Article(id=1241110427829072110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241110425031471264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240226002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=1710950400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773833384710, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1715702400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773833384710, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773833384710, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773833384710, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241110425031471264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773833384044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834311145, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241114313633624872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241110425031471264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241114313633624873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241110425031471264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241110428097507582, articleId=1241110427829072110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Design of a Miniaturized Wide-stopband Hairpin Microstrip Filter, columnId=1239133503154081962, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=TT & C Communication and Navigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper introduces a novel design for a miniaturized wide-stopband hairpin filter that aims to overcome the chal-lenges of parasitic passbands at the harmonic frequencies encountered in traditional microstrip hairpin filters. By incorporating three 1/4-wavelength open-circuit microstrip lines at the input and output of the conventional hairpin filter, the design effectively suppresses parasitic passbands. Additionally, the application of cross-coupling techniques facilitates the miniaturization of the device. The design, fabrication, and testing phases culminated in the development of a bandpass filter with a 400 MHz bandwidth and a center frequency of 3 GHz. The filter demonstrates an insertion loss of 2.5 dB and achieves effective suppression of parasitic passbands be-low 13 GHz, with an out-of-band suppression of 24 dB. The new filter design is characterized by its simplicity and low complexity,with dimensions of just 23 mm by 27.7 mm, meeting the current demands in the communications field for high-performance, minia-turized filters, and demonstrating significant potential for future applications.

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本文提出了一种新型的小型化宽阻带发夹型滤波器设计,旨在克服传统微带发夹滤波器在设计频率倍频处遇到的寄生通带问题。通过在传统发夹型滤波器的输入输出端上增加3个1/4波长的开路微带线,有效抑制了寄生通带,同时采用交叉耦合的方式实现了整体器件的小型化。通过设计、加工和测试等步骤,完成了一个工作带宽为400 MHz,中心频率为3 GHz的带通滤波器,插入损耗为2.5 dB,同时实现对13 GHz以下频段寄生通带的有效抑制,带外抑制达到24 dB。本文所提出的新型滤波器结构简单,设计难度低,尺寸仅为23 mm×27.7 mm,满足当前通信领域对高性能、小型化滤波器的需求,展现了良好的应用前景。

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付中天 1999年生,硕士研究生。

祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

刘德喜 1973年生,博士研究生。

赵明 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

赵丽妍 1986年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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一种小型化宽阻带发夹型微带滤波器的设计
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付中天 , 祝大龙 , 刘德喜 , 赵明 , 赵丽妍
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(3): 52-57
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(3): 52-57
一种小型化宽阻带发夹型微带滤波器的设计
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付中天, 祝大龙, 刘德喜, 赵明, 赵丽妍
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 付中天 1999年生,硕士研究生。

    祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

    刘德喜 1973年生,博士研究生。

    赵明 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    赵丽妍 1986年生,硕士,高级工程师。

Design of a Miniaturized Wide-stopband Hairpin Microstrip Filter
Zhongtian FU, Dalong ZHU, Dexi LIU, Ming ZHAO, liyan ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2024-05-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240226002
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本文提出了一种新型的小型化宽阻带发夹型滤波器设计,旨在克服传统微带发夹滤波器在设计频率倍频处遇到的寄生通带问题。通过在传统发夹型滤波器的输入输出端上增加3个1/4波长的开路微带线,有效抑制了寄生通带,同时采用交叉耦合的方式实现了整体器件的小型化。通过设计、加工和测试等步骤,完成了一个工作带宽为400 MHz,中心频率为3 GHz的带通滤波器,插入损耗为2.5 dB,同时实现对13 GHz以下频段寄生通带的有效抑制,带外抑制达到24 dB。本文所提出的新型滤波器结构简单,设计难度低,尺寸仅为23 mm×27.7 mm,满足当前通信领域对高性能、小型化滤波器的需求,展现了良好的应用前景。

发夹型滤波器  /  宽阻带  /  交叉耦合  /  寄生通带

This paper introduces a novel design for a miniaturized wide-stopband hairpin filter that aims to overcome the chal-lenges of parasitic passbands at the harmonic frequencies encountered in traditional microstrip hairpin filters. By incorporating three 1/4-wavelength open-circuit microstrip lines at the input and output of the conventional hairpin filter, the design effectively suppresses parasitic passbands. Additionally, the application of cross-coupling techniques facilitates the miniaturization of the device. The design, fabrication, and testing phases culminated in the development of a bandpass filter with a 400 MHz bandwidth and a center frequency of 3 GHz. The filter demonstrates an insertion loss of 2.5 dB and achieves effective suppression of parasitic passbands be-low 13 GHz, with an out-of-band suppression of 24 dB. The new filter design is characterized by its simplicity and low complexity,with dimensions of just 23 mm by 27.7 mm, meeting the current demands in the communications field for high-performance, minia-turized filters, and demonstrating significant potential for future applications.

