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The complex electromagnetic environment of modern battlefields requires strong robustness of satellite navigation anti-jamming receivers. A polarization-sensitive array uses polarization information to increase the dimension of processing signals and can be applied in navigation to improve the anti-interference performance of the receiver. In this paper, the anti-jamming of the dual-polarization array in a complex electromagnetic environment is studied. The signal model and the dual-polarization array are in-troduced, and the amplitude and phase information obtained by finite element simulation on HFSS are then used to synthesize the steering vector and simulate it in MATLAB to prepare the anti-jamming ability of the ordinary array and the dual-polarization array. The real data is measured in a darkroom to verify the simulation results. The satellite collection positioning test was carried out on the roof to compare the positioning results of the ordinary array and the Dual-polarization array. The simulation and experiment shows that the dual-polarization array can suppress super-degree-of-freedom jamming and has good robustness under low elevation angle jamming. The dual-polarization antenna does not change the antenna size and can maintain the receiver miniaturization while keeping good robustness.

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现代战场的电磁环境十分复杂,这使得卫星对导航抗干扰接收机的鲁棒性需求变得更为迫切。极化敏感阵列是一种利用极化信息增加信号处理维度的技术,应用在导航领域可以改善接收机抗干扰性能。本文研究了双极化阵列在复杂电磁环境下的抗干扰效果,理论分析了信号模型与双极化阵列原理,通过HFSS对阵列天线进行有限元仿真获取各阵元的幅度相位信息,利用幅相信息合成导向矢量,在MATLAB中对普通阵列和双极化阵列抗干扰能力进行仿真。为验证理论仿真的可行性,研制了双极化阵列原理样机,在暗室环境采集数据并分析信号与干扰的输出功率。在外场进行的收星定位测试中比较了普通阵列与双极化阵列的定位结果。仿真和实测的结果表明,双极化阵列能抑制超自由度干扰,且对低仰角干扰有较好的鲁棒性。值得注意的是,双极化天线在保持接收机小型化的同时表现出较好的鲁棒性,为接收机小型化提供了可行的解决方案。

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郭华秋 1998年生,硕士研究生。

孙迅 1974年生,硕士,研究员。

马忠志 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

李达 1978年生,硕士,研究员。

刘红 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

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马忠志 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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李达 1978年生,硕士,研究员。

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articleId=1241110426159739047, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Receiving stars under super-degree-of-freedom jamming, figureFileSmall=JpLqNg2EZZ/Mi3CV6dkyJw==, figureFileBig=bdHd4CLi3F47uHQsLNTIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241113383706095887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241110426159739047, language=CN, label=图12, caption=超自由度干扰下接收机收星情况, figureFileSmall=JpLqNg2EZZ/Mi3CV6dkyJw==, figureFileBig=bdHd4CLi3F47uHQsLNTIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241113383785787664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241110426159739047, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Positioning rate at low-elevation jamming

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干扰数目宽带干信比普通定位率宽带干信比双极化定位率
195 dB96.53%95 dB100%
380 dB30.91%80 dB85.47%
450 dB7.22%70 dB87.08%
650 dB0%52 dB87.15%
), ArticleFig(id=1241113383890645267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241110426159739047, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低仰角干扰下接收机定位率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干扰数目宽带干信比普通定位率宽带干信比双极化定位率
195 dB96.53%95 dB100%
380 dB30.91%80 dB85.47%
450 dB7.22%70 dB87.08%
650 dB0%52 dB87.15%
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双极化天线阵列抗干扰性能研究
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郭华秋 , 孙迅 , 马忠志 , 李达 , 刘红
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(3): 72-80
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(3): 72-80
双极化天线阵列抗干扰性能研究
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郭华秋, 孙迅, 马忠志, 李达, 刘红
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 郭华秋 1998年生,硕士研究生。

