Article(id=1241381051520569479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241381046445470068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20230922002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=1696867200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773897906427, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1705248000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897906427, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897906427, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897906427, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241381046445470068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773897905217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773903111898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241402884936495824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241381046445470068, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241402884936495825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241381046445470068, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241381051801587850, articleId=1241381051520569479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Phased Array Calibration Based on Near-field Measurement, columnId=1239158372570821431, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Surveys and Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phased array calibration is crucial to ensure accurate array beam direction and radiation pattern. The calibration method can be divided into farfield calibration and near-field calibration according to the measurement distance. With the development trend of largescale array antennas, it is increasingly difficult for the anechoic chambers to meet the far-field requirements of array antennas. The applicability of far-field calibration methods gradually weakens, while the demand for nearfield calibration methods gradually increases. This article combs traditional near-field calibration methods and discusses the latest near-field calibration methods. The principles and features of different calibration methods are analyzed and compared, and finally an outlook for future development directions is proposed.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuanhua TANG, Zhengpeng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241381054125232340, articleId=1241381051520569479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=CN, title=基于近场测量的阵列天线校准, columnId=1239158373229327195, journalTitle=遥测遥控, columnName=综述与评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阵列天线校准是精确控制阵列波束方向和辐射方向图的前提。本文依据测量距离将阵列天线校准方法分为远场校准法和近场校准法两类。随着阵列天线大型化的发展趋势,微波暗室的尺寸越来越难达到阵列天线远场的要求,远场校准法的适用性逐渐减弱,对近场校准法的需求逐渐增加。本文梳理了过往的经典近场校准方法,并对近场校准方法的最新进展进行论述,对不同校准方法的原理做了详细分析和对比,最后给出未来校准研究的发展方向。

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唐元华 1999年生,博士研究生。

王正鹏 1981年生,博士,副教授。

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唐元华 1999年生,博士研究生。

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王正鹏 1981年生,博士,副教授。

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王正鹏 1981年生,博士,副教授。

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articleId=1241381051520569479, language=CN, label=图9, caption=外插法[19], figureFileSmall=GLZ9vyLqo5L5logeplvRIQ==, figureFileBig=UsKCYtD5DuIRmeSZBSbxJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553970144136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381051520569479, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=A photo of the measurement setup[19], figureFileSmall=A/VuSPZVsQDElkojqd03BA==, figureFileBig=KiehRsUwv0v0jnJfuahDXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396554087584653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381051520569479, language=CN, label=图10, caption=校准测量实验[19], figureFileSmall=A/VuSPZVsQDElkojqd03BA==, figureFileBig=KiehRsUwv0v0jnJfuahDXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396554163082129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381051520569479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The comparison of near-filed calibration methods

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校准方法校准原理复杂性校准效率校准精度
换相法矩阵方程较高同时测量所有
单元
依赖传输矩
阵精度
近场扫描法近远场变换逐个单元测量
旋转矢量法非线性方程较低逐个单元测量
互耦法耦合对称性逐个单元测量依赖基准单
元选取
内插法单元场拟合同时测量所有
单元
较高
外插法单元场拟合逐个单元测量较高
), ArticleFig(id=1241396554272134035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381051520569479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

近场校准方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校准方法校准原理复杂性校准效率校准精度
换相法矩阵方程较高同时测量所有
单元
依赖传输矩
阵精度
近场扫描法近远场变换逐个单元测量
旋转矢量法非线性方程较低逐个单元测量
互耦法耦合对称性逐个单元测量依赖基准单
元选取
内插法单元场拟合同时测量所有
单元
较高
外插法单元场拟合逐个单元测量较高
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基于近场测量的阵列天线校准
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遥测遥控 | 综述与评论 2024,45(1): 12-17
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遥测遥控 | 综述与评论 2024, 45(1): 12-17
基于近场测量的阵列天线校准
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唐元华, 王正鹏
作者信息
  • 北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院 北京 100191
  • 唐元华 1999年生,博士研究生。

