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Article(id=1241431091215659009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241431088673911802, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240509001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715184000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-09, revisedDate=1731513600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773909836820, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773909836820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773909836820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773909836820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241431088673911802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773909836213, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773916903270, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241460731791602369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241431088673911802, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241460731791602370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241431088673911802, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241431091479900165, articleId=1241431091215659009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Simulation and Verification of UT1-UTC Determination by Using Single Baseline in China Deep Space Network, columnId=1239133503154081962, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=TT & C Communication and Navigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As one of the earth orientation parameters, UT1-UTC characterizes the irregularities of the earth rotation speed, and plays an important role in many space exploration activities such as space autonomoμs navigation, deep space probe orbit determination. Yet China has not established the relatively stable independent guarantee ability of UT1-UTC, it is of great reference signifi-cance to carry out UT1-UTC determination simulation at the early stage of system planning and construction. In this paper, the Mon-te Carlo simulation analysis of UT1-UTC solution is carried out by μsing VieSked++ software, and the measured data is utilized to verify the simulation conclμsions. Firstly, the IVS conventional observation mode is simulated, and subsequently about 100 times of IVS conventional observation data are used for comparison and verification. The results show that the actual solution accuracy is about 1.4 times of the repeatability factor. Secondly, the UT1-UTC intensive observation simulation is carried out for the single base-line of the Chinese deep space network, which is located in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The simulation re-sults show that the UT1-UTC solution accuracy of the JM-KS baseline and the NM-AG baseline of the deep space network is expect-ed to be about 18 μs and 22.4 μs, respectively. Furthermore, the real observation data by JM-KS baseline of China deep space net-work are used for resolving UT1-UTC to verify the simulation result. Finally, on the basis of deep space network station resources,the simulation of multi-station and multi-baseline UT1-UTC monitoring capability is carried out. The results of this paper effectively evaluate the ability of UT1-UTC monitoring based on single baseline of China deep space network, and provide reference for subse-quent system construction and UT1-UTC solution ability evaluation.

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UT1-UTC（世界时-协调世界时）表征了地球自转规律，在空间自主导航、深空探测器定轨等空间探测活动中具有重要作用。考虑到我国尚未建立较为稳定的UT1-UTC自主保障机制，在该系统规划建设和试验初期开展UT1-UTC监测仿真具有较强的参考意义。本文利用VieSked++软件开展了UT1-UTC解算蒙特卡罗仿真分析，并利用实测数据对仿真结果进行了验证。首先，对IVS（International VlBI Service，国际测地与天体测量VLBI服务组织）常规观测进行了仿真，并利用约100次IVS常规观测值进行了对比验证，表明实际解算精度约为1.4倍的可重复因子。其次，对中国深空网南北半球单基线分别进行了UT1-UTC加强观测仿真，分析表明深空网JM-KS（佳木斯深空站-喀什深空站）基线、NM-AG（纳米比亚深空站-阿根廷深空站）基线的解算精度预期分别约为18 μs和22.4 μs。再次，利用中国深空网JM-KS基线UT1-UTC观测数据进行处理验证。最后，在统筹深空网测站资源的基础上，开展了多站、多基线UT1-UTC监测能力仿真。本文结果有效评估了基于中国深空网单基线开展UT1-UTC监测解算的能力，为后续系统建设、UT1-UTC解算能力评估等提供了参考。

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路伟涛　1985年生，博士，副研究员。

陈略　1983年生，博士，高级工程师

韩松涛　1982年生，博士，高级工程师。

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路伟涛　1985年生，博士，副研究员。

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The comparison of EOP solution results and simulation results

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序号ERP仿真精度(mas/μs)解算精度解算与仿真精度比
1.PMX0.031 920.043 9821.377 9
2.PMY0.037 510.048 6741.297 6
3.UT1-UTC2.261 003.324 3001.470 3
解算与仿真精度比的均值1.381 9
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104197030376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431091215659009, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

