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From March 27-29, 2021, a large-scale and prolonged dust pollution event occurred in the north of China. This study analyzed the optical properties, vertical distribution, and transport patterns of dust aerosols using data from MODIS and ground-based lidar (AMPLE-001), combined with the HYSPLIT model. Additionally, hourly data from the China Environmental Monitoring Station and aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from MCD19A2 and AERONET were used to verify the accuracy of the ground-based lidar measurements. The key findings are as follows: ① The dust was primarily transported at an altitude of 4 km over the northern Gobi Desert, and mixed with local pollutants and then settled. ② During the dust event, particulate matter concentrations surged dra-matically. PM10 concentrations peaked at over 2 492.65 μg/m³, while PM2.5 reached a maximum of 236.48 μg/m³. The highest record-ed AOD was 4.1, with dust pollution being most severe in the southern and eastern parts of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. ③ In terms of accuracy validation, comparisons between AOD values from sun photometers and lidar showed a strong correlation, with a corre-lation coefficient of 95.63%. Similarly, the PM10 and PM2.5 data from ground-based lidar were highly consistent with official monitor-ing data, with correlation coefficients of 85.93% and 98.47%, respectively. These results validate the detection capability and accura-cy of the AMPLE-001 ground-based lidar system.

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2021年3月27日~29日,我国北方地区经历了一次大范围、长时间的沙尘暴污染过程。本文通过使用MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)卫星数据、地基多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达以及后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT(混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹),开展星地联合观测,分析了此次沙尘天气的水平和垂直分布特征及其传输过程。同时,利用中国环境监测总站提供的小时实况数据、AERONET(气溶胶自动观测网)的光学厚度数据以及MCD19A2(全球气溶胶数据集)产品对激光雷达的反演结果进行了验证。研究结果显示:① 本次沙尘主要通过戈壁沙漠北部4公里高度输送,并与本地污染物混合后沉降;② 沙尘天气期间,PM10浓度显著上升,最大值超过2 492.65 μg/m3,PM2.5浓度最大值为236.48 μg/m3,当天光学厚度最高值达到4.1;③ 太阳光度计与激光雷达反演光学厚度趋势一致,相关性达95.63%;激光雷达反演PM10、PM2.5分别与官方公布数据的相关性达到85.93%和98.47%,验证了地基多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达系统的探测能力与精度。

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郭畅 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

王丽东 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

李静 1985年生,博士,研究员。

戴学兵 1987年生,博士,高级工程师。

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Atmospheric Environ-ment, 2019, 213(1): 159-169., articleTitle=Performance of MODIS high-resolution MAIAC aerosol algorithm in China:Characterization and limitation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241431110664639440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431094524957239, awardId=2023YFC3007803, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划资助(2023YFC3007803), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241431102154396424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431094524957239, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241431102162785032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431094524957239, companyId=1241431102154396424, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241431102171173641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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LiDAR system parameters of AMPLE-001

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达(AMPLE-001)
发射系统(激光器)类型Nd:YAG@355 nm, 532 nm, 1 064 nm
脉冲宽度/ns<3
脉冲重复频率/Hz1 000
单脉冲能量≥0.6 mJ@355 nm(最大输出)
≥1 mJ@532 nm(最大输出)
≥1 mJ@1 064 nm(最大输出)
接收系统望远镜口径/mm250
视场角1 mrad
接收通道E355P,E355S,E532P,E532S,R386,R407,R607,E1064
光子计数率≥200 MHz
), ArticleFig(id=1241431110496867278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431094524957239, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达(AMPLE-001型)系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达(AMPLE-001)
发射系统(激光器)类型Nd:YAG@355 nm, 532 nm, 1 064 nm
脉冲宽度/ns<3
脉冲重复频率/Hz1 000
单脉冲能量≥0.6 mJ@355 nm(最大输出)
≥1 mJ@532 nm(最大输出)
≥1 mJ@1 064 nm(最大输出)
接收系统望远镜口径/mm250
视场角1 mrad
接收通道E355P,E355S,E532P,E532S,R386,R407,R607,E1064
光子计数率≥200 MHz
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星地联合观测北京沙尘天气时空过程分布特征
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郭畅 , 王丽东 , 李静 , 戴学兵
遥测遥控 | 气象卫星遥感技术专栏 2024,45(6): 37-47
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遥测遥控 | 气象卫星遥感技术专栏 2024, 45(6): 37-47
星地联合观测北京沙尘天气时空过程分布特征
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郭畅, 王丽东, 李静, 戴学兵
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 郭畅 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    王丽东 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    李静 1985年生,博士,研究员。

