具备一定的应用价值。

遥测系统  /  QC-LDPC  /  置信传播算法

This paper introduces an application of QC-LDPC codes to telemetry system. At the same time, a joint design method of code length and telemetry frame length is proposed. Spectrum resources, channel qualities, and hardware capabilities are comprehensively considered in this design method, so that the optimal scheme can be designed. By using the RU encoding algorithm and the LLR BP decoding algorithm, a hardware implementation method based on FPGA and AD936X architecture is proposed. The coding gain of the designed system is simulated according to the technical route. Combining the theoretical analysis and simulation results, it can be seen that of the advantages of low latency and high gain, the proposed telemetry system design method has certain application value in future telemetry systems. In summary, the proposed method solves the problem of high coding delay in traditional telemetry system, and brings about 8 dB coding gain at the cost of minimal delay.

Telemetry system  /  QC-LDPC  /  Belief propagation algorithm
孙士捷, 何云东, 孙成, 张德超, 汤佳骏. 低时延QC-LDPC编码在遥测系统中的应用. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (5) : 68 -72 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240417001
Shijie SUN, Yundong HE, Cheng SUN, Dechao ZHANG, Jiajun TANG. Application of Low Delay QC-LDPC Codes in Telemetry System[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (5) : 68 -72 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240417001
随着航天技术的日新月异,各类远距离、高动态的飞行器层出不穷[1,2],遥测系统肩负着保障各类飞行试验数据有效记录的重要任务。如今各类航天器对遥测系统所采集和传输的数据量需求日渐庞大,为了应对越来越远的传输距离以及日益繁杂的电磁环境,信道编码即差错控制编码对于遥测系统改善信道质量,提高传输能力有至关重要的作用。信道编码虽然可以提高低信噪比下信道的传输能力,却在发射端和接收端都平添了编码延迟,较大的编码延迟会导致遥测系统的时效性变差。在某些系统中,遥测下行数据被接入飞行器信息回路,巨大的编码延迟将直接作用在飞行器的测控回路中,造成指令的迟滞。而在导弹等武器系统的遥测中,编码延迟过大可能会直接导致起爆瞬间的关键数据丢失,使得飞行试验的结果难以判定。在此两者的矛盾之下,本文引入了一种低时延、高增益的QC-LDPC(Quasi-Cyslic Low-Density Parity Check,准循环低密度奇偶校验)编码,可以在提高传输质量的同时使编码延时最小化,有效地改善了上述两方面问题。