    孙迅 1974年生,硕士,研究员。

    马忠志 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    李达 1978年生,硕士,研究员。

    刘红 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

Research on Anti-jamming Technology of Dual-polarized Antenna Array
Huaqiu GUO, Xun SUN, Zhongzhi MA, Da LI, Hong LIU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2024-05-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240102001
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现代战场的电磁环境十分复杂,这使得卫星对导航抗干扰接收机的鲁棒性需求变得更为迫切。极化敏感阵列是一种利用极化信息增加信号处理维度的技术,应用在导航领域可以改善接收机抗干扰性能。本文研究了双极化阵列在复杂电磁环境下的抗干扰效果,理论分析了信号模型与双极化阵列原理,通过HFSS对阵列天线进行有限元仿真获取各阵元的幅度相位信息,利用幅相信息合成导向矢量,在MATLAB中对普通阵列和双极化阵列抗干扰能力进行仿真。为验证理论仿真的可行性,研制了双极化阵列原理样机,在暗室环境采集数据并分析信号与干扰的输出功率。在外场进行的收星定位测试中比较了普通阵列与双极化阵列的定位结果。仿真和实测的结果表明,双极化阵列能抑制超自由度干扰,且对低仰角干扰有较好的鲁棒性。值得注意的是,双极化天线在保持接收机小型化的同时表现出较好的鲁棒性,为接收机小型化提供了可行的解决方案。

极化抗干扰  /  双极化  /  自适应调零  /  自由度

The complex electromagnetic environment of modern battlefields requires strong robustness of satellite navigation anti-jamming receivers. A polarization-sensitive array uses polarization information to increase the dimension of processing signals and can be applied in navigation to improve the anti-interference performance of the receiver. In this paper, the anti-jamming of the dual-polarization array in a complex electromagnetic environment is studied. The signal model and the dual-polarization array are in-troduced, and the amplitude and phase information obtained by finite element simulation on HFSS are then used to synthesize the steering vector and simulate it in MATLAB to prepare the anti-jamming ability of the ordinary array and the dual-polarization array. The real data is measured in a darkroom to verify the simulation results. The satellite collection positioning test was carried out on the roof to compare the positioning results of the ordinary array and the Dual-polarization array. The simulation and experiment shows that the dual-polarization array can suppress super-degree-of-freedom jamming and has good robustness under low elevation angle jamming. The dual-polarization antenna does not change the antenna size and can maintain the receiver miniaturization while keeping good robustness.

