Article(id=1241381047187861879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241381046445470068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20230927002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695744000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-27, revisedDate=1701273600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773897905394, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1705248000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897905394, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897905394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897905394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241381046445470068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773897905217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773903111898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241402884936495824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241381046445470068, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241402884936495825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241381046445470068, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241381047397577082, articleId=1241381047187861879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=A Thermal Insulation Design of Hyper-sonic Antenna Based on Engineering Algorithm of Aerodynamic Heating Effect, columnId=1239133503154081962, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=TT & C Communication and Navigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Top hypersonic aerodynamic heat simulation technology is one of the important supports for improving the heat protection capability of antennas. To further shorten the development cycle and save costs, this article proposes an engineering algorithm that uses cold wall heat flux and wall surface recovery enthalpy as input conditions, and utilizes MATLAB and CFD joint iterative rapid solution method to quickly solve the antenna temperature field in high-speed airflow. After confirming the high consistency between simulation results and experimental data through aerodynamic heat tests, this simulation method was used to perform heat insulation optimization design for an antenna with a high-speed aerodynamic heating duration of 500 seconds. Based on the primary and secondary factors identified through simulation that cause temperature rise of the core device, targeted improvement measures were proposed. The final target printed circuit board temperature was reduced from 320 ℃ to 142 ℃ with significant thermal control effects.

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高超音速气动热仿真技术是提高天线热防护能力的重要支撑之一,为了进一步缩短研制周期和节约成本,本文提出了一种以冷壁热流和壁面恢复焓为输入条件,以MATLAB和CFD联合迭代快速求解高速气流中天线温度场的工程化算法。在利用气动热试验证明仿真结果与实验数据的高一致性后,以该仿真方法对一个高速气动加热时长为500 s的天线实施了防隔热优化设计,根据仿真评估出的导致核心器件温升的主、次要因素,针对性地提出改进措施,最终目标印制板由过往的320 ℃下降到了142 ℃,热控效果显著。

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吕远征 1991年生,博士,高级工程师。

杨志甫 1981年生,硕士,高级工程师。

赵明明 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

刘首岚 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

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figureFileBig=gZspPBjYHDQoqsSUmdvONg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551713616449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047187861879, language=CN, label=图6, caption=温度分布云图, figureFileSmall=PeH+D/IpFD7h4b+igMI9tA==, figureFileBig=gZspPBjYHDQoqsSUmdvONg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396551843639878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047187861879, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The contribution degrees between different factors, figureFileSmall=HUZD88RTNdML4MIWICSKow==, figureFileBig=HgBe256uqza5WHpmqBApzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553336812107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241381047187861879, language=CN, label=图7, caption=印制板温升贡献对比, figureFileSmall=HUZD88RTNdML4MIWICSKow==, figureFileBig=HgBe256uqza5WHpmqBApzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241396553471029843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Input conditions

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名称时间/s热流密度/(kW/m2恢复焓(kJ/kg)
条件142651 020
条件2172303 000
条件310636 780
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计算输入

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名称时间/s热流密度/(kW/m2恢复焓(kJ/kg)
条件142651 020
条件2172303 000
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一种基于工程化气动加热算法的天线热防护设计
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吕远征 , 杨志甫 , 赵明明 , 刘首岚
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(1): 67-73
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(1): 67-73
一种基于工程化气动加热算法的天线热防护设计
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吕远征, 杨志甫, 赵明明, 刘首岚
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 吕远征 1991年生,博士,高级工程师。

    杨志甫 1981年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    赵明明 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    刘首岚 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

A Thermal Insulation Design of Hyper-sonic Antenna Based on Engineering Algorithm of Aerodynamic Heating Effect
Yuanzheng LYU, Zhifu YANG, Mingming ZHAO, Shoulan LIU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2024-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230927002
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高超音速气动热仿真技术是提高天线热防护能力的重要支撑之一,为了进一步缩短研制周期和节约成本,本文提出了一种以冷壁热流和壁面恢复焓为输入条件,以MATLAB和CFD联合迭代快速求解高速气流中天线温度场的工程化算法。在利用气动热试验证明仿真结果与实验数据的高一致性后,以该仿真方法对一个高速气动加热时长为500 s的天线实施了防隔热优化设计,根据仿真评估出的导致核心器件温升的主、次要因素,针对性地提出改进措施,最终目标印制板由过往的320 ℃下降到了142 ℃,热控效果显著。

