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TT&C communication link of sun pointing satellite in sun-synchronous orbit is easy to be interrupted due to the gain pattern interference area of the satellite’s TT&C antennas which are placed in traditional way. In order to reduce this kind of communication link interruption, the antennas’ placement on the satellite should be optimized by taking advantage of the characteristic that the orbital plane of the sun-synchronous orbit and the solar vector maintain a relatively fixed. In this paper, the concrete realization process of TT&C antennas’ placement for sun pointing satellite in sun-synchronous orbit is given through a simulation example, and the recommended installation angle of the TT&C antennas for sun pointing satellites in different sun-synchronous orbit are also provided as a reference.

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对日定向姿态卫星在轨没有固定指向地球的一侧,若采用在卫星对天面和对地面反向对称各安装一副测控天线以实现准全向覆盖的传统布局设计,在测控弧段中地面站方位跨越测控天线组合方向图干涉区的过程中,测控链路极易受到该区域天线增益的剧烈波动而出现链路中断,从而对测控任务产生较大影响。太阳同步轨道具有轨道平面和太阳矢量保持相对固定夹角的特性,若运行于太阳同步轨道的卫星采用对日定向姿态,则可利用该轨道特性,结合我国地面站主要位于北半球的特点,通过优化测控天线在星上的布局,减少测控天线干涉区对测控链路的影响。通过仿真分析给出该设计的具体实现过程,并给出不同轨道高度和降交点地方时对应的测控天线推荐安装角度,可为运行在太阳同步轨道上的对日定向姿态卫星提供测控天线布局参考。

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张嘉伟 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

夏俊 1988年生,硕士,工程师。

孙允恒 1992年生,硕士,工程师。

朱昶文 1993年生,硕士,工程师。

秦莉 1990年生,硕士,工程师。

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张嘉伟 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