    戴学兵 1987年生,博士,高级工程师。

Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Dust Weather in Beijing Based on Satellite-ground Joint Observations
Chang GUO, Lidong WANG, Jing LI, Xuebing DAI
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241008001
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2021年3月27日~29日,我国北方地区经历了一次大范围、长时间的沙尘暴污染过程。本文通过使用MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)卫星数据、地基多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达以及后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT(混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹),开展星地联合观测,分析了此次沙尘天气的水平和垂直分布特征及其传输过程。同时,利用中国环境监测总站提供的小时实况数据、AERONET(气溶胶自动观测网)的光学厚度数据以及MCD19A2(全球气溶胶数据集)产品对激光雷达的反演结果进行了验证。研究结果显示:① 本次沙尘主要通过戈壁沙漠北部4公里高度输送,并与本地污染物混合后沉降;② 沙尘天气期间,PM10浓度显著上升,最大值超过2 492.65 μg/m3,PM2.5浓度最大值为236.48 μg/m3,当天光学厚度最高值达到4.1;③ 太阳光度计与激光雷达反演光学厚度趋势一致,相关性达95.63%;激光雷达反演PM10、PM2.5分别与官方公布数据的相关性达到85.93%和98.47%,验证了地基多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达系统的探测能力与精度。

激光雷达  /  拉曼偏振  /  AERONET  /  沙尘  /  光学厚度  /  MCD19A2

From March 27-29, 2021, a large-scale and prolonged dust pollution event occurred in the north of China. This study analyzed the optical properties, vertical distribution, and transport patterns of dust aerosols using data from MODIS and ground-based lidar (AMPLE-001), combined with the HYSPLIT model. Additionally, hourly data from the China Environmental Monitoring Station and aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from MCD19A2 and AERONET were used to verify the accuracy of the ground-based lidar measurements. The key findings are as follows: ① The dust was primarily transported at an altitude of 4 km over the northern Gobi Desert, and mixed with local pollutants and then settled. ② During the dust event, particulate matter concentrations surged dra-matically. PM10 concentrations peaked at over 2 492.65 μg/m³, while PM2.5 reached a maximum of 236.48 μg/m³. The highest record-ed AOD was 4.1, with dust pollution being most severe in the southern and eastern parts of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. ③ In terms of accuracy validation, comparisons between AOD values from sun photometers and lidar showed a strong correlation, with a corre-lation coefficient of 95.63%. Similarly, the PM10 and PM2.5 data from ground-based lidar were highly consistent with official monitor-ing data, with correlation coefficients of 85.93% and 98.47%, respectively. These results validate the detection capability and accura-cy of the AMPLE-001 ground-based lidar system.