气动热  /  热仿真  /  天线热防护

Top hypersonic aerodynamic heat simulation technology is one of the important supports for improving the heat protection capability of antennas. To further shorten the development cycle and save costs, this article proposes an engineering algorithm that uses cold wall heat flux and wall surface recovery enthalpy as input conditions, and utilizes MATLAB and CFD joint iterative rapid solution method to quickly solve the antenna temperature field in high-speed airflow. After confirming the high consistency between simulation results and experimental data through aerodynamic heat tests, this simulation method was used to perform heat insulation optimization design for an antenna with a high-speed aerodynamic heating duration of 500 seconds. Based on the primary and secondary factors identified through simulation that cause temperature rise of the core device, targeted improvement measures were proposed. The final target printed circuit board temperature was reduced from 320 ℃ to 142 ℃ with significant thermal control effects.

Aerodynamic heating effect  /  Thermal simulation  /  Antenna thermal insulation
吕远征, 杨志甫, 赵明明, 刘首岚. 一种基于工程化气动加热算法的天线热防护设计. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (1) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230927002
Yuanzheng LYU, Zhifu YANG, Mingming ZHAO, Shoulan LIU. A Thermal Insulation Design of Hyper-sonic Antenna Based on Engineering Algorithm of Aerodynamic Heating Effect[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (1) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230927002
高速气流会在飞行器表面形成非常剧烈的气动加热效应,当马赫数较高时,头锥驻点、机翼以及机腹前缘温度高达近1 000 ℃[1],而这些位置通常会安装有安控天线、遥测天线或导航天线等,也就是说,这些天线必须在热流输入高达300~700 kW/m2的条件下正常工作相当长一段时间[2]。通常电子元器件工作温度的安全阈值约为85 ℃[3],一旦工作温度高于该阈值,可靠性将出现不同程度的降低。通过强化电子元器件的高温环境适应性,其安全阈值也仅能提高一倍左右,继续强化的边际收益并不高,因此合理的天线热防护设计至关重要。