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秦莉 1990年生,硕士,工程师。

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241396550430159343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The measured combined gain pattern of TT&C antennas on a low-orbit satellite, figureFileSmall=t12mnSWcdkJnSzSpD8mB5w==, figureFileBig=3MfwNzyL5HrG6+1Wb3TX4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396550518239731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图1, caption=某低轨卫星的测控天线实测组合方向图, figureFileSmall=t12mnSWcdkJnSzSpD8mB5w==, figureFileBig=3MfwNzyL5HrG6+1Wb3TX4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396550652457465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Received power telemetry curve of a sun pointing satellite’s transponder in TT&C arc section, figureFileSmall=yoyeMAKWXlHMRTWrlCVEaQ==, figureFileBig=ct2FHi05BaVQj4YM/bpx8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396550753120767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图2, caption=某在轨对日定向姿态卫星在某测控弧段内应答机接收功率遥测曲线, figureFileSmall=yoyeMAKWXlHMRTWrlCVEaQ==, figureFileBig=ct2FHi05BaVQj4YM/bpx8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396550853784067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Simulation result of the communicable TT&C arc section, figureFileSmall=M5AkvqTjOPGiZs5y6b01ow==, figureFileBig=oftkw4ATzGopvmeYiJbPhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396550954447368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图3, caption=卫星可通信测控弧段仿真结果, figureFileSmall=M5AkvqTjOPGiZs5y6b01ow==, figureFileBig=oftkw4ATzGopvmeYiJbPhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551038333455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Sketch of sun a pointing satellite’s body coordinate system, figureFileSmall=fT5UcbnHeSNWjU98tWbe1Q==, figureFileBig=FP/t3byL45auRW9Fwbm/ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551143191065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图4, caption=对日定向卫星本体坐标系示意图, figureFileSmall=fT5UcbnHeSNWjU98tWbe1Q==, figureFileBig=FP/t3byL45auRW9Fwbm/ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551235465758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Angles of sat-earth vector in observation arc of the three TT&C station around summer solstice, autumnal equinox and winter solstice, figureFileSmall=r5H3sgbo3lVSWQ1IcMVSeQ==, figureFileBig=M/MD3GbNXpCry/Jd8xAlDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551319351843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图5, caption=夏至、秋分和冬至前后卫星对三个地面站可见弧段内星地矢量的角度值分布, figureFileSmall=r5H3sgbo3lVSWQ1IcMVSeQ==, figureFileBig=M/MD3GbNXpCry/Jd8xAlDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551407432234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=θ and φ distribution of sat-earth vector in day and night observation arc of TT&C stations, figureFileSmall=aFn0QjFHrTF8W3TDRy5qbw==, figureFileBig=Xr43ZAabtKMfIzxgE4NTpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551533261364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图6, caption=白天和夜间地面站可见测控弧段星地矢量θ角和φ角分布图, figureFileSmall=aFn0QjFHrTF8W3TDRy5qbw==, figureFileBig=Xr43ZAabtKMfIzxgE4NTpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551629730363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Diagram of TT&C antennas’ pointing angle, figureFileSmall=Wu4lJs0fY4w4hXoyEWxwgw==, figureFileBig=/a+/n810+n4YJUa+RT5jlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551713616450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图7, caption=测控天线指向示意图, figureFileSmall=Wu4lJs0fY4w4hXoyEWxwgw==, figureFileBig=/a+/n810+n4YJUa+RT5jlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551835251267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Simulation result of the communicable TT&C arc section after the optimization of antennas, figureFileSmall=yCA44LQ7gbwoivF/kRXQNQ==, figureFileBig=PPn3L8o3ITBVGbFU6yFZ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553328423497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图8, caption=天线布局角优化后的卫星可通信弧段仿真结果, figureFileSmall=yCA44LQ7gbwoivF/kRXQNQ==, figureFileBig=PPn3L8o3ITBVGbFU6yFZ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553454252625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Comparison of simulation results of communication arcs of satellites with different orbital altitudes, figureFileSmall=gaHLuxQOeCbxiXEM2nZVlw==, figureFileBig=k9powt32U7GH55vbMGWTDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553580081753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同轨道高度卫星可通信弧段仿真结果对比, figureFileSmall=gaHLuxQOeCbxiXEM2nZVlw==, figureFileBig=k9powt32U7GH55vbMGWTDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553705910879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Recommended installation angle of TT&C antennas for satellite in solar synchronous orbit with different landing points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降交点地方时天线1
θ/(°)
天线1
φ/(°)
天线2
θ/(°)
天线2
φ/(°)
0∶00741467436
2∶003413513035
4∶003311213655
6∶0049012280
8∶003456145112
10∶004845140135
12∶00943686144
14∶001274760133
16∶001366833125
18∶0012290490
20∶001501163466
22∶001401354845
), ArticleFig(id=1241396553806574181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047611486587, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同降交点地方时太阳同步轨道测控天线推荐安装角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降交点地方时天线1
θ/(°)
天线1
φ/(°)
天线2
θ/(°)
天线2
φ/(°)
0∶00741467436
2∶003413513035
4∶003311213655
6∶0049012280
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太阳同步对日定向卫星的测控天线布局设计
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张嘉伟 , 夏俊 , 孙允恒 , 朱昶文 , 秦莉
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(1): 82-90
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(1): 82-90
太阳同步对日定向卫星的测控天线布局设计
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张嘉伟, 夏俊, 孙允恒, 朱昶文, 秦莉
作者信息
  • 上海卫星工程研究所 上海 201109
  • 张嘉伟 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

    夏俊 1988年生,硕士,工程师。

    孙允恒 1992年生,硕士,工程师。

    朱昶文 1993年生,硕士,工程师。

    秦莉 1990年生,硕士,工程师。

TT&C Antenna Placement of Sun-Pointing Satellite in Sun-Synchronous Orbit
Jiawei ZHANG, Jun XIA, Yunheng SUN, Changwen ZHU, Li QIN
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Research Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China
出版时间: 2024-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231007001
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对日定向姿态卫星在轨没有固定指向地球的一侧,若采用在卫星对天面和对地面反向对称各安装一副测控天线以实现准全向覆盖的传统布局设计,在测控弧段中地面站方位跨越测控天线组合方向图干涉区的过程中,测控链路极易受到该区域天线增益的剧烈波动而出现链路中断,从而对测控任务产生较大影响。太阳同步轨道具有轨道平面和太阳矢量保持相对固定夹角的特性,若运行于太阳同步轨道的卫星采用对日定向姿态,则可利用该轨道特性,结合我国地面站主要位于北半球的特点,通过优化测控天线在星上的布局,减少测控天线干涉区对测控链路的影响。通过仿真分析给出该设计的具体实现过程,并给出不同轨道高度和降交点地方时对应的测控天线推荐安装角度,可为运行在太阳同步轨道上的对日定向姿态卫星提供测控天线布局参考。