    王正鹏 1981年生,博士,副教授。

Phased Array Calibration Based on Near-field Measurement
Yuanhua TANG, Zhengpeng WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230922002
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阵列天线校准是精确控制阵列波束方向和辐射方向图的前提。本文依据测量距离将阵列天线校准方法分为远场校准法和近场校准法两类。随着阵列天线大型化的发展趋势,微波暗室的尺寸越来越难达到阵列天线远场的要求,远场校准法的适用性逐渐减弱,对近场校准法的需求逐渐增加。本文梳理了过往的经典近场校准方法,并对近场校准方法的最新进展进行论述,对不同校准方法的原理做了详细分析和对比,最后给出未来校准研究的发展方向。

阵列天线  /  校准  /  近场测量

Phased array calibration is crucial to ensure accurate array beam direction and radiation pattern. The calibration method can be divided into farfield calibration and near-field calibration according to the measurement distance. With the development trend of largescale array antennas, it is increasingly difficult for the anechoic chambers to meet the far-field requirements of array antennas. The applicability of far-field calibration methods gradually weakens, while the demand for nearfield calibration methods gradually increases. This article combs traditional near-field calibration methods and discusses the latest near-field calibration methods. The principles and features of different calibration methods are analyzed and compared, and finally an outlook for future development directions is proposed.

