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Clouds and precipitation are vital to the global water and energy cycle and act as crucial elements in maintaining the Earth's energy balance. Spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars can actively detect clouds and precipitation and obtain three-dimensional structural information of cloud and precipitation globally all day and night,effectively filling the shortcomings of pas-sive detection by meteorological satellites. Firstly, the demand analysis is conducted on spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars,summarizing the shortcomings of cloud and precipitation detection capabilities of current Chinese meteorological satellites. Then,the development status of spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars at home and abroad is introduced, and the problems that China's spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars need to be solved are summarized. Finally, we give the main direction of the development of spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars in China in the future.

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云和降水对全球的水和能量循环至关重要,是维持地球能量平衡的要素之一。星载云、降水雷达通过对云、降水主动探测,能够全天时全天候获取全球云和降水三维结构信息,可有效弥补气象卫星被动探测的不足。首先对星载云、降水雷达开展需求分析,总结了当前我国气象卫星云、降水雷达探测能力的不足;然后介绍了国内外星载云、降水雷达发展现状,归纳出我国星载云、降水雷达需解决的问题;最后给出未来我国星载云、降水雷达的主要发展方向。

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肖前循 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

许海玉 1985年生,硕士,高级工程师。

张宏伟 1975年生,硕士,研究员。

江柏森 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

杨润峰 1976年生,硕士,研究员。

张鹏飞 1988年生,硕士,工程师。

王震 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

缪鹏飞 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

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缪鹏飞 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

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The global precipitation measurement(GPM) mission's scientific achievements and societal contributions: Reviewing four years of advanced rain and snow observations[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2018, 144(S1): 27-48., articleTitle=The global precipitation measurement(GPM) mission's scientific achievements and societal contributions: Reviewing four years of advanced rain and snow observations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241431115332898831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=63, authorNames=谷松岩, 卢乃锰, 吴琼, journalName=海洋气象学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谷松岩, 卢乃锰, 吴琼, 等. 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Comparison between the demand for cloud parameter observation and the current situation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测要素重要应用领域应用需求现状观测技术需求
全球云参数数值天气预报水平分辨率:1 km水平分辨率:优于25 km发展主动测云载荷,提高水平分辨率
垂直分辨率:0.2 km ~2 km垂直分辨率:无
维度:三维维度:二维
气候变化水平分辨率:100 km水平分辨率:优于25 km发展主动测云载荷
垂直分辨率:\垂直分辨率:\
维度:三维维度:二维
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104150885161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

云参数观测需求与现状比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测要素重要应用领域应用需求现状观测技术需求
全球云参数数值天气预报水平分辨率:1 km水平分辨率:优于25 km发展主动测云载荷,提高水平分辨率
垂直分辨率:0.2 km ~2 km垂直分辨率:无
维度:三维维度:二维
气候变化水平分辨率:100 km水平分辨率:优于25 km发展主动测云载荷
垂直分辨率:\垂直分辨率:\
维度:三维维度:二维
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104259937070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The advantages and disadvantages of different cloud-measuring loads

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器类型探测优势不足
被动光学载荷云气溶胶光学厚度等,时空分辨率较高无法探测云三维结构
被动微波载荷大部分冰云,测量范围大无法探测云三维结构
毫米波测云雷达非降水云、弱降水云,获取云三维结构不能探测微小的冰云粒子
太赫兹测云雷达高层的冰云、薄云,获取云三维结构衰减大,穿透能力较差,无法对降水云进行探测
激光测云雷达稀薄云、大气分子、气溶胶等微小粒子,获取云三维结构不能穿透较厚的云层,无法对降水云进行探测
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104356406068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同测云载荷的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器类型探测优势不足
被动光学载荷云气溶胶光学厚度等,时空分辨率较高无法探测云三维结构
被动微波载荷大部分冰云,测量范围大无法探测云三维结构
毫米波测云雷达非降水云、弱降水云,获取云三维结构不能探测微小的冰云粒子
太赫兹测云雷达高层的冰云、薄云,获取云三维结构衰减大,穿透能力较差,无法对降水云进行探测
激光测云雷达稀薄云、大气分子、气溶胶等微小粒子,获取云三维结构不能穿透较厚的云层,无法对降水云进行探测
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104528372534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison between the demand for precipitation parameter observation and the current situation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测要素重要应用领域应用需求现状观测技术需求
全球降水参数天气监测水平分辨率:1 km水平分辨率:5 km发展多频段微波雷达,提高仪器水平分辨率,探测精度\
垂直分辨率:250 m垂直分辨率:250 m
测量范围:.0.1 mm/hr以下以及降水云测量范围:0.2 mm/hr以上降水
气候变化水平分辨率:100 km水平分辨率:5 km
垂直分辨率:\垂直分辨率:250 m\
测量范围:\测量范围:0.2 mm/hr以上降水
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104725504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