EOP解算精度与仿真精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号ERP仿真精度(mas/μs)解算精度解算与仿真精度比
1.PMX0.031 920.043 9821.377 9
2.PMY0.037 510.048 6741.297 6
3.UT1-UTC2.261 003.324 3001.470 3
解算与仿真精度比的均值1.381 9
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104306082287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431091215659009, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The UT1-UTC solution results and comparison by JM-KS baseline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型解算结果/ms修正量/ms形式误差/ms
8 h537.550 6-0.128 530.023 647
2 h537.673 1-0.006 000.072 486
1 h537.808 10.129 0130.113 439
IVS-X-1hours537.633 4-0.045 740.011 302
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104444494326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431091215659009, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于JM-KS基线观测量解算的UT1-UTC及对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型解算结果/ms修正量/ms形式误差/ms
8 h537.550 6-0.128 530.023 647
2 h537.673 1-0.006 000.072 486
1 h537.808 10.129 0130.113 439
IVS-X-1hours537.633 4-0.045 740.011 302
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104624849404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431091215659009, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation comparison of multi-station and multi-baseline observation UT1-UTC solution in deep space network

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
JM-KSJM-KS-SYJM-SYKS-SY
可重复因子/μs12.8610.9915.9251.57
相对值/%10085.46123.79401.01
基线长度/km435 7—363 6381 8
), ArticleFig(id=1241431104729707011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241431091215659009, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

深空网多站多基线观测量UT1-UTC解算仿真对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
JM-KSJM-KS-SYJM-SYKS-SY
可重复因子/μs12.8610.9915.9251.57
相对值/%10085.46123.79401.01
基线长度/km435 7—363 6381 8
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中国深空网单基线UT1-UTC解算仿真分析及验证
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路伟涛 1, 2 , 陈略 1, 2 , 韩松涛 1, 2
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(6): 55-63
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(6): 55-63
中国深空网单基线UT1-UTC解算仿真分析及验证
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路伟涛1, 2, 陈略1, 2, 韩松涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室　北京　100094
  • 2北京航天飞行控制中心　北京　100094

    • 路伟涛　1985年生，博士，副研究员。

    陈略　1983年生，博士，高级工程师

    韩松涛　1982年生，博士，高级工程师。

Simulation and Verification of UT1-UTC Determination by Using Single Baseline in China Deep Space Network
Weitao LU1, 2, Lue CHEN1, 2, Songtao HAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Flight Dynamics, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2.Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240509001
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UT1-UTC（世界时-协调世界时）表征了地球自转规律，在空间自主导航、深空探测器定轨等空间探测活动中具有重要作用。考虑到我国尚未建立较为稳定的UT1-UTC自主保障机制，在该系统规划建设和试验初期开展UT1-UTC监测仿真具有较强的参考意义。本文利用VieSked++软件开展了UT1-UTC解算蒙特卡罗仿真分析，并利用实测数据对仿真结果进行了验证。首先，对IVS（International VlBI Service，国际测地与天体测量VLBI服务组织）常规观测进行了仿真，并利用约100次IVS常规观测值进行了对比验证，表明实际解算精度约为1.4倍的可重复因子。其次，对中国深空网南北半球单基线分别进行了UT1-UTC加强观测仿真，分析表明深空网JM-KS（佳木斯深空站-喀什深空站）基线、NM-AG（纳米比亚深空站-阿根廷深空站）基线的解算精度预期分别约为18 μs和22.4 μs。再次，利用中国深空网JM-KS基线UT1-UTC观测数据进行处理验证。最后，在统筹深空网测站资源的基础上，开展了多站、多基线UT1-UTC监测能力仿真。本文结果有效评估了基于中国深空网单基线开展UT1-UTC监测解算的能力，为后续系统建设、UT1-UTC解算能力评估等提供了参考。