Hairpin filter  /  Wide-stopband  /  Cross coupling  /  Parasitic passband
付中天, 祝大龙, 刘德喜, 赵明, 赵丽妍. 一种小型化宽阻带发夹型微带滤波器的设计. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (3) : 52 -57 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240226002
Zhongtian FU, Dalong ZHU, Dexi LIU, Ming ZHAO, liyan ZHAO. Design of a Miniaturized Wide-stopband Hairpin Microstrip Filter[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (3) : 52 -57 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240226002
滤波器是无线通信系统中不可或缺的组成部分,起着关键的选频作用。它能够精准地识别并通过特定频率的信号,同时有效地剔除不需要的频率信号,保证了信号传输的清晰度和准确性。这种能力使得滤波器在保持通信链路质量和效率方面发挥着极其重要的作用[1]。因此,滤波器的性能好坏直接决定了无线通信系统整体的性能质量,对于实现高效、可靠的通信至关重要。在设计和实施无线通信系统时,优选高性能滤波器是提升系统质量的关键步骤之一。随着无线通信领域的技术不断进阶和生产工艺的日益完善,通信设备朝着更加紧凑、高集成度及高效能方向显著演变。设备的紧凑化设计对节约空间和减少能源消耗具有至关重要的作用,而高集成度的发展趋势则表明:设备能在有限的体积内提供更多的功能和更高的性能。目前,主要的无线通信及卫星工作频段聚焦于Ka频段及以下区域,覆盖了很多技术标准及协议,随着这些频段内的频谱资源分配变得越发紧密,产品对滤波器的高选择性及小型化需求不断增加。因此,针对这一问题,国内外很多学者在低插损、宽带阻、小型化等领域对滤波器进行优化设计[2-4]
微带发夹结构滤波器是非常常见的滤波器结构,由于其拥有结构简单、带外性能好、成本低且易集成等优势,使其成为了行业的首选[5]。不过,在设计微带发夹带通滤波器时,会在设计频率的倍频处出现影响性能的寄生通带[6]。为了改善这一问题,提升滤波器的阻带性能,众多学者进行了深入的研究工作。Baoping Ren等提出了一种新型的SSPPs(人工表面等离子体激元)结构,结合短路枝节线来完成宽阻带滤波器,通过控制每个SSPPs结构单元的高度实现寄生通带抑制的调节,该滤波器阻带抑制可以达到30 dB,但是由于结构单元较多,该结构尺寸达到71 mm×12.5 mm,尺寸偏大[7]。周伟荣等利用模式的本征抑制和电磁混合耦合理论,设计并实测了非对称式的四阶SIW(基片集成波导)滤波器,阻带抑制宽度达到滤波器中心频率的三倍,但尺寸偏大,约为24.7 mm×49.4 mm[8]。Ma Yue等人利用LTCC(低温共烧陶瓷)技术的三维封装技术,将两个宽阻带滤波器集成进入器件中提升滤波器件的宽阻带性能,利用三维封装技术大大缩小了产品尺寸,但是产品设计复杂[9]。李萌萌等人利用紧凑型微带单元以及挖槽的方式提高了滤波器的宽阻带性能,其尺寸为20 mm×29 mm,但阻带宽度仅达到10 GHz[10]。Lei Bai等人设计的滤波器由一个矩形的环形谐振器构成,并在外部对称放置开路枝节。同时,在开路枝节两侧放置三节阶梯阻抗谐振器,其中两个为扇形谐振器用于增强带外抑制,该结构阻带抑制较宽,但对谐波抑制仅达到20 dB左右,器件尺寸较大[11]。Orkun等人利用哑铃型叉指缺陷地结构和开路枝节组成滤波器,通过两者的衰减零点有效地抑制了谐波的产生,该结构对阻带的抑制达到了10 f0以上,但抑制仅为20 dB且设计复杂[12]。Mohammad等人利用单个扇形的径向枝节与规则的发夹型结构相结合,通过阻抗变化,在保持通带性能的基础上,对10f0范围内谐波抑制达到30 dB,但器件过大[13]。上述诸学者利用各种方式进行宽阻带滤波器的设计,但是均存在设计结构复杂、生产复杂、器件偏大、阻带较窄或抑制不足等问题。