对日定向  /  太阳同步  /  测控天线  /  布局

TT&C communication link of sun pointing satellite in sun-synchronous orbit is easy to be interrupted due to the gain pattern interference area of the satellite’s TT&C antennas which are placed in traditional way. In order to reduce this kind of communication link interruption, the antennas’ placement on the satellite should be optimized by taking advantage of the characteristic that the orbital plane of the sun-synchronous orbit and the solar vector maintain a relatively fixed. In this paper, the concrete realization process of TT&C antennas’ placement for sun pointing satellite in sun-synchronous orbit is given through a simulation example, and the recommended installation angle of the TT&C antennas for sun pointing satellites in different sun-synchronous orbit are also provided as a reference.

Sun pointing  /  Sun-synchronous  /  TT&C antenna  /  Placement
张嘉伟, 夏俊, 孙允恒, 朱昶文, 秦莉. 太阳同步对日定向卫星的测控天线布局设计. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (1) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231007001
Jiawei ZHANG, Jun XIA, Yunheng SUN, Changwen ZHU, Li QIN. TT&C Antenna Placement of Sun-Pointing Satellite in Sun-Synchronous Orbit[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (1) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231007001
太阳同步轨道平面和太阳矢量之间的夹角保持相对固定,运行在该轨道上的卫星降交点地方时基本保持不变,卫星每天可在相同的光照条件下对地面目标进行观测,因此太阳同步轨道是光学遥感卫星较多采用的轨道类型[1-3]。近年来,越来越多的光学遥感卫星采用太阳电池阵固定安装的方式,在非成像时稳态对日定向获取能源,在成像时姿态机动使载荷相机指向地面成像区域。采用该设计,一方面是由于条带拼接、多点成像、立体成像等需求需要卫星具备敏捷机动能力,而太阳电池阵固定安装可使整星惯量较小,且电池阵的基频较高,对姿态控制的挠性较小,有利于卫星快速姿态机动和稳定[4,5];另一方面,采用太阳电池阵固定安装方式无需长期活动部件,具有可靠性高、成本低的优点。