降水参数观测需求与现状比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测要素重要应用领域应用需求现状观测技术需求
全球降水参数天气监测水平分辨率:1 km水平分辨率:5 km发展多频段微波雷达,提高仪器水平分辨率,探测精度\
垂直分辨率:250 m垂直分辨率:250 m
测量范围:.0.1 mm/hr以下以及降水云测量范围:0.2 mm/hr以上降水
气候变化水平分辨率:100 km水平分辨率:5 km
垂直分辨率:\垂直分辨率:250 m\
测量范围:\测量范围:0.2 mm/hr以上降水
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104855528258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of main technical indexes of spaceborne microwave cloud radar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷CloudSat CPREarthCARE CPR
轨道太阳同步轨道,高度705 km,倾角98.2°太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度416 km,倾角97.05°
在轨时间2006年—2019年2024年—至今
频率94.05 GHz94.05 GHz
天线直径1.85 m2.5 m
水平分辨率1.4 km(垂直飞行方向)和1.7 km(沿飞行方向)0.8 km(垂直飞行方向)和0.9 km(沿飞行方向)
垂直分辨率500 m500 m
灵敏度-29 dBZ-35 dBZ
多普勒测速精度\1 m/s(10 km/-19 dBZ)
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104977163078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

星载微波云雷达主要技术指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷CloudSat CPREarthCARE CPR
轨道太阳同步轨道,高度705 km,倾角98.2°太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度416 km,倾角97.05°
在轨时间2006年—2019年2024年—至今
频率94.05 GHz94.05 GHz
天线直径1.85 m2.5 m
水平分辨率1.4 km(垂直飞行方向)和1.7 km(沿飞行方向)0.8 km(垂直飞行方向)和0.9 km(沿飞行方向)
垂直分辨率500 m500 m
灵敏度-29 dBZ-35 dBZ
多普勒测速精度\1 m/s(10 km/-19 dBZ)
), ArticleFig(id=1241431105119769417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of main technical indexes of spaceborne precipitation radar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷TRMM PRGPM DPRFY-3G PMR
轨道非太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度350 km,倾角35°非太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度407 km,倾角65°非太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度407 km,倾角50°
在轨时间1997年—2015年2014年—至今2023年—至今
频率Ku (13.8 GHz)Ku (13.6 GHz)、Ka (35.5 GHz)Ku (13.35 GHz)、Ka (35.55 GHz)
极化HHHHHH
水平分辨率4.3 km5 km5 km
垂直分辨率250 m250 m(Ku)/250 m、500 m(Ka)250 m
最小可检测降水强度0.7 mm/h0.5 mm/h(Ku)/0.2 mm/h(Ka)0.5 mm/h(Ku)/0.2 mm/h(Ka)
最小可检测回波强度21 dBz18 dBz(Ku)/12 dBz (Ka)18 dBz(Ku)/12 dBz(Ka)
幅宽245 km245 km(Ku)/115 km(Ka)303 km
天线峰值旁瓣电平≤-25 dB≤-25 dB≤-30 dB
), ArticleFig(id=1241431105354650449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431095099576889, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