目前,航天领域主流的差错控制编码方式为TPC(Turbo Product Code)编码,该种编码方式在误码率为10-6的条件下可以带来约5 dB的编码增益[3,4]。TPC编码对原始信息矩阵逐行逐列地进行线性分组编码,在当前遥测体制中,待编码的原始信息矩阵码长固定,与遥测数据的实际帧长不相匹配,通常每个原始信息矩阵包含若干遥测帧,且矩阵元素数目不为帧长的整数倍也不为字节长的整数倍。飞行器遥测设备需要将遥测数据采集并进行编帧之后暂存在缓存中,待缓存中的数据量达到原始信息矩阵码长时再进行编码,编码完成后由于原始信息中的帧同步字已经被打乱,需要重新对每个编码矩阵添加码块同步字以用于接收端的帧同步,所以这种编码方式带来了较大的编码时延。TPC编码包到达接收端后必须拼接成数据流方可进行解析,而且一个编码包的丢失会使得其前后包中的部分数据也一起失效。LDPC编码也已经被证明可以应用于航天遥测系统[5-7],但编码时延的问题仍未被解决。
为了解决编码时延较大的问题,本文引入了IEEE 802.16e标准中的QC-LDPC码构造方法[8],该构造法可选4种码率(1/2,2/3,3/4,5/6),每种码率都有其相应的构造矩阵[9,10],且每个矩阵都有19种码长的编码方案。多种码长的兼容性使得编码码长与遥测帧长可以进行联合设计,即编码前信息位长与遥测单帧比特数相同,这样就可以实现一帧一编码。每当遥测设备完成一帧的编帧,该帧的编码随即完成,编码时延大大缩短。且由于每帧单独编码,帧同步字依然在每帧的初始字节,编码后的数据无需额外增加同步字以及各种功能字,降低了设计难度。接收端采用了基于对数似然比的置信传播(Log Likelihood Ratio Belief Propagation,LLR BP)算法,可以在低信噪比的恶劣条件下实现较高的编码增益[11,12]。并且由于每个编码包中均含有完整的一帧遥测数据,每包数据完成译码判决后即可进行解析,单包的丢失也不会影响前后包中的数据解析。本文所采用的编译码算法逻辑清晰,复杂度较低[13,14],可实现性高,便于进行硬件的设计与实现[15,16],也确保了编译码延时的进一步降低。本文也对该技术路线进行了仿真验证[17,18],在推荐配置下可实现约8 dB的编码增益。
本文采用的构造方法对于每个特定的码率r有其相对应的mbnb列的构造矩阵Hb,其中nb为一常值24,mb=(1-rnb。构造矩阵中的每个元素q(i,j)对应了校验矩阵H中相应位置的子矩阵,子矩阵皆由单位阵进行右循环移位得到,元素不为负时循环移位数c可由下式计算得出
式中,方括号表示向下取整。元素值-1对应了该位置子矩阵为全零矩阵,子矩阵的尺寸称为扩展因子z。扩展因子z有19种可选值,最小为24,最大为96,其间取值间隔为4。由于LDPC码属于一类线性分组码,由线性分组码校验矩阵的定义可知码长n=z×nb,根据19个扩展因子即可计算每种码率的19种码长。
构造矩阵Hb为近似下三角结构且分为左右两个部分,即Hb=[Hb1 Hb2]。Hb1是一个无四环的mbkb列稀疏阵,kb=r×nb,其中元素-1的数量远大于非负数数量。Hb2为一个mbmb列矩阵,其除第一列有三个非负数外,其余列组成一个准双对角线矩阵,准双对角线上元素为0,其余为-1。Hb2构成如下式
由这种方式构造的校验矩阵易于存储,设备内部无需存储庞大的校验矩阵,只需要存储构造矩阵即可。LDPC的稀疏性主要体现在其校验矩阵上,而生成矩阵往往并不具有稀疏性,存储非稀疏矩阵会占用大量的硬件资源。但该种基于近似下三角结构的编码方式由于其结构的特殊性,无需计算生成矩阵,仅通过校验矩阵的简单变换即可完成原始信息编码,编码的复杂度较传统算法大大降低。在编码时首先将具有近似下三角结构的校验矩阵分为2×3排布的6个子矩阵,通过子矩阵的相加、相乘以及求逆运算可以快速求得校验位。
6个子矩阵的分割如图1所示,各子矩阵尺寸如图中所注,图中mn分别是校验矩阵H的行数和列数,g=z是一个与矩阵下三角尺寸相关的值。由此校验矩阵即可表示为
当输入原始信息向量为s,编码后的码字为(s p1 p2)。其中
p1T=(ET-1A+C)sT
p2T=T-1(AsT+Bp1T)
译码算法采用的LLR BP算法可以通过对数运算将复杂的乘法运算简化为加法运算,减少了对硬件能力的要求也缩减了译码时长,在不损失遥测数据时效性的同时降低硬件成本。该算法首先通过式(6)将变量结点初始化为似然比形式
式中,y为信道中第i个变量结点的估计值(信号平均功率为1,且调制映射关系为:0对应+1、1对应-1),σ2表示当前信道中白噪声方差,qij表示ij列的变量结点。L( )表示对数似然比函数(为0的概率是分子,为1的概率是分母),函数的上标表示当前迭代次数。该公式由高斯分布概率密度公式求得,所以仅适用于AWGN信道下二元调制的似然比计算。然后根据式(7)、式(8)中校验结点和变量结点之间的消息传递关系将消息在结点间迭代处理
其中,l表示当前迭代次数,rij表示ij列的校验结点,再根据式(9)对所有变量结点计算似然比消息
并进行译码判决,L(l)(qi)>0,则当前比特为0,反之则为1。每次判决完成后用校验方程与译码结果向量相乘,若结果为0向量即校验全部通过,则直接退出迭代,否则继续进行下一轮迭代,直到达到最大迭代次数后退出循环。
本文提出的遥测编帧与差错控制编码联合设计的方式有四种可选码率,在遥测系统设计中应充分考虑全系统可用带宽。PCM/FM遥测调制信号所占带宽B可由式(10)计算得出