对于在轨为三轴稳定对地姿态的卫星,理论上仅需在卫星对地面安装一副辐射中心指向卫星+Z轴(卫星质心指向地心)方向的宽波束测控天线,即可满足正常在轨状态的对地测控需求。但对于在轨为对日定向姿态的卫星,由于其没有固定面向地球的一侧,如何设计测控天线在卫星上的安装位置和安装角度,能够保证卫星测控有较好的覆盖度和稳定度,成为值得研究的课题。在低轨卫星测控天线布局的现有研究中,无论是文献[6]和文献[7]所提出的实现对地准全向覆盖的测控天线布局设计,还是文献[8]和文献[9]所讨论的太阳同步轨道卫星中继测控天线覆盖性,都是建立在卫星本体坐标系的+Z轴指向地心的基础之上,对于对日定向姿态的低轨卫星不具有较好的参考意义。文献[10]提出了一种将卫星对地面天线和背地面天线分别接入采用不同扩频码的独立应答机以实现测控天线的全向覆盖方法,这种做法虽然因为避免了天线组合方向图干涉区的影响而可适用于对日定向姿态卫星,但一方面降低了测控链路的可靠度,另一方面地面测控站需要实时配置两条链路才能正常执行任务,实际应用价值不高。
对于在轨为三轴稳定对地姿态的低轨卫星,上文提到理论上仅需在卫星对地面安装一副宽波束测控天线即可满足正常在轨状态的对地测控。例如,对于运行在400 km高度的圆轨道上的三轴稳定对地姿态卫星,地面站仅会出现在卫星本体坐标系+Z轴(卫星质心指向地心)±70°范围内,故仅需要在卫星对地面安装一副指向+Z轴并在±70°波束范围内增益满足链路需求的测控天线即可满足在轨测控需求。但考虑到发射阶段和姿态异常等特殊情况,一般会在卫星对天面和对地面反向对称各安装一副宽波束测控天线,并通过功分网络与应答机射频收发口连接,从而实现测控信号准全向覆盖[11-13]
这种设计下,若卫星对天面和对地面天线使用同一款天线,则在与卫星+Z轴(卫星质心指向地心)夹角约90°附近,对天面和对地面测控天线组成的合成增益方向图会产生干涉区[14]。这一方面是因为两副天线在天线离轴90°处增益下降,另一方面则是对称反向安装的两副天线在该角度辐射的电磁波幅度相近而相位相反产生抵消。干涉区域内天线组的合成增益不仅数值较小,而且随角度变化增益波动剧烈,故当地面站的方位位于天线方向图的干涉区内时,星地测控链路有可能出现中断情况。
为了保证三轴稳定对地姿态的低轨卫星星地测控链路稳定,文献[8]和文献[9]给出的设计思路是卫星对地面使用波束更宽但增益相对较小的测控天线,卫星对天面使用增益更高但波束相对较窄的测控天线,同时搭配以不等比例功分器,给对地面天线分配以较大功率、对天面天线分配以较小功率。这样可使组合方向图的干涉区向卫星对天一侧移动,保证卫星对地一侧的天线方向图能够在更宽角度上实现增益稳定。这种测控天线的布局设计已成为低轨卫星的常用设计,某采用该布局设计的低轨卫星在整星环境下实测的对天面和对地面测控天线组合方向图如图1所示。由图可见,增益随角度波动剧烈的天线方向图干涉区偏向卫星对天一侧,保证了卫星对地一侧整个半球空间内组合增益相对稳定。
在轨为对日定向姿态的卫星并没有固定面向地球的一侧,若按照传统思路布局测控天线,地面站相对卫星的方位必定会从卫星一侧天线的波束范围内移动至另一侧天线的波束范围内,这样无法规避天线干涉区的影响。某在轨为对日定向姿态的低轨卫星在其-Z面(对日面)和+Z面(背日面)各安装一副测控天线组成准全向覆盖,其某一测控弧段的应答机接收功率遥测曲线如图2所示。该曲线直观地反映了该测控弧段内地面站方位从卫星一侧的测控天线波束转移到另一侧测控天线波束的过程。在地面站方位扫过两天线波束交界处的干涉区时,由于组合天线增益随角度变化剧烈波动引起了卫星应答机接收功率的大幅度跳变,同一时段地面接收卫星下传的遥测信号也会出现功率波动,该过程中极易出现上下行通信链路闪断。
对日定向卫星的历次测控弧段出现地面站方位扫过天线干涉区的概率也是需要关注的一个重要方面。假设某卫星为对日定向姿态,并运行在600 km高度太阳同步轨道上,其±Z面两测控天线的合成方向图干涉区位于与卫星+Z轴夹角处于80°~100°的区域。在仿真软件中设置地面站位于卫星方向图干涉区时测控弧段不可用,在仿真时长设置足够的情况下,仿真得到的卫星与某地面站可通信弧段如图3所示。图中实线为卫星与地面站可通信弧段的星下点轨迹,卫星的星下点进入虚线圈内时表明卫星与地面站几何可见。由图可见,除极个别仰角低、时间短的边缘弧段外,几乎所有可通信弧段均不连续,这表示这些弧段都出现了地面站方位扫过天线干涉区的情况。此外,相当一部分中断出现在弧段中间位置,这对测控任务的顺利执行尤为不利。