Lidar  /  Raman polarization  /  Aeronet  /  Dust  /  AOD  /  MCD19A2
郭畅, 王丽东, 李静, 戴学兵. 星地联合观测北京沙尘天气时空过程分布特征. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (6) : 37 -47 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241008001
Chang GUO, Lidong WANG, Jing LI, Xuebing DAI. Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Dust Weather in Beijing Based on Satellite-ground Joint Observations[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (6) : 37 -47 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241008001
沙尘气溶胶是地球大气中的主要气溶胶类型之一,同时也是影响气候变化的一个不确定因素。随着遥感技术不断发展,卫星遥感和地基遥感已成为沙尘观测的两种重要方式。卫星遥感具有宽刈幅、高时空分辨的特点,可实现全球大尺度范围长时间序列观测,一定程度上弥补了地基探测方式的不足。而地基遥感观测数据精度高,可以满足区域性研究需要,与卫星遥感形成优势互补[1]。国内外分析大气污染过程的研究多基于卫星资料的单独研究,而鲜有研究利用星地联合观测沙尘过程分析。
中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate Resolution Im-aging Spectrometer,MODIS)作为Terra(泰拉)和Aqua(阿卡)卫星上重要的传感器之一,是研究沙尘气溶胶的时空分布、远距离传输、光学特性等空间分布特征的重要数据源[2]。近年来,很多学者利用卫星遥感资料对沙尘气溶胶进行分析研究,AMMARA等人利用中分辨成像仪(MODIS)、多角度成像光谱仪(MISR)和太阳光度计(AERONET)对2001年~2013年亚洲沙漠地区的光学特性进行时空变化分析[3]。针对澳大利亚艾尔湖盆地的典型沙尘事件,基于MODIS L1B数据比较了5种主要的沙尘识别方法,OMI(臭氧监测仪)数据可用于灰尘的初检、评估和验证,MODIS L1B可用于高空间分辨识别烟羽和定位沙尘污染来源[4]。吴硕秋等人利用MODIS暗像元/深蓝/合成算法的AOD(气溶胶光学厚度)产品和FY-4A(风云四号A星)沙尘强度产品,分析了2018年春季中国西北地区的两次典型沙尘过程[5]
随着激光雷达技术不断发展,激光雷达广泛应用于获取大气垂直结构、光学参数、光学厚度、边界层高度等研究中[68],其偏振特性对沙尘气溶胶的研究具有重要意义。祝存兄等利用中国气象局南京综合观测基地的微脉冲激光雷达,进行消光系数和退偏比反演,以表征南京地区一次沙尘天气的爆发和消散动态[9]。张帅等人利用气溶胶激光雷达获取气溶胶消光系数廓线和边界层高度等数据,结合气象要素、后向轨迹模型确定了传输来源、传输路径以及扩散趋势,对研究沙尘、气溶胶污染物输送、动态变化以及污染治理提供科学依据具有实际指导意义[10]
大气颗粒物污染程度可通过气溶胶光学厚度、空气质量浓度两项指标进行评估。气溶胶光学厚度是用于描述气溶胶消光特性的重要光学指标,在气候变化研究、环境监测等领域具有重要的科学意义。研究沙尘天气条件下PM2.5、PM10质量浓度的分布特征对于沙尘成分、形成机制研究具有重要意义[11]
近年来,北京春季沙尘天气频繁。通过地基激光雷达和卫星遥感数据获取了沙尘天气过程及其光学特性的垂直分布和水平空间分布,并结合HYSPLIT传输模型对沙尘的来源和传输过程进行分析。从光学厚度和污染物质量浓度的角度,对激光雷达获取的时空数据进行反演与精度验证。同时,利用国家环保局发布的空气质量数据,评估了此次沙尘天气对空气质量的影响,并将激光雷达反演的空气质量数据与官方监测数据进行了相关性分析。利用国家环保局提供的空气质量数据分析了此次沙尘天气过程对空气质量的影响,将激光雷达反演空气质量与官方公布数据进行相关性分析;综合利用MODIS、AERONET AOD对激光雷达反演AOD进行比对验证,以验证激光雷达的探测精度。