星载降水雷达主要技术指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷TRMM PRGPM DPRFY-3G PMR
轨道非太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度350 km,倾角35°非太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度407 km,倾角65°非太阳同步倾斜轨道,高度407 km,倾角50°
在轨时间1997年—2015年2014年—至今2023年—至今
频率Ku (13.8 GHz)Ku (13.6 GHz)、Ka (35.5 GHz)Ku (13.35 GHz)、Ka (35.55 GHz)
极化HHHHHH
水平分辨率4.3 km5 km5 km
垂直分辨率250 m250 m(Ku)/250 m、500 m(Ka)250 m
最小可检测降水强度0.7 mm/h0.5 mm/h(Ku)/0.2 mm/h(Ka)0.5 mm/h(Ku)/0.2 mm/h(Ka)
最小可检测回波强度21 dBz18 dBz(Ku)/12 dBz (Ka)18 dBz(Ku)/12 dBz(Ka)
幅宽245 km245 km(Ku)/115 km(Ka)303 km
天线峰值旁瓣电平≤-25 dB≤-25 dB≤-30 dB
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星载微波云、降水雷达技术现状与展望
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肖前循 1 , 许海玉 1 , 张宏伟 1 , 江柏森 2 , 杨润峰 2 , 张鹏飞 1 , 王震 1 , 缪鹏飞 1
遥测遥控 | 气象卫星遥感技术专栏 2024,45(6): 11-20
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遥测遥控 | 气象卫星遥感技术专栏 2024, 45(6): 11-20
星载微波云、降水雷达技术现状与展望
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肖前循1, 许海玉1, 张宏伟1, 江柏森2, 杨润峰2, 张鹏飞1, 王震1, 缪鹏飞1
作者信息
  • 1上海卫星工程研究所 上海 201109
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 肖前循 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

    许海玉 1985年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    张宏伟 1975年生,硕士,研究员。

    江柏森 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

    杨润峰 1976年生,硕士,研究员。

    张鹏飞 1988年生,硕士,工程师。

    王震 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

    缪鹏飞 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

Development Status and Prospect of Spaceborne Microwave Cloud and Precipitation Radar Technology
Qianxun XIAO1, Haiyu XU1, Hongwei ZHANG1, Bosen JIANG2, Runfeng YANG2, Pengfei ZHANG1, Zhen WANG1, Pengfei MIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201100, China
  • 2.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240701001
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云和降水对全球的水和能量循环至关重要,是维持地球能量平衡的要素之一。星载云、降水雷达通过对云、降水主动探测,能够全天时全天候获取全球云和降水三维结构信息,可有效弥补气象卫星被动探测的不足。首先对星载云、降水雷达开展需求分析,总结了当前我国气象卫星云、降水雷达探测能力的不足;然后介绍了国内外星载云、降水雷达发展现状,归纳出我国星载云、降水雷达需解决的问题;最后给出未来我国星载云、降水雷达的主要发展方向。

云与降水  /  三维结构  /  星载云雷达  /  星载降水雷达

Clouds and precipitation are vital to the global water and energy cycle and act as crucial elements in maintaining the Earth's energy balance. Spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars can actively detect clouds and precipitation and obtain three-dimensional structural information of cloud and precipitation globally all day and night,effectively filling the shortcomings of pas-sive detection by meteorological satellites. Firstly, the demand analysis is conducted on spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars,summarizing the shortcomings of cloud and precipitation detection capabilities of current Chinese meteorological satellites. Then,the development status of spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars at home and abroad is introduced, and the problems that China's spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars need to be solved are summarized. Finally, we give the main direction of the development of spaceborne cloud and precipitation radars in China in the future.