UT1-UTC  /  中国深空网  /  VieSched++  /  蒙特卡罗仿真

As one of the earth orientation parameters, UT1-UTC characterizes the irregularities of the earth rotation speed, and plays an important role in many space exploration activities such as space autonomoμs navigation, deep space probe orbit determination. Yet China has not established the relatively stable independent guarantee ability of UT1-UTC, it is of great reference signifi-cance to carry out UT1-UTC determination simulation at the early stage of system planning and construction. In this paper, the Mon-te Carlo simulation analysis of UT1-UTC solution is carried out by μsing VieSked++ software, and the measured data is utilized to verify the simulation conclμsions. Firstly, the IVS conventional observation mode is simulated, and subsequently about 100 times of IVS conventional observation data are used for comparison and verification. The results show that the actual solution accuracy is about 1.4 times of the repeatability factor. Secondly, the UT1-UTC intensive observation simulation is carried out for the single base-line of the Chinese deep space network, which is located in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The simulation re-sults show that the UT1-UTC solution accuracy of the JM-KS baseline and the NM-AG baseline of the deep space network is expect-ed to be about 18 μs and 22.4 μs, respectively. Furthermore, the real observation data by JM-KS baseline of China deep space net-work are used for resolving UT1-UTC to verify the simulation result. Finally, on the basis of deep space network station resources,the simulation of multi-station and multi-baseline UT1-UTC monitoring capability is carried out. The results of this paper effectively evaluate the ability of UT1-UTC monitoring based on single baseline of China deep space network, and provide reference for subse-quent system construction and UT1-UTC solution ability evaluation.