B=(1+M) F/r
其中,M为调制指数,F为数字遥测系统的原始信息码速率,r为LDPC编码码率。在硬件能力和可用频率带宽富余的情况下,可以尽量选择更低的码率以带来更高的编码增益。反之在硬件和带宽资源紧张的情况下,例如多个目标以频分复用方式同时下发遥测时,合理选择码率可以更加有针对性地分配带宽,对较差信道分配更大带宽以保障整个多目标遥测系统同时有效工作。
在确定遥测系统的LDPC编码码率后,即可在所对应的19种码长中选择合适的码长n。在联合设计时,遥测帧长可由式(11)计算得出
L=n×r/8
其中,遥测帧字节长为8比特。依据该式计算帧长即可实现每帧单独编码,帧长确定后再进行帧结构的设计,且因为编码后校验向量在信息向量之后,帧同步字应设置在每帧的初始位置,用于接收端帧同步使用。
遥测系统中数据的解析通常以帧为最小单位,在无信道编码时系统的信息延迟即为单遥测帧的编帧时间。引入信道编码后,每个编码帧中包含多个遥测帧,需要等整个编码帧传输完成才可获取其中包含的所有遥测帧信息,此时系统延时增大为多个遥测帧的编帧时间。而依据本方法进行LDPC编码时,编码帧中仅包含1个遥测帧,系统延迟依然为单遥测帧编码时间,不会像传统方案那样成倍增加系统延时。
接收端解调机接收到信道估计信息后,首先通过硬判决完成帧同步。由于此时帧头未获得编码增益,为避免帧同步性能受影响,帧同步应以一定的同步字容错率进行,容错率应选取在20%左右,过低则影响帧同步性能,过高则可能造成误同步。帧同步完成后再将信道估计信息以帧为单位输入译码模块。译码模块预设有迭代次数上限,迭代次数应根据地面站硬件能力合理选取,一般选取10可以在不耗费大量硬件资源的基础上实现较高的编码增益。对于达到次数上限校验仍不通过的遥测帧,可在帧内特定位置作出标记,显示该帧校验未通过,以供判读时参考。
硬件实现上,发射端与接收端均采用AD936X和FPGA的硬件架构。在发射端首先通过FPGA对采集到的数据进行遥测编帧,然后对每个遥测帧进行LDPC编码。由于在使用FPGA进行编码操作时算法复杂,FPGA中的矩阵乘法可以通过循环移位和模二加法组合实现,矩阵求逆运算则可以将事先计算好的逆矩阵存储在ROM中,需要计算时读取即可。编码完成后即可对码流进行CPFSK调制,由AD936X完成DA转换并上变频至工作频段,其后输出的射频信号经过有源放大后即可由天线辐射至空间内。
接收端接收到遥测信号并完成帧同步后,将估计值逐帧输入到译码器。得益于FPGA的并行结构,所有的校验结点和变量结点可以并行计算,计算速度优于串行计算。但是全并行的结构使得硬件资源较为紧张,在码长较长、码率较低时的逻辑单元占用也很多。由于采用了基于对数似然比的译码算法,已经将大量占用资源较多的乘法运算简化为加法,但同时也引入了双曲正切及其反函数。FPGA不具备浮点数计算能力,对于复杂函数可使用查表法,提前将tanh和tanh-1函数的计算值存储在ROM中,在需要时查表读取即可。
本文对所提出的LDPC编码遥测系统在高斯白噪声信道下的纠错性能进行了MATLAB仿真,仿真时选取码率r=0.5,码长n=2 304,与之匹配的遥测帧长为144字节,迭代次数上限选取了5和10,用于比对性能。
图2给出了不同Eb/N0下有无LDPC编码的误比特率,可以看出在迭代次数上限为10时,误码率为10-6条件下可以实现约8 dB的编码增益,迭代次数上限为5时,误码率为10-6条件下可以实现约6 dB的编码增益。
本文首先对国内航天遥测系统所面临的问题进行了分析,介绍了一种基于QC-LDPC编码的遥测系统设计方案。然后对所采用的编码算法和译码算法进行了说明,并且结合编译码算法的特点提出了编码码长与遥测帧长的联合设计方法,从频谱资源、硬件能力以及信道质量三个方面综合给出最优设计方案。最后从硬件架构的角度出发,结合算法的难易程度给出了具体实施的技术路线,并且使用MATLAB进行了仿真计算。由理论分析可知该系统相对目前现状大大降低了编码时延,并且仿真结果显示该种编码方案能够实现较高的编码增益,该方法一定程度上解决了目前航天遥测系统的难点,具备一定的先进性,有一定的实用价值。
  • 中国航天科技集团有限公司上海航天科技创新基金(SAST2021-052)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240417001
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-06-26
基金
中国航天科技集团有限公司上海航天科技创新基金(SAST2021-052)
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    上海机电工程研究所 上海 201100
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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