Cloud and precipitation  /  Three-dimensional structural  /  Spaceborne cloud radars  /  Spaceborne precipitation radars
肖前循, 许海玉, 张宏伟, 江柏森, 杨润峰, 张鹏飞, 王震, 缪鹏飞. 星载微波云、降水雷达技术现状与展望. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (6) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240701001
Qianxun XIAO, Haiyu XU, Hongwei ZHANG, Bosen JIANG, Runfeng YANG, Pengfei ZHANG, Zhen WANG, Pengfei MIAO. Development Status and Prospect of Spaceborne Microwave Cloud and Precipitation Radar Technology[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (6) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240701001
云和降水在大气中扮演着至关重要的角色,对地球能量平衡、气候变化以及天气演变产生着重大影响。通过反射和吸收太阳短波辐射,同时吸收和发射地球长波辐射,云可以改变局部大气能量平衡,影响大气和能量循环[15],因此,云被称为地气系统中辐射收支的“调节器”[6]。另一方面,降水是气候系统中不可或缺的关键组成部分,对全球水循环和气候变化具有重要影响,通过潜热释放,降水对大气环流系统产生显著影响,准确观测降水情况对于人们深入了解全球水圈和能量平衡系统至关重要[7,8]。在全球气候模型中,云和降水是最为重要同时也最难确定的气象要素之一。因此,对云和降水三维分布进行高时空分辨率监测对提高天气预报精度、减少气候预测不确定性具有极为重要的作用[9,10]
传统对云和降水的观测手段通常为地基雷达和星载被动遥感仪器[1113],地基气象雷达观测手段无法获取海洋、山区和沙漠等区域云和降水信息,而星载被动遥感仪器只能获得云和降水的二维信息,这些手段对于深入了解云和降水的三维结构是不够全面的。为了克服被动遥感观测的局限性,一些主动式微波气象遥感仪器应运而生,如星载微波降水雷达和云雷达,这些仪器通过发射特定波段电磁波,利用微波信号的穿透性和雷达的垂直分辨能力,可以接收不同高度层云和降水回波信号,从而获取全球云和降水廓线信息。与被动遥感相比,主动遥感在探测云层和降水方面具有穿透性强、探测精度高及时空分辨率高等优点,因此,在探测云层和降水三维结构具有得天独厚的优势[1417]。目前,一些在轨星载微波云雷达已经取得了一定的成就,比如搭载在CloudSat卫星上的全球第一个星载毫米波云廓线雷达(Cloud Priofil-ing Radar,CPR)[18,19]以及EarthCARE卫星上的多普勒微波云雷达[20],CloudSat卫星CPR已经连续在轨运行了十余年并获取了大量云垂直廓线观测数据,在云物理、天气、气候等领域发挥了重要作用[21,22]。另一方面,星载降水雷达(Precipitation Ra-dar,PR)也取得了不俗的成绩,搭载在热带降雨测量卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)卫星上的降水测量雷达(TRMM-PR)以及之后发射的GPM核心卫星搭载的双频降水测量雷达(Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar,DPR),它们的观测资料加深了人们对降水三维结构和全球分布特征的认识[2327]。近年来,我国在星载主动微波遥感领域也取得了重大突破,我国首颗低倾角轨道降水测量卫星风云三号G星(FY-3G)于2023年4月16日成功发射[28,29],搭载国内首个主动降水测量雷达[30],目前在轨稳定运行,精准捕捉到“玛娃”、“泰利”、“杜苏芮”等台风降水系统的内部三维立体结构[31],为灾害性天气会商提供了宝贵的观测数据。