UT1-UTC  /  China deep space network  /  VieSched++  /  Monte Carlo simulation
路伟涛, 陈略, 韩松涛. 中国深空网单基线UT1-UTC解算仿真分析及验证. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (6) : 55 -63 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240509001
Weitao LU, Lue CHEN, Songtao HAN. Simulation and Verification of UT1-UTC Determination by Using Single Baseline in China Deep Space Network[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (6) : 55 -63 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240509001
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0　引言
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地球定向参数(Earth Orientation Parameters，EOP)包括极移(X、Y分量)、UT1-UTC(世界时-协调世界时)、岁差、章动等5项，是实现天球参考架(ICRS)与地球参考架(ITRS)相互转换的基础参数，其精度直接影响探测器自主导航、测定轨精度。UT1-UTC表示地球自转速度变化，是变化最快、最难预测的地球定向参数，对其进行高精度监测在空间探测领域具有重要意义。UT1-UTC误差对深空探测任务的影响与探测距离相关。对于0.1 ms的UT1-UTC误差，在月球距离上引起的位置误差为1.6 m，但在火星距离上引起的位置误差将增大至1.6 km；若要求探测器在地火距离上达到百米量级的定位精度，则UT1-UTC的测定精度需高于0.025 ms[1]。随着全球导航定位技术(GNSS)、激光卫星测距(SLR)、星载多普勒无线电定轨定位系统(DORIS)、甚长基线干涉测量技术(VLBI)等空间大地测量技术的发展，EOP的监测精度和实时性得到显著改善。由于星载技术无法区分地球自转相位变化和卫星轨道参数，只能解算地球日长变化，无法直接解算UT1-UTC。VLBI是唯一能直接监测UT1-UTC的空间大地测量技术手段。国际地球自转服务组织(IERS)发布的EOP产品重要的数据源之一是国际测地/天体测量学VLBI服务(IVS)组织的VLBI观测解算结果，主要包括24小时常规观测和1小时加强观测[2]。由于常规观测产品具有较大的延迟，无法满足UT1-UTC实时性要求。IVS加强观测专为UT1-UTC监测而开展，主要包括INT1、INT2和INT3等三种观测类型，每天观测1小时，解算延迟约24小时。IVS加强观测解算产品是目前国际上UT1-UTC解算结果发布的主要数据来源，解算精度达0.015 ms，与IERS发布的C04产品存在0.02~0.03 ms的偏差[3]。此外，鉴于UT1-UTC在空间探测中的重要作用，更多国家组织UT1-UTC解算区域观测以提高自主保障能力。美国从2011年开始利用VLBA网MAUNA KEA(莫纳克亚天文台)、PIETOWN(美国地名)、SAINT CROIX(法国地名)实施加强观测，基线长度约5 000 km，内符合精度约0.023 ms[4,5]。俄罗斯依托QΜASAR VLBI(超长基线干涉测量的一种应用)网单基线Svetloe-Zelenchukskaya(俄罗斯地名)或Svetloe-Badary(俄罗斯地名)开展独立的1 h加强观测，基线长度约4 400 km，UT1-UTC解算内符合精度约0.026 ms[6]。这些区域加强观测可直接为其GNSS系统和其他空间探测活动提供UT1-UTC观测值，降低了对IVS加强观测的依赖。目前，欧洲区域加强观测基线尚未投入使用，但开展了大量的UT1-UTC解算仿真研究。文献[7]采用Vie-Sched++软件对特定加强基线和网络构型进行UT1-UTC解算蒙特卡罗仿真，通过仿真指出了相对现有构型的更优观测几何。2018年，Bohm研究Santa Maria-Wettzell(德国地名)基线解算UT1-UTC的能力，但仿真结果显示解算精度预期为0.04 ms，较IVS加强观测稍差[5]。2018年3月，进一步开展了实际观测试验，但由于X频段信噪比较低而失败。当前加强观测主要由北半球测站实施。由于可能存在由观测几何引入的系统误差，所以南半球加强观测研究逐渐得到关注。2019年，维也纳科技大学、Hart天文台(南非的一个天文台)、Tas-mania(塔斯马尼亚)大学联合提出南半球加强观测计划，组织HART15 M(位于南非)、HOBART12(位于澳大利亚的塔斯马尼亚岛)和YARRA12M(位于澳大利亚西部)开展观测，一周两次，2020~2021年共开展53次，UT1-UTC解算精度约0.029 ms[8]。