因此,本文创新设计一种新型发夹型滤波器,通过在普通发夹型滤波器结构的输入输出端上增加3个长度为λg/4的微带线来抑制寄生通带,同时通过交叉耦合的方式来完成整体器件的小型化。本文利用该结构,设计、加工并测试了一个带宽400 MHz,中心频率3 GHz的新型滤波器,该滤波器在满足小型化特征的同时解决了13 GHz以下频段的寄生通带问题。
微带发夹型滤波器是一种经典半波长耦合微带线滤波器,使用半波长耦合谐振器折叠来实现的[14]。该设计继承了原有半波长耦合微带线滤波器的特性,通过开路式对称耦合微带单元的级联构造,并保持耦合微带线的电长度为90°[15]。该滤波器的显著优势包括结构简洁、体积小巧以及无需通过过孔接地的便捷性。针对本设计的滤波器性能要求和特征,选择了带有抽头的结构方式[16]
在发夹型滤波器的设计中,可以通过抽头式或平行耦合两种方式实现信号的输入和输出。本文选用抽头式馈电的理由是此方式允许通过调整抽头的具体尺寸和位置来微调滤波器的性能,提供了更高的灵活性和调整空间。因此,本设计特意采纳了抽头方式进行信号的输入和输出。滤波器的关键性能指标直接受其设计参数的影响,这包括发夹谐振器的臂长L、两臂之间的间隔s、发夹线的宽度w以及抽头的具体位置t[17]。通过精确控制这些参数,可以优化滤波器的性能,实现所需的滤波效果。在滤波器设计中,谐振器的臂长L确定了中心频率。该长度通过以下计算公式确定:
L=λg/4
其中,λg是指该中心频率在介质中相对于自由空间的相对波长,其计算公式为:
λ0表示滤波器中心频率在空间传播的波长;εeff代表了介质的有效介电常数,该常数通过以下计算公式确定:
εr表示基板的相对介电常数,h指的是基板材料的高度。在确定好相对波长后,谐振器间距s和抽头位置t的确定也十分关键。其中谐振器间距s与耦合系数相关,耦合系数决定了滤波器的带宽。其关系式为:
其中,FBW为相对带宽,gi为带通滤波器的低通原型中的归一化元件值,通过以上计算再通过电磁仿真软件仿真则可以得到耦合系数与s的关系,进而确定设计值。抽头位置t则由抽头的特征阻抗、谐振器的特征阻抗以及谐振器的外部耦合系数共同决定[18]
在中心频率的整数倍频率处出现影响性能的寄生通带是传统发夹型结构的主要问题。本文研究提出了一种改良结构。这种结构旨在完成小型化以及保持滤波器通带性能的同时,有效遏制寄生通带现象,从而达到拓宽阻带的效果。本文为了验证这种改良结构的效果,对传统和改进后的微带发夹滤波器结构进行了详细的建模和仿真分析,并将两者的性能进行了系统比较。
本文选择常用的工作频段进行带通滤波器的设计,该滤波器预计工作在2.8 GHz~3.2 GHz。本文在设计滤波器的过程中均使用Rogers4350板材作为基板进行仿真设计以及实物加工,其介电常数为3.66,板厚0.256 mm。首先利用传统的结构设计带通滤波器,可以得到如图1所示的发夹型滤波器,通过HFSS软件的仿真实验得到该滤波器的滤波效果如图2所示。
图2中显示了S11和S21分别代表滤波器的回波损耗以及插入损耗。从图可以看出,传统发夹滤波器展现出了出色的滤波特性,其在所设计的通带(2.8 GHz~3.2 GHz)之外的抑制能力超过40 dB。然而,在设计的频率的倍频位置,会出现影响性能的寄生通带,这对滤波器在很多使用场景下的性能产生影响。因此,有必要采取措施抑制这些寄生通带的出现,以提升滤波器的整体表现。同时传统的发夹型滤波器的结构不够紧凑,因此会使得器件的尺寸偏大,所以还需要优化结构减小滤波器的整体尺寸。
本文在减小滤波器的尺寸方面,将传统的耦合结构进行变型。基于发夹型谐振器的具体排列方式,目前可以区分出三种耦合模式,即电耦合、磁耦合以及电磁混合耦合。每种耦合方式由于其独特的互作用机制,因此会产生各异的耦合效果。传统发夹型滤波器采用的是混合耦合当中的边缘耦合如图3(a)所示,因为在目前的设计当中对器件的小型化需求较高,因此本文提出将传统的边缘耦合进行变型,变为交叉耦合如图3(b)所示,使得耦合强度增加,同时耦合间距减少,降低了物理结构的大小[19]图4为将传统的边缘耦合改为交叉耦合的发夹型滤波器的结构图。通过对该结构进行电磁仿真实验,可以得到该结构的S参数,如图5所示。