本文从云、降水探测需求出发分析目前星载微波云、降水雷达探测能力的不足,同时介绍了国内外星载微波云、降水雷达技术现状,总结了我国星载微波云、降水雷达发展趋势。
2019年,世界气象组织(WMO)发布了全球综合观测系统(WMO Integrated Global Observing Sys-tems,WIGOS)2040年远景规划,在预测2040年气象业务服务需求上提出了至少应该包括4个方面。首先是气象服务于防灾减灾,其次是沿海和大城市的气象服务,再次,是空气质量预报和监测服务,最后是气象服务于经济社会可持续发展。WMO对于观测系统发展需求的总体趋势要求更高、更快、更准,即更高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率,更快地获取卫星观测以及提高观测精准度。在数值天气预报方面,未来先进的全球数值天气预报(numerical weather prediction,NWP)需要更完整的大气初始状态,因此还提出了大量新观测资料的需求,并且对观测资料的时空分辨率和精度也有更高的要求,其中新增和需要增强的观测要素包括更高时空分辨率的降水估计和云参数[32]
以WMO制定的WIGOS 2040年远景规划作为需求牵引,充分借鉴和吸收WIGOS 2040年远景规划,对气象卫星云、降水雷达需求配置开展分析。
云作为地球气候系统中至关重要的组成部分,对地球辐射收支系统起着关键的调节作用。云的形成不仅影响大气能量和水汽循环,还对云-辐射相互作用、气候变化以及空基微波遥感数据的准确性等问题研究具有重要意义。然而,在目前的大气环流模式中,对云强迫过程的描述往往通过云和辐射的参数化来解决,这导致了模式的不确定性增加。云辐射参数化是目前气候模式中一个十分关键的因素,直接影响着模拟结果的准确性。然而,现有的参数化方案之间存在着巨大的差异,导致不同模式对气候的敏感性相差甚远。根据IPCC的评估报告,气候变化模式中存在大量不确定性,其中对云处理不足以及实际观测资料匮乏是最主要的原因之一。在总辐射强迫的组成要素中,云辐射强迫的不确定性占据了最大的比重,是导致气候变化不确定性的主要来源。当前大气环流模式和气候系统模式对云的模拟研究仍然面临着较大的不确定性。现有模式无法准确模拟云层的垂直分布和内部结构,这导致了对云的描述不够精准。因此,为了提高气候模式的准确性,必须加强对云层垂直分布和内部结构的观测和研究,以改善云辐射参数化方案,从而减少模式的不确定性[33,34]
WMO在观测系统能力分析和评审工具(Ob-serving Systems Capabilities Analysis and Review,OSCAR)中提出重要应用领域对云参数的主要应用需求,对标WMO OSCAR提出云参数应用指标,目前我国星载遥感云探测能力尚有一定差距,见表1
当前,我国气象卫星云参数观测主要依赖传统的被动光学成像仪和微波辐射计等遥感仪器,主要获得云参数的宏观信息,例如云总量、云顶高度和云类型等。然而,这些方法并不能有效地探测云参数的三维结构信息,主动遥感载荷增加了被动遥感载荷的观测维度,扩充了云内部结构信息获取能力,云内部结构信息对于改进云在数值模式中的作用、进一步理解人类活动对大气的影响有相当重要的作用,因此,我们亟需发展主动测云遥感仪器获取全球云参数的三维垂直结构和高垂直分辨率的探测数据,以揭示云相态和滴谱特征参数,深化我们对云微物理结构的理解,这些基础观测数据将有助于优化数值天气预报中的云参数化方案。主被动云探测手段各有特点,互为补充,表2呈现不同测云体制载荷的优缺点。
综上分析,为获取全天时全天候高精度、高垂直分辨率云参数的三维结构信息,满足我国气象领域对云的三维结构、高垂直分辨率等方面的探测需求,亟需发展微波测云雷达技术。
降水在大气能量传输中扮演着至关重要的角色,通过在大气低层和中层重新分配能量,进而影响全球热量和湿度的重新分布。测量降水量不仅可以推动大气海洋耦合研究,更有助于深入理解潜热在大气环流中的作用,提升对暴雨系统动力学和形态学的认识。特别是在当前全球环境与气候变化的背景下,全球降水分布和垂直结构的遥感成为研究中的关键环节和薄弱环节[35,36]。准确测量全球降水不仅对农业、水资源管理、水灾预警等方面具有实际效益,更是安排工农业生产、进行气象灾害预报、防灾减灾等各项工作的必要措施。