综上分析可知,传统的在卫星±Z面反向对称安装测控天线组成准全向覆盖的布局方式,不适合对日定向姿态的低轨卫星。
太阳同步轨道卫星的轨道平面绕地球极轴运动的角速度等于地球绕太阳公转的平均角速度。这种轨道的平面与地球-太阳矢量之间的夹角可以保持不变,这使得太阳同步轨道卫星的降交点地方时基本保持不变,星下点每次经过相同地点的地方时也相同。
低轨卫星对某一地面站几何可见的时段并不是均匀分布的,而是集中在一段时间连续几何可见后,在下一次可见前会有较长间隔时间。上一段所述太阳同步轨道的特征带来的好处是,该轨道上的卫星对某地面站可见时间段在一天之中较为固定,这样可见时间段内太阳相对于卫星的角度在东西方向上的变化范围也就相对较小。此外,由于我国地面测控站集中在北纬18°至北纬47°之间,而一年之中太阳直射点仅在南北回归线之间约46.5°的纬度范围内变动,因此在卫星对我国地面站可见时间段内,太阳相对于卫星的角度在南北方向上变化也不大。在两个正交维度上,卫星与我国地面站可见期间太阳相对于卫星的角度变化范围都相对较小且确定,同时测控天线普遍波束范围较宽,可以覆盖较大角度,因此对于太阳同步轨道上的对日定向卫星,通过优化天线布局减小天线干涉区对测控任务的影响是具有可行性的。
上面提到天线布局优化可行的前提是太阳相对卫星的角度在卫星对地面站可见时段内角度变化范围相对较小且确定,故要进行深入分析,首先要确定卫星本体坐标系以及地面站的具体位置。
可以确定的是,对日定向姿态的卫星本体坐标系Z轴是平行于太阳指向地心矢量的。而对于卫星本体坐标系的X轴或Y轴的方向,不同卫星可能有不同的定义,但必然将太阳黄道面作为参照。此处为分析方便,选定卫星Y轴平行于太阳黄道面的负法向,这也是对日定向卫星常采用的对日基准坐标系之一[15],卫星X轴方向则按照右手法则确定。上述卫星本体坐标系的示意图如图4所示。我国地面测控站基本位于佳木斯站以西和以南、喀什站以东和三亚站以北的东经75°~131°、北纬18°~47°范围内,因此分析工作可以通过卫星对这三个站的通信可见情况展开。
测控天线布局的优化设计至少要兼顾到卫星与佳木斯、喀什和三亚三个不同方位地面站的通信可见性,因此分析方法不能与某一个地面站具有过高的关联性。传统三轴稳定对地姿态卫星的测控天线布局方法提供了一个重要参考,即对于该姿态卫星,由于其+Z轴指向地心,仅需在卫星对地面安装一副波束中心平行于+Z轴的宽波束测控天线,则其对地面站的通信可见性并不受地面站具体位置的限制。因此,对于对日定向姿态卫星,可以获取卫星与佳木斯、喀什和三亚站几何可见弧段内卫星指向地心矢量相对卫星本体坐标系的角度,然后可根据其角度范围确定测控天线的最佳布局方位。
由上述可行性分析可知,对于太阳同步轨道上的对日定向姿态卫星而言,其与我国地面测控站几何可见弧段内指向地心矢量的角度应该是在几个相对集中的范围之内。当然,由于空间中同一位置在不同时间点太阳的方位角不同,需要考虑分析时段的设置。由于太阳同步轨道的特性决定了卫星每天与地面站可见时段相对固定,且一年中太阳直射点仅在南北回归线之间变动,因此分析时段无需太长,只对夏至日、春分日或秋分日以及冬至日附近时段进行分析,可在不影响结果的前提下极大减少工作量。
选取高度为600 km、降交点地方时为12∶00∶00的太阳同步轨道作为输入,通过仿真获得卫星与佳木斯、喀什和三亚站几何可见弧段内卫星指向地心矢量(下文简称星地矢量)在卫星本体坐标系中的θ角和φ角。其中,θ角定义为星地矢量在卫星本体坐标系XOY平面上投影矢量与+X轴的夹角,向+Y侧为正值;φ角定义为星地矢量与+Z轴的夹角,范围0°~180°。
分别选择夏至日、秋分日和冬至日前后共8日分别对佳木斯、喀什和三亚三个地面站进行可见性仿真,该仿真时长可覆盖卫星长期运行过程中对地面站可见时的所有方位及俯仰角度。考虑到最高仰角过低的弧段持续时间很短,地面站一般不会执行测控任务,将仿真结果中卫星相对地面站最高仰角不超过10°的弧段剔除。最终获得的三个时段卫星对三个地面站可见弧段中星地矢量的角度值如图5所示,其中横坐标为θ角,纵坐标为φ角,每个数据点为可见弧段中整分钟时刻的角度值。从图中可以得到以下几个特征:
① 短时间内历次可见弧段中卫星星地矢量的角度值变化范围重合性较好;