将交叉耦合的仿真结果与传统边缘耦合的仿真结果进行比对,不难发现,该结构并不会对滤波器的性能有明显的影响,其S21曲线基本与边缘耦合的传统结构相似,性能没有下降的同时,由于结构的变化,使得结构变得更加紧凑,器件长度明显缩短,整体面积缩小33%,完成了器件的小型化。
完成宽阻带滤波器的核心就是对带通滤波器的寄生通带进行抑制,同时要保证滤波器的带内性能不受太多的影响,设计更改过程及结构应当相对简单,因此本文提出了一种新的结构,来面对上述的种种需求。新型的发夹型滤波的结构图如图6所示,该结构基于优化后的交叉耦合的发夹型滤波器,在输入以及输出端同时增加三个长度为λg/4的微带线。由于开路微带线的负载端阻抗为ZL=¥,终端传输线输入阻抗为Zin,已知:
所以可以得到Zin为0,可以等效为短路接地,因此该结构可以抑制寄生通带的产生[20]。因此,根据上文通过仿真实验得到的发夹型滤波器的S参数可以得知,在13 GHz以下时,3 GHz为中心频点的带通滤波器会在6 GHz、9 GHz以及12 GHz附近产生十分明显的寄生通带,因此通过计算可以得到三条开路微带线的长度。将该结构整体放入HFSS软件进行电磁仿真实验,仿真实验的结果如图7所示。
通过分析仿真结果可以得到,通过添加开路微带线可以明显有效地抑制寄生通带的产生,进而可以实现宽阻带带通滤波器。通过与传统发卡型滤波器的对比,结果如图8所示,可以看出通过添加开路微带线进行寄生通带的抑制,并没有影响带通滤波器的通带性能,该滤波器中心频率在3 GHz,带宽为400 MHz,通带插损小于2.5 dB,同时,在13 GHz以下,该新型滤波器对输入信号均有超过31 dB的抑制。该滤波器的大小为23 mm×27.7 mm,在完成了寄生通带抑制的同时尽力完成了小型化设计。该设计的关键尺寸数据为L1=13.75 mm,L2=3 mm,L3=4.2 mm,L4=3.3 mm,L5=5.1 mm,L6=8.1 mm,S1=0.25 mm,S2=0.26 mm,W=0.25 mm。
为了确保设计方案的准确性和有效性,本文对所提出的设计进行了实际制造和测试。这一新型的微带发夹滤波器是通过印制电路板(PCB)技术制成的,使用的是Rogers4350板材。图9所示为该滤波器成品图。对实物进行测试,其S参数的测试结果如图10所示。分析测试结果可以看出滤波器工作带宽为400 MHz,中心频率在3 GHz,中心频率附近插损达到2.5 dB,对寄生通带的抑制可以达到24 dB,带外抑制覆盖范围达到13 GHz,选频性能良好。由于微带线的加工误差以及射频端口的焊接不均匀导致仿真结果与实际结果略有不同,但整体滤波器的性能达到要求,实物整体性能与设计基本吻合。
面对当今卫星通信领域的需求,本文设计了一款新型的小型化宽阻带发夹型滤波器,该滤波器对传统发夹型滤波器面临的寄生通带问题做到了非常好的抑制。该新型发夹型滤波器相比于传统结构,在输入输出端上增加了三个长度为λg/4的开路微带线,达到了对寄生通带的抑制作用,又通过交叉耦合结构,进一步将器件缩小,完成了该新型滤波器的小型化设计。本文通过设计、仿真、实物加工,得到了带宽为400 MHz,中心频率在3 GHz的新型滤波器,实物测试其插入损耗为2.5 dB,对寄生通带的抑制达到了24 dB,尺寸仅为23 mm×27.7 mm。本文所设计的结构与其他意在解决滤波器寄生通带的滤波器相比,具有结构简单、设计难度小,同时具备小型化特征,满足当今的应用需求,在通信工程领域有很好的前景。
  • 中国航天科技集团有限公司钱学森青年创新基金项目
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240226002
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
  • 修回日期:2024-03-21
基金
中国航天科技集团有限公司钱学森青年创新基金项目
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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