WMO OSCAR提出重要应用领域对降水参数的应用需求以及与目前星载降水探测现状比较见表3
虽然FY-3G星降水雷达可探测降水三维精细结构信息,在防灾减灾、天气监测等方面发挥重要作用,但针对WMO OSCAR提出对降水要素的应用需求,我国未来星载降水测量雷达还需扩展探测频段,进一步提升水平分辨率、探测精度等。
星载降水、测云雷达可提供全球云与降水三维结构信息,将提高我们对全球水和能量循环的认识,在灾害性天气的监测和气候变化研究方面具有重要的意义。但我国的气象卫星云、降水雷达探测能力距离用户监测精密、预报精准、服务精细的期望应用目标尚有差距,主要体现在:
① 探测手段尚有缺失
目前我国气象卫星对于云、降水要素探测尚有缺口,缺乏云垂直结构信息探测,不能充分提供云微物理特征信息。风云四号卫星采用光学载荷探测云,时空分辨率高,无法获得云内部结构的信息。风云三号卫星采用光学和微波被动遥感技术探测云,测量范围大,不具备探测云三维结构信息的能力。
② 观测时效性不足
尽管风云三号G星在监测灾害性天气系统强降水方面表现出色,能够提供全球中低纬度地区降水三维结构信息,增强降水要素的探测性能,从而支持降水气象预报的准确性[37]。然而,核心载荷降水雷达重访时间较长,导致覆盖范围存在缺口,并且时效无法满足极端降水天气的快速应用需求。
③ 缺少多普勒探测能力
目前我国星载降水雷达尚未具备多普勒探测功能,难以深入了解云降水内部的三维流场结构。发展星载多普勒云、降水雷达将全面提升对全球对流动态的观测,有助于拓展对云和降水微物理过程的认知,如图1所示。深入探究云内部动力学与微物理过程之间的联系,为改进云系统模型、数值天气预报、大气环流模型和云模型等提供新的数据支持,进而有望提升对灾害性天气的预测准确性[38,39]
④ 缺少协同探测云要素
尽管FY-3G星降水雷达可以穿透降水云并获取其内部三维信息,但是受工作频率(Ku频段和Ka频段)的限制,Ku频段雷达适合观测强降水,Ka频段雷达适合观测弱降水及较大云粒子,而对于天气和气候变化中重要的小云粒子则难以观测,不能实现协同观测云要素,减少与单频雷达的不确定性。
微波测云雷达是一种主动遥感仪器,工作频段在毫米波段,其工作原理是利用云粒子对电磁波的散射特性来探测云层。相比于厘米波段的气象雷达,毫米波测云雷达的工作波长介于1 mm~10 mm之间,更加贴近云粒子的尺度,因此更适合于云的探测[40,41]。毫米波雷达对云粒子具有较高的探测精度,能够探测从微小云粒子到弱降水粒子的范围,对于非降水云或弱降水云的探测也有比较好的效果[15,42,43]。通过毫米波测云雷达连续观测云在大气中的辐射传输,可以获取到云的重要参数,包括云的厚度、高度和层数等宏观特性,以及云粒子的大小、分布、冰与液态水的含量等微观特性。
2006年4月28日,美国NASA和JPL与加拿大宇航局联合开发的云卫星计划CloudSat成功发射,CloudSat搭载的云廓线雷达CPR可以全面测量云的垂直结构,包括云的厚度、高度以及微观特征如云的粒子大小和水含量。CPR的天线直径为1.85 m,固定波束指向星下点,具有500 m的距离分辨率和1.4 km(垂直飞行方向)以及1.7 km(沿飞行方向)的水平分辨率,数据记录窗口范围从地面到30 km,探测灵敏度为-29 dBZ,2019年CPR停止工作[15]
EarthCARE卫星是由欧洲航天局(ESA)和日本航天局(NASDA)联合开发的,于2024年5月28日成功发射,该卫星搭载具备高灵敏度探测和多普勒信息获取功能的CPR载荷。CPR的主要任务是提供云结构的垂直廓线,以获取微观和宏观云的特性,并收集云内部的多普勒信息。EarthCARE的CPR工作频率为94.05 GHz,固定波束指向星下点,天线直径为2.5 m。其灵敏度高达-35 dBZ,距离分辨率为500 m,水平分辨率在垂直飞行方向达到650 m,在沿飞行方向达到1 km,多普勒测速精度为1 m/s(10 km/-19 dBZ)。相比CloudSat的CPR,EarthCARE的CPR探测灵敏度更高,而且具备了多普勒测量云粒子的能力[15]
综上所述,星载微波云雷达主要技术指标见表4
星载降水测量雷达是一种主动式微波气象遥感仪器,通过发射微波脉冲并接收不同高度层的降水回波,可以获取高分辨率的降水三维垂直结构信息,精确反演降水强度和降水类型等信息,提高天基降水测量能力,增进对风暴结构、云微物理和中尺度天气系统动力的理解。