② 对于所有地面站的可见弧段内,φ角的变化范围在90°以下和以上存在两个集中区间,其中大于90°的区间弧段时间均在夜间,小于90°的区间弧段时间均在白天;
③ 同一季节,对于纬度越低的地面站,θ角的变化范围越大,同时φ角小于90°的区间整体值更小、大于90°的区间整体更大,而地面站的经度值不同对两个角度的影响则不明显;
④ 随着季节变化,对于同一地面站可见弧段,θ角和φ角的变化区均会在一定范围内移动,但移动幅度都不大,其中θ角在秋分时变化相对最小,冬至和夏至时相对最大;φ角的变化则是按夏至-秋分-冬至顺序依次增大。
上述特征中,第一和第二特征点是太阳同步轨道特性带来的,即由于轨道平面与地球-太阳矢量之间的夹角保持不变,短期内卫星每次过境某固定区域时星地矢量在卫星坐标系内的角度相对固定。同时,由于卫星-Z坐标轴指向太阳,白天和夜间卫星过境时,地心在卫星坐标系中分别位于+Z半球和-Z半球区域内,因此白天与夜间弧段星地矢量的φ角界限分明。
上述第三点特征中θ角的变化特征是由于卫星运行至低纬度地区上空时,星地矢量与卫星+Z轴或-Z轴夹角达到最小,此时星地矢量在±Z轴周围小范围变化也会呈现出θ角的短时间大范围变化,而实际星地矢量角的绝对变化角度非常小,因此θ角的大幅波动并不会影响天线的安装角度。φ角的变化特征也同样基于该原因。但值得注意的是,从三亚站夏至白天弧段和冬至夜间弧段的角度值分布曲线来看,当θ角从90°附近变化至270°附近的过程中,φ角先是减小至0°(对于冬至夜间弧段为增大至180°),然后再增大(对于冬至夜间弧段为减小),实际上从θ角为90°附近的角度来看,该过程则是φ角减小到0°后继续减小至负值(对于冬至夜间弧段为增大至180°后继续增加)。
上述第四点特征则是由太阳直射点随季节变化导致,即卫星在其轨道某一相同位置时,不同季节时卫星本体坐标系与地固坐标系的相对关系不同,因此星地矢量在卫星本体坐标系中的角度也就不同。
在剔除φ角小于15°和大于165°区段内的θ角度值,并将三亚站夏至白天弧段随θ角变化至270°过程中φ角减小至0°后的数据处理为负值、三亚站冬至夜间弧段随θ角变化至270°过程中φ角增大至180°后的数据处理为大于180°的值后,按照白天弧段和夜间弧段统计三站所有仿真弧段每整分钟时刻的星地矢量θ角和φ角出现次数,形成柱状图如图6所示。由图可见,θ角的集中度较好,无论白天弧段还是夜间弧段,主要分布在70°~105°之间。φ角的分布则相对较为分散,白天弧段的φ角从小到大出现次数大体呈递减趋势,而夜间弧段则正好相反。
可以以出现次数为权重,通过求加权平均数的方式求得可分别在白天弧段和夜间弧段覆盖地面站的最佳测控天线安装θ角和φ角。但需要注意的是,由于上文提到地面站的纬度值不同,对φ角的分布区间有明显的影响,而分析中选用的佳木斯、喀什和三亚三个测控站的纬度分别为北纬46.8°、39.5°和18.2°,佳木斯和喀什站的纬度差仅7.3°,而喀什站和三亚站的纬度差达到21.3°,故若单纯采用次数进行加权平均数计算,结果将不利于兼顾对低纬度地区地面站的覆盖。因此在计算φ角加权平均数时,可对分别属于佳木斯、喀什、三亚弧段的出现次数分配以2∶4∶4的权重,然后再按加权之后的次数计算得到φ角加权平均值。最终,计算得到白天弧段θ角和φ角的加权平均值取整数值后分别为94°和36°,夜间弧段θ角和φ角的加权平均值取整数值后分别为86°和144°。可以看出:白天和夜间弧段的θ角较为接近,相对于卫星Y轴对称,而φ角则是正好相对于卫星XOY平面对称,如图7所示。
按照图7所示的角度分别设置波束角为80°的两幅测控天线,仿真得到的卫星与佳木斯、喀什和三亚三个地面站在夏至、秋分和冬至前后的可通信弧段如图8所示。由图可见,卫星对于每个地面站的可通信弧段几乎都是连续无中断的,但代价是相对于卫星与地面站的几何可见弧段,可通信弧段的时长有所缩短。其中,夏至附近白天各站的可通信弧段相比几何可见弧段会提前结束,夜间弧段无缩短;冬至附近各站夜间可通信弧段相比几何可见弧段会推迟开始;秋分附近佳木斯和喀什站白天和夜间可通信弧段均基本与几何可见弧段一致,三亚站的白天和夜间可通信弧段时长与几何可见弧段时长相比均缩短。因此,可以推得从夏至到冬至期间,各站白天可通信时长逐渐增加,至秋分后对于佳木斯站和喀什站而言完全与几何可见弧段时长一致,同时夜间可通信弧段时长逐渐减小,对于佳木斯站和喀什站而言自秋分后将小于几何可见弧段时长。