Phased array  /  Calibration  /  Near-field measurement
唐元华, 王正鹏. 基于近场测量的阵列天线校准. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (1) : 12 -17 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230922002
Yuanhua TANG, Zhengpeng WANG. Phased Array Calibration Based on Near-field Measurement[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (1) : 12 -17 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230922002
相控阵通过控制馈电相位来控制阵列波束方向和辐射方向图,由于其具有波束扫描速度快的特点而被广泛应用于5G通信、雷达中。然而,由于制造误差、装配误差、环境变化等因素的存在,每个阵列单元的辐射信号将受其影响并产生一定的幅度何相位误差,这限制了理想辐射特性的形成。因此,必须对相控阵天线进行校准,通过测量计算引入的幅度、相位误差(即初始激励),最后通过调控馈电链路的幅度相位来消除相控阵的初始激励。
根据校准测量时的测量距离,可将阵列天线校准划分为远场校准和近场校准两类。远场校准中,开关法[1]仅需测试阵列天线单元正前方的信号即可完成校准,但是在近场范围探头和阵列单元之间的位置误差会引起校准误差;换相法[2-7]在不同相位配置情况下同时测量阵列所有单元,利用收发信号之间的线性关系建立矩阵方程,通过构造各种类型的小条件数的相位配置矩阵求解线性方程实现校准。换相法在近场条件下也能使用,但是受限于格林函数的假设,而无法得到高精度的传输矩阵,校准精度还有待进一步提升。
近场校准方法中,不同于换相法同时测量所有阵列单元,以下的几种校准方法都采用逐一测量各个阵列单元的方式。近场扫描法[8-11]基于平面波谱理论将近远场直接联系起来,通过近场扫描的方法计算远场方向图,并回溯口面场,得到馈电的幅度相位。间接的方法可以借助平面波生成器[12]、紧缩场[13]在近场范围生成高质量的平面波进行校准测量。旋转矢量法[14-16]基于叠加原理,通过旋转阵列单元相位并测量接收到的功率信号构造非线性方程,通过求解非线性方程得到阵列单元的初始激励。互耦法[17] 在单元辐射方向图和信号传输路径都对称的前提下,基于单元间的耦合关系实现校准。新的近场校准方法中,内插法和外插法对各个阵列单元的场分布补偿后,使用曲线拟合并分别通过内插和外插得到阵列单元正前方的信号,并计算阵列单元的初始激励。
图1所示,近场校准方法中仅适用于近场条件的有近场扫描法、互耦法、内插法和外插法,近场和远场都适用的有换相法和旋转矢量法。其中换相法和内插法同时测量所有单元,而其余方法均采用逐一测量阵列单元的方式。旋转矢量法是唯一的无相位方法,即仅需测量功率信号,而其余方法均需要测量信号的相位信息。
换相法通过多次配置各个阵列单元的相位,并测量阵列天线在不同的相位配置情况下的接收信号,根据相位配置矩阵和接收信号构造线性方程组,最后求解线性方程组得到阵列单元的初始激励。1992年,K. M. Lee提出通过移相器配置阵列单元相位,然后在接收端测量得到合成信号。将移相值和测量值构造线性方程组并求解得到该单元的初始激励[2]。2008年,尚军平提出使用循环位移码、沃尔什函数进行移相器的位移配置编码方法解决系数矩阵不满秩的问题,并给出了其在相控阵校准中的仿真情况和误差分析[3]。2017年,隆锐从微波网络理论出发将收发端信号以矩阵方程的形式表述,并提出了一种生成不同维度小条件数矩阵的递归方法[4]。隆锐在中文献[5]进一步完善了误差扰动理论推导和矩阵条件数的应用分析[5],提出的校准方法如图2所示。基于该方法,张逢春研究了哈达玛矩阵第一行全为1的误差积累问题[6],并且在文献[7]中提出了一种通过波束扫描测量的相控阵校准方法。
换相法同时对阵列所有单元进行校准测量,因此具有校准速度快的优点。但是构造的矩阵方程往往是欠定方程,需要补充先验条件以构造小条件数低且满秩的系数矩阵以保证求解精度。随着测试条件从远场到近场,近场条件下基于格林函数得到的传输矩阵将为近场校准引入一部分误差。
近场扫描法基于平面波谱理论以实现近远场变换,首先通过近场扫描得到阵列天线近场分布,进而根据近场分布推算远场方向图,最后回溯到口面场并得到初始激励。该方法的发展经历了从计算精度不足仅能实现诊断到进一步完善实现精确校准的过程。1988年,J J LEE在近场扫描的基础上计算待测天线方向图并重建口面场实现了对待测天线的诊断。他在算法中引入了快速傅里叶变换(FFT)实现天线方向图的反演,并在反演过程中进行探头补偿、互耦补偿来提高计算精度[8]。近场扫描法的原理示意图如图3所示。2012年,SAYERS在校准过程中考虑了边界效应以及互耦效应的影响,提高了校准精度[9]。近场扫描法校准精度高,但是平面波谱的求解精度依赖足够大的扫描范围和足够小的扫描间距,因此要求高精度的扫描系统。另外,还需要一定的先验信息以对平面波谱进行探头补偿、互耦补偿等操作[10,11]。因此,近场扫描法具有校准精度高、测试成本高、测试效率低的特点。
除了基于近场远场变换的近场扫描,还可以在阵列天线近场范围实现远场条件,即在阵列天线近场生成静区。用生成的高质量的平面波照射待测天线完成校准,其原理和开关法一致,通常用于生成静区的设备有平面波生成器[12]和紧缩场[13],如图4所示。由于平面波的质量将直接影响校准精度,因此平面波生成器和紧缩场均需要复杂且精细的设计以保证生成高质量的平面波。