Polarization anti-jamming  /  Dual-polarization  /  Adaptive nulling  /  Degree of freedom
郭华秋, 孙迅, 马忠志, 李达, 刘红. 双极化天线阵列抗干扰性能研究. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (3) : 72 -80 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240102001
Huaqiu GUO, Xun SUN, Zhongzhi MA, Da LI, Hong LIU. Research on Anti-jamming Technology of Dual-polarized Antenna Array[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (3) : 72 -80 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240102001
全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)能为地表或近地空间的用户提供定位、导航与授时(Positing, Navigating and Timing, PNT)服务,在民用和军用领域广泛应用,尤其是在军用领域发挥重要的作用[1]。受卫星发射功率以及传播距离的影响,地面接收导航信号的强度十分微弱且极易受到干扰,在日益复杂的电磁环境下如何保障GNSS提供精确的PNT服务成为导航领域的研究热点。基于上述状况,导航战的概念被提出,其目的是保护我方对导航信号有效利用,并阻止敌方有效获取导航信号[2,3]。导航战分为进攻型和防御型两种类型,进攻型导航战通过各种干扰技术影响接收机正常接收导航信号,而防守型导航战则是通过抗干扰技术对干扰进行抑制。现有的干扰技术包括压制干扰和欺骗干扰两种,其中功率压制作为最成熟有效的导航干扰手段得到广泛应用[4]。随着抗干扰技术的发展,接收机抗压制干扰能力已经能够达到110 dB~120 dB。为了实现20 km的有效干扰距离,干扰源需要发射10 MW~100 MW的干扰功率,实现难度很大。压制干扰技术不再一味地增强干扰功率,而是引入更多干扰参量、改进信号样式以提高压制干扰的效率。压制干扰技术的更新与电磁环境的日益复杂对接收机抗干扰性能带来了更多的挑战[5]
对于传统的自适应调零天线阵列,使用抗干扰手段如功率倒置(Power Inversion, PI)算法存在一定的自由度,通常可以抑制比阵元数目少一个(M-1)的干扰[6]。自适应调零天线阵列的尺寸通常受到其使用场景的限制,这也限制了其阵元数目。所以面对干扰数目超过自由度的复杂电磁环境时,PI算法就会失效。另外在低仰角下天线轴比也会恶化[7],导致不同阵元接收干扰信号的功率存在较大差异,进而影响PI算法的性能。
对于干扰数目超出阵列实际自由度的情况,可以通过应用极化敏感阵列进行干扰抑制,而无需增加阵元数目或改变天线结构[8]。近年来,许多学者对极化敏感阵列在导航抗干扰中的应用进行研究,文献[9]采用中心右旋圆极化阵元与三对正交线极化阵元组成的4阵元均匀圆阵仿真证明4阵元阵列可以抑制最多6个单频干扰;文献[10]对7阵元双极化阵列进行空域和极化域联合抗干扰处理仿真,证明其高效干扰抑制能力;文献[11]通过仿真采用双极化贴片天线对2路接收信号进行自适应极化对消;文献[12]采用双正交4元矩形阵进行仿真证明极化空频抗干扰可以抑制6个宽带干扰;文献[13]采用空时极化联合处理进行计算机仿真,将来波方向一致的干扰信号和期望信号从极化域上区分并滤除;文献[14]进行了4阵元极化敏感阵列实测试验,证明其抗宽带干扰自由度扩展至6个。本文通过HFSS搭建天线阵列,对传统阵列和双极化阵列进行仿真,分析其抗干扰性能。最后通过暗室和外场的实测数据进行验证,结果表明双极化天线阵列能有效增加阵列自由度,在低仰角干扰和复杂电磁环境下有更好的鲁棒性。
对于阵列天线,从各阵元接收信号的角度,天线接收的信号矢量可表示为:
X(t)=AS(t)+n(t)
其中,导向矢量集合为A=[a1,a2,…,ak],k为接收机接收到的信号个数,信号集合为S(t)=[s1(t),s2(t),…,sk(t)]T。信号i的导向矢量可以表示为:
其中,ϕn为第n个阵元与参考阵元之间的相位差,(θi,φi)为第i个信号的来波方向,此空间导向矢量由布阵和信号来向决定,天线接收信号矢量可被写为:
接收机对采集的几路数据进行处理,自适应调零天线常用功率倒置算法,其形式表现为:
其中,约束矩阵为CM=[1,0,…,0]T,即w1恒定为1,R为接收机采样信号的协方差矩阵,双极化天线拥有更高的采样协方差矩阵维数。利用拉格朗日乘数法,可得PI算法的最优权值为[15]
在现实阵列中,导向矢量与理想情况存在误差。本文以3元均匀线阵为例,在ANSYS的HFSS中进行有限元仿真,建立了天线模型[16]。阵元间距为d,远场信号从与x轴夹角为θ入射。模型如图1所示,由x轴负向到正向依次记为阵元1、阵元2、阵元3,阵元间距约为半波长。通过HFSS仿真可以得到阵面电场的相位信息,计算阵元1与阵元2之间,阵元1与阵元3之间的相位差可得到ϕ2ϕ3。把阵元1视作参考阵元,e-jϕs(t)表示每个阵元的接收信号。下一节中,将以此为基础进行仿真,分析导航接收机的抗干扰效果。
现代战场的电磁环境极为复杂,外界的干扰源数目、来向、干扰样式都是未知的,这给接收机抗干扰造成了很大的困难,需要接收机有一定的冗余度和鲁棒性。由于卫星信号通常采用右旋圆极化方式,所以接收天线也通常被设计为右旋圆极化接收。轴比作为圆极化天线的重要参数,用于表示圆极化的纯度,一般要求圆极化天线的轴比不大于3 dB[17]。但在真实环境中信号的极化轴比存在恶化的情况,尤其是在低仰角情况下,圆极化天线的轴比通常较之法线方向大很多。绘制图1模型中阵元1和阵元2的方位角下轴比及接收增益的雷达图如图2图3所示。可以观察到,在低仰角时(与法向z轴夹角80°)天线的轴比较高,达到几十dB,而在高仰角时(与法向z轴夹角10°)轴比相对较低,满足圆极化天线要求。此外,低仰角下轴比的恶化使得中心阵元和边缘阵元之间存在较大的差异。另外在接收增益的雷达图里可以看到,高仰角下接收右旋圆极化信号的增益均匀,而在低仰角下接收增益衰减,且在不同方位角上存在最大达7.2 dB的差异。因此,低仰角轴比的恶化可能会导致不同阵元接收信号的功率存在较大差异,进而影响阵列的抗干扰算法[18]。提升阵列的自由度,增加冗余性可以尽量减轻这些情况的影响。
双极化天线是指一个单天线可以同时输出两路相互正交的极化信号,极化信息允许在导向矢量的表示中引入额外的维度。传统的天线通常只考虑空间位置,而双极化天线考虑了不同极化状态的信号,使得导向矢量同时包含了空间位置和极化信息。双极化天线组成的阵列在空间导向矢量as外,还具有极化导向矢量ap。对于平面阵,阵列接收信号的极化导向矢量为[19]
其中,γi为第i个信号的极化相角,ηi为第i个信号的极化相位差。双极化阵列的导向矢量表示为ai=apiasi,即极化导向矢量和空间导向矢量的Kro-necker积。以相互正交的左、右旋圆极化双极化天线为例,对空间任一方向传播来的干扰信号,假设左旋、右旋极化通道输出信号为,若干个天线组成双极化阵列,每个极化状态就相当于一个独立的通道,增加了可以处理的信号的数量,信号路数变为阵元数目的两倍,以其中一路为参考信号,可以使用功率倒置算法进行空域滤波。由于双极化天线可以提供额外的信息,它对抗干扰和多路径效应有更好的鲁棒性。通过同时利用不同极化信息,系统可以更好地区分卫星信号和干扰,从而提高定位和导航的准确性。
利用HFSS模型获得导向矢量后,通过MATLAB软件进行仿真。在仿真设置中,天线等效热噪声功率为-101 dBm,卫星信号到达阵面的功率为-130 dBm,天线接收的(1 268.52±10.23)MHz射频信号经过接收通道的带通滤波、低噪声放大后,送至下变频滤波模块得到(15±10.23) MHz的中频信号,以采样频率62 MHz进行采样。设置4个仰角方向(10°, 30°, 160°, 170°)的干扰,干扰信号依次为两个干噪比80 dB、带宽16 MHz的宽带干扰;两个干噪比90 dB、频点为1 263.52 MHz和1 270.52 MHz的单频干扰。
所使用的阵列为图1所示的北斗B3频点3元均匀线阵,阵元间距半波长。经天线阵列接收得到3路信号,计算采样信号协方差矩阵并进行特征值分解得到(0.236, 0.051, 0.012),可知3个特征值都较大,表明干扰信号占用了3个自由度。使用基于功率倒置的SMI算法进行空域抗干扰处理,得到阵列增益方向图和输出信号的功率谱如图4图5所示。在超自由度干扰影响下,3阵元天线阵列的阵列增益方向图零陷没有对准4个方向的干扰,而是在50°和130°方向有较浅的零陷。输出功率谱与接收信号形状相似,两个单频可以在10 MHz上看到,未能有效抑制干扰。计算显示干扰信号的输出功率仍在-25 dBm上下,即使经阵列天线处理后依旧高出热噪声75 dB,输出信干噪比-103 dB,接收机无法有效定位。在超自由度干扰状态下,普通阵列接收机不能有效抑制干扰。