任何浸没于流动气体的物体表面都会发生热量交换,实际上对于常见的高速空气动力学实例来说,热量都是由气体传递给物体表面,即气动加热效应[4]。对于飞行器马赫数较低时,通常气动加热效果并不显著,甚至可以忽略不计,当飞行器的马赫数较高时,气动加热效应就变得不可忽视,甚至可以直接影响飞行器本身的布局设计[5]。根据气动加热理论[6],当气流经过某一物体,气流会被物体表面严重阻滞并压缩,巨量动能会转换为热能,尤其紧邻物体表面的流体边界层会变得非常热,显然,对飞行器来说,气动加热源正是周围流场中的高温气体[7]。若假设天线罩在受到气动加热时温度恒定,保持在热力学温度零度,气流所产生的热流被称为冷壁热流,但真实的天线罩是存在结构热响应的,随着壁面温度不断升高,天线罩实际只能吸收一部分热流,即热壁热流。热壁热流会以热辐射、对流或热传导的方式引起天线内目标器件温升[8]。在飞行器初期设计阶段,总体设计人员可以根据用户需求、飞行姿态、弹道规划和突防模式等输入,直接对飞行器进行整系统级的热仿真,精确地获得任意位置的冷壁热流[9],但热壁热流却因为各单机结构热响应尚未敲定而无法提供。对于天线单机来说,其温度场通常只能依靠单机热设计人员根据冷壁热流和工程经验预估,这可能会带来很大的安全隐患,也极难把控研制成本。为了获得精准的天线温度场,最直接的办法就是做基于PID热流计的结构热实验[10],然而从提高设计效率和节约成本考量,气动热仿真显然更具优势。目前,国内外比较成熟的气动加热仿真方法有两类,一类是求解黏性激波方程,另一类是求解全N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程或者抛物化的N-S方程。国内外较为认可的经典求解程序有VSL3D程序[11]、HYTAC程序[12]以及LAURA程序[13]等等,他们的主要思路都是直接求解出高超音速复杂流场,包括激波与激波的相互干扰过程,激波与边界层之间的相互扰动过程,以及涡流形成与分解过程等等。然而回归工程实际,对天线单机热设计来说,上述方法所需计算资源过于庞大,一些弹道类的计算输入条件也难以获得,因此在实际使用过程中是存在问题的。
综上所述,提出一种适用于单机热设计人员使用,计算结果相对精准但更加快捷的工程化气动热仿真方法十分迫切。本文拟从分析气-固接触面的热量传递规律入手,以冷壁热流和壁面恢复焓为输入条件,建立天线单机的能量守恒方程,进而推导出高速气动热仿真模型。在验证仿真模型合理性后,对某型天线的热防护设计实施优化改进。
全N-S方程能以相当高的精度描述物面与激波之间空气的高超音速黏性流动过程,它由三个守恒方程或方程组构成,对于质量守恒方程有:
xyz方向上有动量守恒方程组:
以及能量守恒方程:
全N-S方程的优势在于,在飞行器姿态、弹道和全部结构参数等输入条件已知的情况下,利用流-固耦合和有限元-有限差分混合算法迭代数次,即可获得空气的流场、温度场、冷壁热流、壁面恢复焓、天线罩本身受力及其温度场等结果:
S=[Pair(t),Tair(t),qor(t),ior(t),Fw(t),Tw(t)…]
然而实际单机热设计人员并不具备求解全N-S方程的必要资源,而且在所有求解结果中,单机热设计人员也只关心天线温度场用以支撑天线热防护设计。所以,合理精简输入输出条件,缩小截取热分析目标模型十分必要。当仅以天线单机作为热分析目标模型,取天线罩上壁面、侧壁面和地板底面为天线与飞行器整系统分界,其传热模型如图1所示。
图1可知,天线罩已经吸收的一部分热量会消散到环境中,其余部分会以固体热传导和辐射换热的方式传递到印制板上。从集中参数法的角度考虑,气流与天线罩的气-固界面的总通过热流qa-s可用牛顿换热公式计算:
qa-s=ha-s(Ta-Tw)
方程(7)中等号右边ha-s为对流换热系数,Ta为假设气体流过绝热壁面时温度,Tw为天线罩外壁面温度。对流换热系数ha-s是未知量,但可以通过引入气体比焓i、比热容c与温度T的关系作为补充方程衡量边界层空与壁面传热量,那么方程(7)可以写作:
在方程(8)中,iw是壁面空气比焓,同时也是壁面温度Tw的函数,在空气热容cair,w已知的情况下,只需冷壁热流qor(t)和恢复焓ior(t))即可作为天线单机气动热仿真的输入条件,进一步可列出天线单机能量守恒方程:
方程(9)表示通过气-固界面的总热流由热壁热流和环境损失热流(以对流、热传导和热辐射方式)共同决定,鉴于等式中几乎所有项都是天线罩外壁面温度Tw的函数,可以利用MATLAB联合CFD进行多次迭代求解温度场,计算流程如图2所示。
在文献[14]中,作者以环氧基为外防护涂层、以碳/环氧材料为基板制作了试验件,并实施了地面热试验,试验条件见表1
根据过往工程经验,环氧基热防护涂层根据温度、填料种类、工序和制备工艺的不同,导热系数大约为0.2~0.5 W/m·℃,比热容大约为300~800 J/kg·℃,密度大约为1.3~2.5 kg/m3,为了加快模型计算速度,展开计算前需作出假设:
① 假设固体相变量极小,忽视相变吸热现象;
② 假设材料物性不会随温度变化,本次计算取0~1 000 ℃以内的平均值;
③ 假设系统不存在其他漏热通路。
那么,实验和仿真得到的试验件表面中心位置温度对比如图3所示:
根据图3(a)可对模型的适用范围进行分析:
① 随着迭代次数的增加,仿真结果与实验结果的偏差整体逐渐降低,迭代4次以后,大部分仿真数据就比较贴近实际了,继续增加迭代次数的边际收益降低;
② 仿真模型在300~600 ℃范围内的计算精度优于±10%,其余温度范围内的计算精度优于±20%,仿真计算得到的温度曲线变化趋势与实验结果基本一致,如图3(b),仿真计算结果呈低温偏低、高温偏高分布,因此建议设计人员尽量在800 ℃以下使用本模型。