激光雷达能够获取探测区域内大气在垂直高度上的分布情况,从而分析该区域大气的时空演变特征。激光雷达可以连续观测污染物的扩散规律,包括上升和下降的动态变化以及典型天气条件下气溶胶的变化过程,如灰霾、沙尘等,是大气研究领域中的重要探测设备。研究使用自主研制的多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达(以下简称“激光雷达”)对北京沙尘天气进行垂直观测,设备位于39.81°N、116.48°E,探测范围可达15 km,垂直分辨率为30 m,激光雷达具体参数如表1所示。
MODIS传感器搭载于Terra和Aqua卫星,光谱范围涵盖了紫外至红外波段,空间分辨率为250 m、500 m和1 000 m,每1~2 d覆盖全球1次,是目前应用较为广泛的大气探测传感器。在研究中常使用多角度大气校正算法(MAIAC)反演得到的气溶胶数据产品-MCD19A2获取全球AOD数据,其空间分辨率为1 km,可在本文中用于光学厚度的时空分布分析,揭示沙尘天气过程演变过程。
全球气溶胶监测网络(Aerosol Robotic Net-work,AERONET),分为Level 1.0、Level 1.5和Level 2三个数据质量等级[12],本研究选用北京Beijing-CAMS站点经过云掩膜处理的Level 1.5数据。作为大气科学领域中应用最为广泛的大气传输与扩散模型之一,HYSPLIT在研究沙尘和气溶胶污染物的输送和扩散路径以及动态变化等方面具有重要作用[13,14]。本文通过HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型,分析了北京沙尘和气溶胶污染物的传输路径及扩散过程。本文利用中国环境监测总站(http://www.cnemc.cn/)公布的小时级PM2.5以及PM10浓度数据,分析沙尘对空气质量的影响,最后以激光雷达相近监测站点PM2.5、PM10数据为标准,验证激光雷达反演结果。
多波长拉曼偏振激光雷达是一种光电设备,利用激光作为光源,通过激光与大气相互作用产生的回波信号来提取大气参数。该设备通过分析激光传播路径上的大气消光系数和气溶胶粒子的非球形退偏特性,进一步识别大气成分如气溶胶和云的相关特征参数。这种方法可用于深入研究大气边界层中气溶胶的时空演变过程。一般而言,具有较高推偏比的粒子通常被视为沙尘、海盐气溶胶或冰云。
表征目标大气的光学参数有后向散射系数β(λ)、消光系数α(λ)、退偏振比δ等,激光雷达算法核心在于求解雷达方程。将激光雷达接收到的回波信号进行残余脉冲校正、背景噪声校正以及距离校正等预处理代入到激光雷达回波方程,如式(1)所示,使用Fernald反演算法得到30 m垂直分辨的后向散射系数时空分布β0,z),如式(2)所示。
式中:c表示为根据雷达本身特性得到的系统常数;βmol(λ0,z)、βa(λ0,z)分别为分子、气溶胶大气目标物对应的后向散射系数;α(z)对应大气总的消光系数,包括大气分子和气溶胶粒子;大气分子对应的消光系数αm、后向散射系数βm由美国标准大气模型计算获得。
利用355 nm、532 nm、1 064 nm各通道对应消光系数、后向散射系数基于马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗得到空气质量浓度极大似然最优估计。该方法原理为在给定重复循环下,通过真实输入的光学参数数据,如不同波长对应的消光系数、后向散射系数,经过马尔科夫链采样得到稳定的光学参数概率分布,再结合蒙特卡罗将大量采样样本拟合得到近似于真实光学参数的概率分布,得到给定迭代条件下对应于似然最大值的参数集被认为是解的最佳近似,由此得到对应的PM2.5、PM10质量浓度,技术路线如图1所示。
似然值定义如式(3)所示,其中:Nop表示为光学参数个数;EOD表示为实测光学参数值,3β+2αCOD表示为采样后得到的光学参数值;σ为设定误差扰动值。
① 激光雷达
AOD是衡量气溶胶粒子削弱太阳辐射强度的指标,表明大气中这些粒子对光线的吸收和散射程度,并在一定程度上揭示区域空气质量状况。通过对式(1)~式(2)求得的消光系在垂直路径上进行积分便可计算出AOD,如式(4)所示。
② 太阳光度计
由Beer-Bouguer-Lambert(比尔-布格-朗伯)定理可知,太阳的单色直射辐照度E(λ)在穿过地球大气到达地面的数值可以表示为:
E(λ)=E0(λds·exp(-atn(λ))·tg(λ)
其中:E0(λ)表示地球大气层外的太阳辐射强度;ds为太阳-地球对应的距离修正因子,表示地球与太阳之间的距离变化对太阳辐射的影响;m为大气质量数;τatn(λ)为大气光学厚度,主要包括大气分子的瑞利散射光学厚度和气溶胶光学厚度,分别表示大气分子对光的散射效应和气溶胶对光的吸收与散射作用。这两者共同决定了太阳辐射在穿过大气层时的削弱程度;tg(λ)为吸收气体对应的透过率,主要考虑为臭氧。
太阳光度计输出的DN值与太阳辐射强度之间存在线性关系,气溶胶的光学厚度表达为:
τa(λ)=τtotal(λ)-τ(λ)-τoz(λ)
其中,大气分子瑞利散射光学厚度τ(λ)可采用由海拔高度和地面气压的经验公式进行计算;τoz(λ)由TOMS(总臭氧绘图光谱仪)获取。
假设气溶胶的粒子谱分布满足Junge(荣格)分布,对AERONET/Beijing-CAMS站点的光学厚度进行波长插值,通过440 nm和870 nm两波长对应的光学厚度计算波长指数α和大气浑浊度系数β,由此可得与激光雷达相匹配波长对应的光学厚度,如式(8)所示:
τa(λ)=βλ-α
③ MODIS卫星
基于MAIAC算法得到的全球气溶胶数据MCD19A2产品空间分辨率1 km,根据不同视图的几何形状、波长、水蒸气和表面压力的大气顶部反射率(TOA)等观测数据构建气溶胶模型查找表,对气溶胶光学厚度进行反演。相较于其他算法产品(如暗像元和深蓝算法)的3 km空间分辨率,MCD19A2空间分辨率更高、识别精度更高,在北京站点观测的光学厚度相关系数达0.94[15]
对激光雷达距离修正信号进行30 min积累,反演得到积累后的消光系数、退偏比,将大气细分为背景、城市气溶胶、浮尘、沙尘以及云等类型,本次沙尘污染天气过程形成、演变以及消退过程的时空演化如图2~图4所示,横轴为北京时间、纵轴为探测高度。
从退偏比时空演化图中,可见27日19:00在1.2 km~3 km高度范围内有较为明显浮尘层,并在一段时间内维持高度,退偏比在0.15左右;近地面-1.2 km高度气溶胶层退偏比在0.05左右,属于球型气溶胶粒子,同时532 nm退偏比略微大于355 nm退偏比,考虑为人为污染掺杂沙尘污染;27日21:00~28日02:00,在1.2 km高度存在一层100 m厚的云层,对应355 nm退偏比均值为0.2,且小于532 nm退偏比均值0.3,说明该云层为冰云;随后1.2 km出现明显沙尘层,且不断沉降,28日05:00~06:00沙尘被风扬起上升到空中,06:00后远程输送的沙尘与近地面人为污染气溶胶完全混合。
在28日19:00至29日06:00,近地面~3 km高度主要以浮尘为主,355 nm退偏比均值由0.1逐渐降至0.03,532 nm退偏比均值由0.2降至0.08,沙尘气溶胶在532 nm波长下的退偏比高于在355 nm波长下的退偏比。29日凌晨开始沙尘逐渐减弱,沙尘高度由3 km逐渐下降至2 km左右。
29日13:00至15:00时间段内,沙尘在垂直高度上呈现扩散趋势,退偏比较小;15:00后退偏比逐渐变大,呈现沙尘回流趋势,直至29日23:00,沙尘355 nm退偏比在0.1左右,532 nm退偏比在0.25左右。29日傍晚至夜间,在2 km高度左右存在残留沙尘层,这与大气混合层高度的日变化特征相吻合。在该时间段内,3 km~7.5 km高度云层355 nm退偏比均值大于532 nm退偏比均值,为水云。
京津冀地区AOD时空分布如图5所示。03月27日,京津冀地区的东南部主要以有云天气为主,西北部有沙尘分布,AOD在0.55左右,最大值为1.11;3月28日,京津冀地区全部被沙尘笼罩,较27日沙尘污染面积更广泛,AOD呈现明显地域差别,在京津冀南部AOD最大达到4.10,西北部相对南部较小,为1左右,大于27日同地区水平;3月29日沙尘程度较28日减退,且下午污染物浓度比上午浓度高,存在污染物回流现象,AOD最大0.41,明显小于前两日的AOD,说明污染物浓度较前两日明显降低。从图5可知:3月28日相对于其他两日AOD值较大,京津冀地区的AOD最大值;空间上主要的高值区体现在河北南部地区、北京以及河北的东部;时间上主要体现了沙尘天气过程中京津冀地区的AOD变化趋势,包括沙尘的生成、演变以及消亡的过程。
3月27日~29日大气流动性较强,沙尘后向轨迹的步长较长,北京上空1 km~1.5 km高度的沙尘主要由戈壁沙漠北部4 km高度沙尘输送,经过我国内蒙古地区,一路传输、沉降;根据传输模型分析可知:由戈壁沙漠远程输送的沙尘已接近地表,在各种气象条件作用下,剧烈混合、沉降,与本地污染混合形成本次沙尘过程,这与由激光雷达得到的沙尘垂直特性研判结果相互印证。
利用环境监测站公布的每日8时PM2.5、PM10数据,绘制北京地区各监测站点空气质量浓度空间分布,如图6所示。本次沙尘天气对北京地区的空气质量造成了严重影响,颗粒物浓度明显增强。3月27日,北京全境监测站点PM2.5均值为143.54 μg/m3、PM10均值为151.63 μg/m3;3月28日,北京全境监测站点PM2.5均值为236.48 μg/m3、PM10均值为2 492.65 μg/m3;3月29日,北京全境监测站点PM2.5均值为13.90 μg/m3、PM10均值为96.56 μg/m3。在本次污染过程中,沙尘属于粒径较大的颗粒物,有较强的散射能力,沙尘粒子对PM10浓度影响大于PM2.5浓度。