尽管存在可通信弧段时长相比几何可见弧段时长缩短的情况,但与图3相比较,传统的对天和对地面反向对称天线布局所造成的几乎每个可见弧段中都可能出现测控链路中断,天线布局角优化后完整连续的可通信弧段对于日常测控任务的执行更为有利。当然,由于本布局设计下两测控天线并非背靠背布局,必定会在卫星-Y轴一侧存在约90°的通信覆盖盲区,这不利于卫星处于非对日姿态时与地面开展测控任务,考虑到卫星一般配有备份测控通道,可通过备份测控通道天线布局覆盖该盲区。
对于太阳同步轨道而言,在降交点地方时不变的情况下,轨道高度不同引起的轨道面倾角变化极小,如600 km太阳同步轨道的倾角为97.8°,1 000 km太阳同步轨道的倾角为99.5°,两个轨道面几乎是重合的,因此不同轨道高度对天线安装角的设计影响可以忽略。图9为夏至附近600 km高度和1 000 km高度、降交点地方时均为12∶00∶00的太阳同步轨道上,对日定向卫星按照图7所示的角度分别设置波束角为80°的两幅测控天线后,对于佳木斯站的可通信弧段仿真结果对比情况。由图可见,除轨道高度更高时每个可通信弧段更长外,采用相同天线安装角度的对日定向卫星在1 000 km高度与600 km高度的太阳同步轨道上与地面站可通信弧段特征是相同的。
对于运行在降交点地方时不同的太阳同步轨道上的卫星,卫星星下点经过同一区域时,由于太阳角度不同,在地固坐标系中卫星-Z轴的指向就不同,因此星地矢量在卫星本体坐标系中的角度也就不同。由于卫星本体坐标系+Y轴始终平行于太阳黄道面负法向,当不同降交点地方时的太阳同步轨道上的卫星运行至地面同一地点上方时,两卫星的本体坐标系之间的关系相当于绕着+Y轴旋转了一个角度,因此测控天线安装的θ角和φ角均产生了变化。
可定义天线安装角θ'角为测控天线安装轴向矢量在卫星本体坐标系XOZ平面上的投影与+Z轴之间的夹角,φ'角为测控天线安装轴向矢量与卫星本体坐标系+Y轴的夹角。这样对于运行在不同降交点地方时的太阳同步轨道上的卫星,在星下点位置相同时,φ'角是不变的,变化的仅是θ'角,如此可以简化计算量。θ'角可使用上述降交点地方时为12∶00仿真得到的对应角度值作为参考基准,降交点地方时每早于12∶00一个小时则θ'角增加约15°,每晚于12∶00一个小时则θ'角减去约15°,最后再将θ'角和φ'角换算为θ角和φ角。当然,由于上述实例中给出的运行在降交点地方时为12∶00轨道上的卫星的θ角和φ角仿真结果本身也是权衡优化的结果,以该组值为参照计算出的其他降交点地方时轨道上的卫星天线安装角并非一定就是最优值,因此还需要在计算结果上微调优化,才能获得最佳角度。表1给出了优化之后的各不同降交点地方时太阳同步轨道卫星的推荐测控天线安装角。
本文给出了一种运行在太阳同步轨道上的对日定向姿态卫星测控天线的最佳布局设计方法,该方法利用了太阳同步轨道特性和我国地面测控站分布特点,通过对卫星在地面站可见弧段内星地矢量在卫星本体坐标系中的角度值进行加权平均,得到最优天线安装角度。按照该设计角度布局测控天线,可最大程度避免测控弧段内因在传统天线布局设计下方向图干涉区增益剧烈变化导致的链路中断。文章还给出了不同轨道高度和降交点地方时对于该天线安装角度设计的影响,为运行在太阳同步轨道上的对日定向姿态卫星测控天线的布局提供借鉴参考。
参考文献 引证文献
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231007001
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
  • 修回日期:2024-01-11
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    上海卫星工程研究所 上海 201109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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