在国内，EOP产品长期来源于IERS等国际组织网站，实时性和安全性均受到影响。为了提高EOP产品尤其是UT1-UTC产品的自主保障能力，上海天文台、国家授时中心等开展了大量基于自主VLBI观测资源的UT1-UTC监测试验研究。文献[1]利用上海佘山站和乌鲁木齐南山站历年所参与的IVS联测数据进行了EOP解算，精度与IERS EOP发布产品相当，单基线UT1-UTC监测精度处于国际中等水平。随着软硬件技术的发展，两站EOP观测精度在逐年提高。国家授时中心依托ZFS-VLBI(用于VLBI观测的终端系统)系统开展了针对UT1-UTC解算的观测试验，解算精度达到58.8 μs[9]。北京航天飞行控制中心、西安测绘总站利用国际开源观测数据开展了EOP解算研究，并评估了国际EOP产品的精度[10,11]。但总体上，目前国内尚未形成面向UT1-UTC解算的机制化项目，UT1-UTC解算能力还不稳定。因此，在EOP监测系统建设初期开展仿真评估研究具有重要意义，也是国际上通常采用的技术途径。在VGOS(新一代测地观测系统)的设计和建设阶段，IVS针对VGOS网的站坐标和EOP测量能力开展了大量的仿真分析[12]。文献[13]利用VieSched++软件，以3个中国VGOS站为核心站，通过引入2个国外站构建5站联合观测网，分析评估了不同站网构型的EOP测量能力，为后续开展高精度EOP组网观测提供了参考资料。中国深空网目前全球布局，可组成南北半球两条东西向基线[14]，其中北半球基线由佳木斯深空站(JM)、喀什深空站(KS)组成，基线长度约4 500 km，与美国VLBA、俄罗斯QΜASAR VLBI网基线长度相当；南半球基线由阿根廷深空站(AG)和纳米比亚站(NM)组成，基线长度约7 500 km，略小于IVS加强观测基线长度，这为建立中国区域加强观测提供了系统条件。虽然中国深空网的主要职能是为空间探测任务提供测控支持，但基于该系统开展面向UT1-UTC解算的仿真分析、监测试验等有利于为后续系统建设规划、能力评估等提供参考信息。
本文采用文献[13,15,16]中的仿真方法，利用VieSched++软件，通过调整观测量数量、天区覆盖、天线空闲时间、观测时长等4个因素的权重因子批量生成相应的观测纲要，并针对每个观测纲要进行蒙特卡罗仿真，以UT1-UTC解算参数的可重复因子(等效为解算参数的标准差)作为评价指标[17]，评估中国深空网单基线UT1-UTC测量能力。
1　地球定向参数解算仿真设计与分析
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1.1　仿真软件
VieSched++软件由维也纳科技大学开发[18]，主界面如图1所示，主要用于观测纲要制定，已成功应用于IVS部分观测类型观测纲要的制定。该软件同时可开展EOP解算仿真研究，通过设置测站信噪比、观测频段、观测几何、天区覆盖等多个参数实现观测纲要的蒙特卡罗仿真，为EOP解算技术研究和系统建设提供了便利[17]。
1.2　仿真设计
1.2.1　仿真参数定义
VieSched++软件在制定观测纲要时考虑观测时长、天区覆盖、观测量数量、天线空闲时间、平均测站数、平均观测射电源数、基线观测量数量、最低仰角和最低赤纬等影响。其中，前4个参数是较为常用的权重因子。下面进行详细介绍。
① 观测时长(Duration)。在同样时间内，天线观测时长越短，天线转动时间就越充裕，观测量越多，相应的解算结果也越优。但是，观测时长直接受天线系统性能约束，比如VGOS天线转速非常高，在相同条件下，可实现兼顾观测时长和观测量数量。
② 天区覆盖(Sky Coverage)。观测目标在天区内均匀地分布有助于解算大气湿延迟，从而提高测量精度和参数解算精度。天空覆盖通过计算1个观测纲要内前后观测目标的角距和时间间隔获得。
③ 观测量数量(Number of Observations)。理论上，1个scan(扫描)的观测量数量仅与参与测试数目相关。但是由于测站天线灵敏度、观测时长约束等原因，实际有效的观测量数量可能低于理论值。在仿真中，有效观测量越多，解算冗余度越高，解算精度也越高。
④ 空闲时间(Idle Time)。表征1个测站未参与观测的空闲时间。空闲时间越长，该测站参与观测的机会越高，从而使整个观测网络较均匀地参加观测，达到优化观测几何的效果。
VieSched++对上述4个权重因子的取值默认均为[0, 0.33, 0.66, 0.99]，每个因子在仿真前也可适应性调整步长。对于默认取值范围，理论上共有256种组合。但是，权重组合注重各权重因子之间的比例关系，如权重因子组合(0, 0, 0, 0.33)与(0, 0, 0, 0.66)对编制观测纲要的影响是相同的，故认为是相同组合。经统计，在上述参数组合下能够生成225个不同的观测纲要[13]。
1.2.2　仿真策略
设置观测站网络，根据上述4个参数的设置原则生成225个不同的观测纲要。针对每个观测纲要进行500次蒙特卡罗仿真，并进行EOP解算，以解算参数的形式误差和可重复因子作为评价指标，选择最优的观测纲要，以此评估观测网络的EOP解算能力。
结合当前IVS和中国深空网系统实际情况，仿真过程中设置S/X双频段，最低信噪比分别为15和20；对流层天顶干延迟采用Saastamoinen(用于估计大气延迟修正的数学模型)，采用VMF3(用于对流层延迟的映射函数)；对流层天顶湿延迟解算，大气折射因子结构常数Cn=1.8E-7，对流层天顶高度2 km，风速8 m/s，数值积分高度步长dH=200 m；氢钟稳定性指标为1×10-14@50 min；热噪声误差30 ps；采用ITRF2014、ICRF3参考框架；JPL421历表；站址模型考虑地球固体潮、大洋极潮(TPX072)、大气负载模型(Vienna)、大气非极潮负载(APL_VIENNA)以及极潮和海洋极潮以及天线热形变模型。EOP先验值采用IAU2000 14C04的解算值，高频模型采用IERS_Desai_Sibois模型；岁差章动模型IAU2006/2000A。