1997年11月28日,日本航天局成功发射了TRMM,这是人类历史上第一次利用卫星从空间对地球大气进行主动遥感[44]。TRMM项目是美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration,NASA)和日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,JAXA)合作开发的一项重要项目,旨在观测和了解热带降雨的特性,以及热带地区如何影响全球气候。TRMM卫星搭载了由JAXA提供的降水雷达,该雷达可以提供三维降水结构的数据,并实现对陆地和海洋降水的定量测量。此外,通过提供降水结构信息,雷达还可以提升微波成像仪的测量精度。该雷达采用了单频段有源相控阵雷达技术,工作频率为13.8 GHz,具有215 km的幅宽,250 m的距离分辨率,以及4.3 km的水平分辨率,其探测灵敏度为23 dBz,覆盖的测量距离范围从地表到15 km的高度[45]
GPM项目是美国和日本合作的全球降水测量计划,旨在利用TRMM卫星成功的经验,进一步提高降水测量的准确性和灵敏度。2014年2月27日,日本航天局成功发射了GPM核心卫星GPMCO(GPM Core Observatory),其上搭载双频降水雷达(Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar,DPR)。DPR的主要任务是获取全球海洋和陆地降水降雪的三维结构,以及校准其他遥感器对降水量的估计,DPR采用Ku和Ka双频段一维相控阵体制,在水平分辨率、探测灵敏度等方面都比TRMM中的PR有了显著提高,其幅宽可达250 km,垂直分辨率为250 m,水平分辨率为5 km,Ku频段雷达的探测灵敏度为18 dBz,Ka频段雷达的探测灵敏度为12 dBz[45],相比Ku频段雷达测量降水,Ku、Ka双频雷达测量降水可提高降水反演精度[46]
我国首颗主动降水测量卫星风云三号G星于2023年4月16日成功发射,标志着我国在监测灾害性天气系统强降水取得了重要突破。风云三号G星搭载了国内首个主动降水测量雷达(PMR),可为全球中低纬度地区提供降水三维结构信息,PMR的工作频率为Ku和Ka频段,采用一维相控阵雷达技术,刈幅为300 km、垂直分辨率为250 m、水平分辨率为5 km,Ku频段雷达的探测灵敏度为18 dBz,Ka频段雷达的探测灵敏度为12 dBz[14]。与PR和DPR相比,在保持同样的水平分辨率的情况下,PMR的幅宽更大,能够捕捉到更多的降水事件。此外,PMR的天线旁瓣电平更低,有利于抑制地面杂波的影响和降低测量误差[28,47,48]
三种星载降水测量雷达主要性能指标见表5
国外继GPM-DPR发射后,开展了下一代星载气象雷达的研究,典型的有云和降水过程任务(Cloud and Precipitation Process Mission,CaPPM),提出Ku/Ka/W三频雷达概念,三频雷达旨在测量来自地球大气层的云和降水的反射率、多普勒和极化数据,实现云雨综合探测。搭载在大气观测系统(The Atmosphere Observing System,AOS)上的降水测量任务(Precipitation Measuring Mission,PMM)为AOS-PMM,由两颗星组成,一颗是在极轨上运行的卫星AOS-P1,一颗是在65°倾斜轨道上运行的卫星AOS-I1,AOS-P1预计携带Ka/W多普勒雷达测量云、降水、轻度到中度对流和降雪,AOS-I1预计携带Ku/W,多普勒雷达测量降水、对流风暴和中到大雪。NASA喷气推进实验室在开展低轨道降水雷达的研究的同时,还试探性地进行了对静止轨道降水雷达的研究。目前该项目仍处于概念研究。该雷达工作于地球静止轨道距地36 000 km的位置,可以实现特定区域降水的连续观测,观测周期小于1小时,覆盖5 300 km的圆形区域。该雷达工作频率为35 GHz,水平分辨率为13 km,垂直分辨率为300 m,多普勒测速精度可达0.3 m/s[14,49]
早在“十三五”期间,北京遥测技术研究所开展了新型气象遥感载荷的论证工作,完成了Ka/W双频多普勒云雨测量雷达等国家重点预研项目的论证和攻关。十四五期间,北京遥测技术研究所开展了微纳星组网测雨雷达等载荷的应用技术论证及项目申报、预研工作。