计算误差可能是由于环境条件简化不当、传热过程过于理想化以及材料物性不够精确导致,比如,金属和非金属材料的热容和热导率等物性会随着温度变化而变化,而为了追求计算速度,仿真模型中假定所有材料恒物性;另外,在实际过程中,环氧基材料在500 ℃以上就会发生一定程度烧蚀裂解,温度越高烧蚀现象越严重,这一过程会发生相变吸收热量、降低壁面温度,为保证计算收敛性,模型中也未体现该过程。
某型天线的早期结构如图4所示:
该天线主要由三部分组成,从上往下依次为天线罩、印制板(共5个)以及铝合金地板。天线罩的材质为氮化硅陶瓷,参考Ansys2020R2材料数据库,其比热容约为900 J/kg·℃,热导率约为2 W/m·℃,密度约为1 450 kg/m3,热辐射发射率为0.9。印制板由聚四氟乙烯和多层铜箔制备而成,根据厂家技术手册,其表面平均热辐射发射率为0.5,导热各向异性,周向热导率约为2 W/m·℃,厚度方向热导率为0.5 W/m·℃,比热容约为1 295 J/kg·℃,密度约为3 300 kg/m3。对于铝合金地板,仍然参考Ansys2020R2材料数据库,其热导率约为117 W/m·℃,比热容约为920 J/kg·℃,密度约为2 700 kg/m3,由于其表面只做简单氧化处理,因此热辐射发射率为0.25。根据输入时长为500 s的冷壁热流和恢复焓,可以计算出各组件的最高温度曲线,如图5所示:
图5可知,在500 s的气动加热过程中,天线罩最高温度基本在500~900 ℃之间,尚在可接受范围内,但印制板温度在143 s时刻就已经突破200 ℃,在208 s时刻突破了300 ℃并一直持续到气动加热结束,这意味着即使是高温专用锡焊工艺也无法保证强度,因此该设计状态完全不能接受。在500 s时刻,天线温度场如图6所示。
图6可知,天线罩从顶部到法兰位置温度逐渐降低,而印制板温度是从中间向四周方向降低,其上下表面温度差超过100 ℃,显然印制板过热问题是天线罩热辐射和天线罩法兰-地板-印制板热传导共同引起。对热通路进行分析计算,统计这两个热传递路径对印制板温升的贡献曲线如图7所示:
通过分析图7可知,天线罩法兰-地板-印制板的热传导造成的温升只占印制板总温升的8%~25%,其余温升皆因天线罩热辐射引起,因此若要在规定时间内保证印制板不过热,需要对天线罩和印制板热辐射面做一些必要处理。为了最大程度降低印制板在最终时刻的温度水平,热设计人员拟在三方面改进天线的热防护设计:
① 更换天线罩材质,在保证电性能的前提下,天线罩应选用比热容和密度尽可能大而热导率尽可能小的材质;
② 扩大印制板和地板上的覆铜面积,使其整体平均热辐射发射率由原先的0.5降低至0.05左右,以削弱辐射换热;
③ 利用隔热垫,增加天线罩与地板接触面上的接触热阻,和地板与印制板接触面的接触热阻,进一步削弱热传导造成的温升。
优化完成后的天线罩、地板、印制板在不同时刻的温度分布如图8所示。
通过分析图8可知,在实施三项优化改进并经过同样500 s的气动加热过程后,天线罩最高温仍处于500~900 ℃区间,但最低温由201 ℃降低到了88.6 ℃,地板最高温度由205 ℃下降到92.4 ℃,印制板最高温度由320 ℃下降到了142 ℃,完全满足使用要求,这些现象证明热辐射和固体热传导过程已得到有效抑制。随后产品顺利地通过了结构热试验,印制板中心位置实测最高温度为138.5 ℃,二次复测电信号一切正常,这证明改进后的天线防隔热措施准确、有效。
本文介绍了一种求解天线在高速气动加热条件下温度场的工程化仿真方法,仅利用冷壁热流与壁面恢复焓即可求解热量传递过程,并快速计算出天线内各器件温度场。该工程化气动热仿真依靠MATLAB和CFD联合仿真实现,通过对比仿真结果和实验数据发现,仅迭代4次后便获得了良好的计算精度,满足工程使用需求,与传统求解全N-S方程仿真方法相比,计算速度快、所需资源少,因此利用该模型可以使热设计人员更有针对性地评估防隔热结构,提高设计效率,更有助于降低天线研制成本。
  • 军科委173重点项目(2019-JCJQ-ZD-349-00)
  • 军科委预研项目(22-TQ03-30-ZD-01-001-ZDJ-02)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230927002
  • 接收时间:2023-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-27
  • 修回日期:2023-11-30
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军科委173重点项目(2019-JCJQ-ZD-349-00)
军科委预研项目(22-TQ03-30-ZD-01-001-ZDJ-02)
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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