2　IVS常规观测解算仿真及验证
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IVS常规观测数据来源主要包括每周例行的IVS-R1/R4观测网观测、应用于全球测地参考架监测的T2观测、公开发布的研发实验观测、VLBI连续加密观测和少数公开发布的区域网观测数据. 其中, IVS-R1/R4观测所占的比例在70%以上。本文选择2019年5月16日执行的IVS R4观测(R4894)进行仿真。此次观测共有Ft、Ht、Is等10个测站参加，最长基线约12 553 km，最短基线0 km(Wn-Wz双子天线)，观测时长24小时。
2.1　IVS常规观测仿真策略
在常规观测中，对流层天顶湿延迟解算间隔30分钟，60分钟约束1.5 cm；解算对流层延迟南北向、东西向梯度；钟差解算偏差、钟速和钟速变化率，解算间隔60分钟；60分钟约束1.3 cm；EOP参数全部解算，解算间隔24小时，约束1×10-4；站址在NNT/NNR约束下解算；射电源位置固定为先验值。
Sky-coverage(观测的天空区域)、number of ob-servations(观测次数)、duration(持续时长)、idle time(空闲时间)均在0.33-1之间取值，步长0.33，共生成纲要158个；对每个纲要进行500次仿真和EOP解算。
2.2　IVS常规观测仿真结果
图2 给出了158个纲要500次仿真(等效为500天观测)的平均scan个数和observation(观测)个数，平均scan个数约958，平均observation个数约10 896。
图3为UT1-UTC平均形式误差和可重复因子，可以看出UT1-UTC解算误差最优约1.387 μs，可重复因子最优约2.26 μs。图4为极移X的解算误差，最优约20.366 μas，可重复因子最优约31.922 μas；图5为极移Y的解算误差，最优约25.109 μas，可重复因子最优约37.508 μas。
2.3　IVS常规观测结算验证
为了验证仿真结果，本文对2019年的R1和R4 session(观测时段)约100次观测数据进行了处理，结果如图6所示。可以看出极移X、Y分量解算的内符合精度约0.044 mas和0.047 mas，UT1-UTC解算精度约3.32 μs。与图2-图4的仿真结果对比，可以看出解算的内符合精度与可重复因子更加接近，仿真精度相对解算结果高约40%，如表1所示，后续可采用顾及恶化效果的可重复因子作为EOP解算精度的评估指标，即预期EOP解算精度=EOP可重复因子×1.4。这与文献[19]的结论一致。
3　深空网单基线UT1-UTC解算仿真及验证
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3.1　测站参数设置
射电望远镜性能通常采用系统等效流量密度(System Equivalent Flux Density，SEFD)来描述，SEFD越小，表示射电源望远镜的灵敏度越高[20]。
其中，DPFU(Degree Per Flux Unit)为单位流量天线温度，k=1.380 650 5×10-23 J/K，为玻尔兹曼常数，η为天线效率，D为天线口径，SU 为单位流量密度，取1 Jy，Tsys为系统噪声温度(包括射电源贡献的天线温度，天线噪声温度，接收机噪声温度等)。
假设η为0.45，系统噪声温度为50 K，则JM、KS的SEFD分别约为92.46、318.89；AG参数与KS基本一致，SEFD可采用相同设置，NM的SEFD约1 205.7。考虑到SEFD计算与实际存在偏差，在仿真中JM、KS、AG和NM的SEFD分别设置为200、500、500和2 000。在实际中，天线的转速、仰角阈值等采取了相同的设置原则，这些因素直接影响仿真结果，可能导致仿真性能与实际存在差别，但仍然具有一定的参考意义。
3.2　单基线UT1-UTC仿真策略
对于加强观测，仅解算UT1-UTC、测站钟差(解算间隔60分钟)和对流层天顶湿延迟(解算间隔30分钟)，其余均设置为先验值。在2.2节的基础上，Sky-coverage、number of observations、duration、idle time均在0-1之间取值，步长0.33，共生成纲要225个。对每个纲要进行500次仿真(等效为500天观测)。
3.3　单基线UT1-UTC仿真结果
图7给出了JM-KS基线225个纲要500次仿真的平均scan个数和observation个数，平均scan个数约21，平均observation个数约21(由于是单基线，scan个数等于observation个数)。
图8为UT1-UTC平均形式误差和可重复因子，可以看出UT1-UTC可重复因子最优约12.86 μs。结合上述仿真及实测数据解算结果，考虑仿真与实际解算间的精度差异(文献结果表明仿真精度约优于实际解算精度40%)，JM-KS基线的UT1-UTC加强观测预期解算精度约为18 μs。
图9给出了NM-AG基线225个纲要500次仿真的平均scan个数和observation个数，平均scan个数约27，平均observation个数约27(由于是单基线，scan个数等于observation个数)。相对JM-KS基线scan个数有所增加，这主要是由于NM天线相对JM转速快的原因。
图10为UT1-UTC蒙特卡罗仿真的平均可重复因子，可以看出UT1-UTC可重复因子最优约15.989 μs。结合上述分析，可估算NM-AG基线UT1-UTC加强观测解算精度约为22.384 6 μs。