综上,我国还没有发射星载微波测云雷达,星载微波测云雷达已完成部分关键技术攻关和地面原理样机,还需要开展空间环境可靠性试验验证,离卫星搭载尚有一段距离。未来星载降水雷达朝着多频段、多极化、多普勒等方向发展。目前,北京遥测技术研究所等单位正在开展新一代星载降水雷达的论证工作。
我国气象卫星具有定量精度要求准、业务服务要求高、探测要素手段多、综合探测能力强的特点。经过五十余年的发展,以风云气象卫星为代表的定量卫星的观测系统规划能力、综合观测能力、平台和总体技术能力、遥感仪器探测能力整体达到国际先进、局部领先水平,但距离进一步筑牢防灾减灾防线、提升对日益频发的气象灾害的防治能力的要求尚有差距。根据我国未来气象业务服务需求,以WMO制定的WIGOS 2040年远景规划作为需求牵引,提出我国未来星载微波云、降水雷达发展方向。
① 发展云降水三维探测能力
发展新一代Ku、Ka、W三频雷达技术,实现云降水联合三维探测,在保证Ku/Ka双频降水探测能力的基础上,W频段雷达提供了对云的全球三维探测能力,填补我国云垂直结构探测的空白。
② 提高雷达时间及空间分辨率
增大雷达天线口径可提升探测空间分辨率,实现对小范围局部云降水的精准探测,同时扩展天线波束扫描范围,增加雷达扫描幅宽,缩短重访周期,提高探测时间分辨率,实现对长时云降水的持续探测和短时强降水的有效探测。适时发展高轨主动微波探测技术将有助于获取高时间分辨率的中国及周边地区台风暴雨等灾害性天气系统的内部三维结构,通过获取暴雨气象灾害监测信息,我国能够增强在全球极端天气和气候变化中的应对能力[33]
③ 增加多普勒探测能力
通过增加多普勒测量能力,解决我国在星载降水粒子运动速度探测方面的空白,可反演得到降水粒子谱分布、气流垂直速度等微观信息,极大地降低了目前粒子谱假设和大气垂直运动带来的降水测量误差,以提高对降水类型、雨冰霰等区分能力。
④ 发展云降水雷达气象小卫星星座
从国内外发展现状来看,气象卫星的发展方向是以大卫星为主、小卫星为辅的模式,其中小卫星充分利用低成本、小型化优势,在大卫星的基础上通过多星组网方式对特定区域或特定要素进行时空分辨率增强。与传统的大型气象卫星相比,微小型气象卫星更容易组成星座,发展如To-morrow气象雷达小卫星星座获取高时间分辨率全球三维降水数据。
星载云降水雷达能够弥补气象卫星被动探测的不足,实现全球范围内三维云降水的探测。全球三维云降水观测资料的获取有助于提高天气预报和气候预测准确率,为相关产业发展提供精细气象服务,具有极其重要的科学和应用价值。本文开展了星载微波云、降水雷达需求分析,分析了国内外星载微波云、降水雷达发展现状,总结了我国未来星载微波云、降水雷达主要发展方向。针对国外星载微波云、降水雷达取得成果及发展趋势,后续我国亟需发展星载云雷达探测技术,实现三维云降水协同探测,深化云-降水宏观和微观物理过程的认识,同时,建议提高新一代星载降水雷达的时空分辨率、增加多普勒功能,不断提升星载降水探测能力,以增强我国在全球极端天气和气候变化应对方面的能力。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助(2022YFB3902900; 2022YFB3902905)
  • 民用航天“十四五”预先研究项目(D030303)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240701001
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
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国家重点研发计划资助(2022YFB3902900; 2022YFB3902905)
民用航天“十四五”预先研究项目(D030303)
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    1上海卫星工程研究所 上海 201109
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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