旋转矢量法通过逐一旋转单个阵列单元的相位并依次测量各个阵列单元辐射的合成功率信号,基于叠加原理构建非线性方程,最后通过求解非线性方程得到阵列天线的初始激励,该校准方法经历了从远场发展到近场的过程。1982年,学者S. Mano和T. Katagi提出了远场条件下的旋转电矢量法,通过逐一从0°~360°旋转阵列单元的馈电相位,旋转单元电场在矢量叠加过程中的轨迹为一个圆,而合成场的功率的变化轨迹为一个正弦曲线,如图5所示。通过曲线拟合去除部分干扰的影响,并计算该旋转单元的初始幅度和相对相位[14]。1996年,Kenichi Haryu将旋转矢量法发展到阵列天线的近场[15],采用探头阵列进行功率测量获得相位信息,并对测试探头与阵列单元之间因视角不同造成的幅度相位差异进行补偿。2001年,SORACE提出了改进的N通道快速测量算法[16],校准测量中仅需要0°、90°、180°三种测试状态,大幅减少了测试时间。
AUMANN H M于1989年提出互耦校准法[17],其原理示意图如图6所示。校准测量时增加内置的校准测试源,校准测试源发射信号而附近的阵列单元接收,根据各个阵列单元的接收信号计算各个阵列单元的初始激励,文中还讨论了三角形栅格的一般方法。然而,互耦校准法要求阵列单元位置分布均匀,各个阵列单元保证一致性和单元辐射方向图保证对称性。校准测量时需要一个单元发射信号的同时,其余单元接收信号,因此需要彼此独立的收发网络。
以线阵为研究对象的近场校准有新的研究进展。“内插法[18]基于换相法原理,通过探头同时测量所有阵列单元,去除探头辐射方向图和自由空间传输函数的影响后,求解线性方程并通过插值的方法得到阵列单元正前方的信号,最后对比各个阵列单元正前方的信号计算初始激励。”内插法的原理示意图如图7所示。校准测量[18]在阵列天线近场、阵列单元远场范围进行,校准测量示意图如图8所示。其中AUT(Antenna Under Test,待测天线)为14个均匀分布的开口波导组成的线阵,实验中设置了两组探头进行校准测量,分为选取了开口波导在0.5 m处测量和标准增益喇叭天线在1 m处测量。
文献[18]中进一步讨论了多探头装置的设置问题,并给出了最少的探头数的计算公式。探头覆盖的范围和阵列单元构成的最大角度为θmax,文中推荐θmax为半功率波束宽度(Ω3 dB的一半,并由此计算出最少的探头数Mmin,如式(1)所示。
为了保证内插而避免外插,探头覆盖的范围需要包含每个阵列单元,因此多探头装置的覆盖区域需要大于或等于阵列天线口径。
内插校准法需要探头的覆盖范围大于或等于阵列天线口径,对于大口径的阵列天线而言,探头需要覆盖如此大的范围将会增加经济和时间成本。为了进一步减小探头的覆盖范围,文献[19]中提出了外插法。同样的,校准测量需要探头逐一测得各个阵列单元的场分布,然而探头测量的范围仅需要阵列天线口径的一半。对测量信号进行探头补偿和自由空间传输函数的补偿后,使用最小二乘法用二次曲线拟合幅度和相位曲线,并依据二次曲线公式外插出阵列单元正前方的信号,最后通过对比正前方的信号计算出初始激励。外插法原理示意图如图9所示。校准测量实验示意图如图10所示,校准测量中AUT为23个Vivaldi天线组成的均匀线阵,其阵列口径为2.6 m,探头选取的是双脊喇叭天线,测量距离为1.55 m。
不同于内插法,外插法采用单个探头扫描测量。文献[19]中进一步讨论了探头空间位置的设置问题,即测试距离R和探头扫描范围大小L。为保证外插拟合的精度,需要保证探头扫描范围在每个阵列单元的半功率波束宽度(HPBW)内,超出HPBW的部分将会带来外插的误差引起校准误差。文中对于探头扫描点数对校准精度的影响做了进一步的仿真分析,在满足探头和阵列天线之间的空间位置关系满足HPBW以内的条件下,探头采样点最少需要5个才能保证外插精度。
本文首先回顾了经典的近场校准方法,包括换相法、近场扫描法、旋转矢量法、互耦法。换相法通过置入相位矩阵同时测量所有阵列单元,通过求解线性方程实现校准。近场扫描法,旋转矢量法,互耦法都采取了逐一测量阵列单元的校准测量方法,近场扫描法和互耦法需要测量相位信息,而旋转矢量法仅需要测量功率。三种方法依据不同的校准原理上,近场扫描法基于近远场变换,旋转矢量法通过旋转单元相位建立非线性方程,互耦法则利用了单元间耦合的对称性。本文继而对新的内插法和外插法的原理做了分析,两种方法都利用了阵列单元场分布的特点,基于自由空间传输函数对单元场补偿后进行曲线拟合,分别通过内插和外插实现校准,最后讨论了各自的限制条件。以上几种近场校准方法的对比如表1所示。
然而,本文中提及的校准方法都是基于点频的并不适用于宽带的情景。目前对于宽带校准的研究尚少,现有文献[20]中针对有源相控阵的宽带校准方法的适用范围非常窄。随着超宽带天线的兴起,基于时域信号上的宽带校准研究将会是未来的热点。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2902403)
  • 自然科学基金(62371023)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230922002
  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
  • 修回日期:2023-10-10
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2902403)
自然科学基金(62371023)
作者信息
    北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院 北京 100191
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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