3.4　深空网单基线UT1-UTC解算试验验证
考虑到仿真过程中参数设置较为理想，且与系统实际性能可能存在差异，为进一步评估深空网单基线UT1-UTC解算能力和验证仿真结果，利用2017年2月13日中国深空网JM-KS基线的观测数据开展UT1-UTC监测解算试验。此处观测采用X频段，观测时长8小时，总观测scan数132个，观测射电源24个，单通道带宽8 MHz，频率跨度100 MHz，量化位数2 bit。图11、图12给出了观测数据的解算示例。可以看出，射电源观测条纹清晰，野点剔除后的观测量残余在±8 cm范围内随机抖动，精度较高。
分别利用8 h、2 h、1 h观测数据进行UT1-UTC解算，并选择同时间的IVS加强观测数据进行处理比对，在解算过程中，UT1-UTC先验值均设置为537.679 1 ms。解算结果如表2所示。可以看出，深空网8h、2 h、1 h观测数据UT1-UTC解算结果与IVS结果的偏差分别为-0.082 8 ms、0.039 7 ms、0.174 7 ms。解算不确定度(形式误差)在0.02 ms水平，与3.3节仿真结果基本一致。需要指出，JM-KS基线长度约为IVS加强观测的二分之一，约束能力相对较弱。在相关处理过程中降低介质误差影响，提高观测时延测量精度，也可改善UT1-UTC的监测精度。
4　面向UT1-UTC监测的深空网观测构型仿真
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随着我国深空探测任务的增加，JM深空站和KS深空站支持深空测控任务的压力日益增大，开展UT1-UTC例行观测的可能性较低。为了进一步评估深空测控网UT1-UTC的监测性能，在JM、KS的基础上，假设存在三亚测站(SY)与JM、KS构成多站、多基线观测构型。采用3.2节的仿真策略，分别仿真JM-KS、JM-KS-SY、JM-SY和KSSY等4种情况的UT1-UTC监测能力。在3.1节测站参数设置的基础上，SY测站的天线口径假设为18 m，SEFD设置为3 000。仿真结果如表3所示。可以看出，在JM-KS基线的基础上，增加一个测站可明显改善UT1-UTC的监测能力；在JM或KS无法参与观测时，与SY站构成观测基线也能实现UT1-UTC的监测解算。对比发现，JM-SY基线的UT1-UTC仿真解算误差相对JM-KS基线增加约23.79%，这主要是由于SY测站天线口径较小、JM-SY基线东西向分量相对较短等因素引起；KS-SY基线的UT1-UTC仿真解算误差相对明显增加，这主要是由于KS和SY测站天线口均较小，且东西向基线分量相对JM-KS基线较短。
5　结束语
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本文利用VieSked++软件开展了UT1-UTC解算蒙特卡罗仿真分析，并对仿真结果进行了验证。首先对IVS常规观测(R4894)进行了仿真，同时对2019年R1/R4 session约100次观测进行了UT1-UTC解算，仿真结果与解算结果对比表明解算精度与可重复因子更加接近，蒙特卡罗仿真精度相对实测数据的解算精度高约40%，即可采用顾及恶化效果的可重复因子评估系统解算近地。其次，对中国深空网南北半球单基线分别进行了UT1-UTC加强观测(1小时)仿真，其中JM-KS基线、NM-AG基线平均观测scan分别约21个和27个，达到IVS加强观测的基本水平；JM-KS、NM-AG基线仿真解算的UT1-UTC可重复因子最优分别约12.86 μs和15.989 μs，考虑仿真精度与实际解算精度间的差异，预计实际解算精度分别可达到约18 μs和22.4 μs。进一步，利用中国深空网JM-KS基线UT1-UTC观测数据进行处理验证。最后，开展了深空网多站、多基线UT1-UTC监测仿真。假如增加一个SY测站，JM-KS-SY三站的UT1-UTC监测能力明显提升，当JM或KS测站与SY站组成观测基线时，UT1-UTC解算误差有所增加，但必要时可开展UT1-UTC监测解算。本文结果有效评估了基于中国深空网单基线开展UT1-UTC监测解算的能力，为后续系统建设、UT1-UTC解算能力评估等提供了参考。
基金
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  • 航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室基金(KGJ6142210210201)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240509001
  • 接收时间：2024-05-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-09
  • 修回日期：2024-11-14
基金
航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室基金(KGJ6142210210201)
作者信息
    1航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室　北京　100094
    2北京航天飞行控制中心　北京　100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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