AERONET AOD观测误差小于0.02[15],可用于验证数据评估反演AOD的精度。将3月28日激光雷达数据与Beijing-CAMS站点太阳光度计、MODIS卫星过境时反演的气溶胶光学厚度进行比对,结果如图7所示。为保持星地观测数据一致性,在大天气背景一致条件下,可认为天气条件在区域范围内较为均衡。由此对MODIS卫星的AOD数据产品进行空间尺度上平均,分别以激光雷达站(Site1)和太阳光度计Beijing-CAMS站点(Site2)为中心,计算其周边3 km×3 km区域内AOD平均值,如图7(b)中绿点与黑点所示。星载的AOD产品是以550 nm波长进行反演,与地基532 nm波长略有差异,表现为波长越大、AOD值越小,这可能是导致星地AOD差异的原因。
选取AERONET太阳光度计Beijing-CAMS站点观测时间计算不同波长下对应激光雷达的光学厚度,得到AOD相关性如图8所示,两种地基观测方式得到AOD的相关性为0.956 3,说明激光雷达的观测数据具有较高的可靠性,可为大气光学特性支持相关分析工作。
以国家生态环境部公布的站点原位测量得到的空气质量数据为标准,选定与激光雷达观测点较近的北京旧宫监测站点的空气质量浓度PM2.5、PM10与激光雷达反演结果进行比对,北京旧宫监测站点与激光雷达水平距离较近,在大气背景环境相近条件下,可认为两点之间质量浓度具有可比性。利用3月27日~29日激光雷达观测数据,与旧宫站点空气质量数据进行比对,由图9~图10所示,PM2.5R2为0.859 3,拟合出线性回归方程为y=0.851 72x+0.572 36;PM10R2为0.984 7,拟合出线性回归方程为y=1.202x-82.523 4,说明激光雷达反演PM2.5、PM10与官方站点实测数据具有显著相关性,且PM10拟合程度较好,进一步验证了激光雷达在沙尘典型天气过程中利用马尔科夫蒙特卡罗算法反演的精度。
通过点面结合、不同观测尺度的多源遥感数据,对2021年03月27日~29日北京沙尘天气过程进行联合观测,获取了沙尘气溶胶的垂直、水平分布特征;结合地基多源遥感数据从光学厚度、空气污染物质量浓度两个角度,对激光雷达反演结果进行比对验证,结论如下:
① 星地联合观测为典型天气过程提供了新的观测思路,卫星遥感数据可实现对沙尘形成、发展、衰减和消亡的整个过程的大范围、近实时动态监测,地基观测可获取精细的局部大气信息,更为准确地反应沙尘内部垂直结构、水平尺度空间变化,为实现京津冀地区大气污染区域联防联控监管、防治提供了技术支撑。
② 大气探测激光雷达为分析沙尘内部垂直结构提供定量技术手段,为分析沙尘气溶胶与近地面污染物混合过程、气溶胶类型及其垂直扩散规律提供数据支撑,同时结合沙尘气团后向散射轨迹确定沙尘源头、传输路径以及扩散趋势。
27日下午至夜间颗粒物退偏比在0.05左右,少量的污染浮尘和本地气溶胶混合;28日凌晨由戈壁沙漠输送而来的大粒径沙尘,退偏比为0.3左右,当日大气层结稳定,伴随沙尘混合和沉降,形成了本地累积而无法扩散,造成本次沙尘污染天气;29日大气流动性较强,对气溶胶的变化、传输造成一定影响,随着污染物在垂直方向上的扩散和水平方向上的传输,污染程度逐渐减轻,污染程度逐渐降低,后又出现回流现象。
③ 大气探测激光雷达可实现对污染物质量浓度、光学厚度高精度反演,通过多源地基遥感数据比对,验证了地基激光雷达观测沙尘天气过程的可行性与科学性。
以AOD、PM2.5和PM10为评估要素,联合星地多源遥感数据对激光雷达反演结果进行验证,其中MODIS、地基AREONET观测站网数据与激光雷达数据反演AOD进行比对,AOD观测结果较为一致,相关性为0.956 3;激光雷达反演空气质量浓度与空气质量数据进行相关性分析,两者拟合结果较好,PM10拟合R2可达到0.984 7。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助(2023YFC3007803)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241008001
  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
  • 修回日期:2024-10-24
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国家重点研发计划资助(2023YFC3007803)
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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