对于图1中的阵列模型,可以采用双极化阵列,在不改变阵列形状、尺寸和阵元数目的情况下,通过两个馈点的?上电使得每个阵元可以同时具有左旋和右旋圆极化?的激励状态。每个阵元有两路信号,3元双极化线阵存在6维导向矢量,通过HFSS仿真阵面的相位信息得到导向矢量进行仿真。计算采样信号协方差矩阵的特征值分解可以得到6个特征值(1.18, 0.95, 0.04, 0.01, 8.4E-11, 7.7E-11),其中存在4个大特征值。使用基于功率倒置的SMI算法进行空域抗干扰处理,得到阵列增益方向图和输出信号的功率谱如图6图7所示。在双极化阵列响应方向图上可以明显观察到4个干扰方向的零陷,零陷深度均在-110 dB以上,准确对准了干扰源并且深度较大。观察输出信号功率谱,宽带干扰与单频干扰均被有效抑制。计算得到干扰信号的输出干噪比达到了-26 dB,即使在干扰数目高于阵元数目的情况下,双极化阵列仍然能够有效抑制干扰,使其能量降至噪声电平之下。面对相同的干扰场景,双极化阵列相比于普通阵列表现出更为优越的干扰抑制效果。因此,双极化阵列在抑制超自由度干扰方面具备良好的性能。
为了验证仿真结论的真实性,在暗室环境中搭建实验平台进行数据采集,实验环境如图8所示。接收天线阵列前端经过放大、混频、滤波后,使用ADC对信号进行采样,得到采集数据后在MATLAB中进行信号处理,快拍数为2 048。接收链路增益为20 dB,在未加干扰时得到采样信号的噪声功率为-80 dBm。施加(10°, 0°)、(15°, 60°)、(10°, 150°)、(15°, 240°)四个方向的干扰,干扰样式为两个20 MHz的BPSK宽带干扰、两个单频干扰(1 266.52 MHz和1 270.52 MHz),干噪比均为45 dB。
普通4阵元方阵对混频采样获得的15.52 MHz数字中频信号进行正交下变频IQ分离,将有效频谱搬移到基带,并经过数字低通滤波器滤除带外信号。此时计算接收信号协方差矩阵得到4个特征值(9.2E-4, 2.1E-4, 3.9E-5, 1.9E-5)。各路采集信号功率为-35 dBm,经过SMI功率倒置算法处理得到输出信号功率为-44 dBm,输出干噪比为36 dB,输出信干噪比为-61 dB,接收机无法定位。下变频后基频信号和输出信号功率谱密度如图9所示,可以观察到20 MHz的BPSK宽带干扰没被抑制干净,1 266.52 MHz和1 270.52 MHz的双频干扰也没有被抑制。
实测双极化4阵元方阵是由1个主阵元和3对正交左旋、右旋圆极化阵元组成的,天线接收信号得到7路采样信号。计算接收信号协方差矩阵得到7个特征值(1.1E-3, 7.2E-4, 2.2E-4, 8.3E-5, 6.1E-6, 3.4E-6, 1.4E-7),接收机各路采集信号功率依旧为-35 dBm,经过SMI功率倒置算法处理得到输出信号功率为-77 dBm,输出干噪比为3 dB,输出信干噪比为-29 dB。下变频后基频信号和输出信号功率谱如图10所示,可以看到干扰信号均被成功滤除。同为4阵元的双极化阵列与普通阵列的暗室实测对比验证了第三节仿真得到的结论,即双极化接收机能抑制超阵元自由度的干扰。
外场收星试验测试环境如图11所示。首先在静态状态下,对普通和双极化阵列施加4个干信比为60 dB(干噪比为30 dB)的20 MHz带宽BPSK宽带干扰,干扰仰角皆为10°,方位角为(0°, 120°,240°, 300°)。随后启动B3I定位模式,正常收星捕获10 s。在10 s处施加干扰,收星情况如图12所示。对于试验用普通阵列,常态工作时可以接收20颗星,但在施加干扰后星况迅速恶劣,最终卫星信号失锁,可用星数归零,无法完成定位。而双极化阵列正常收星捕获14颗北斗卫星,施加干扰后,虽然可用星数短暂下降,卫星载噪比降低,但几秒后恢复较多可用星数,成功排除干扰影响。由此可见,双极化天线在抑制超自由度干扰方面具有显著的优势。
在抗干扰测试中,将天线阵列放置在转台上,以旋转状态进行测试,进一步评估天线阵列对空间不同方向干扰的抑制能力,并从侧面反映低仰角下的轴比恶化对阵列性能的影响。在测试中,天线阵列一直处于干扰影响下,转台旋转速度为2 (°)/s,经过180 s旋转一周,记录了每秒的数据进行对比分析。以下是对比测试不同干扰情况下的定位率:
① 单个干信比为95 dB的宽带干扰;
② 三个干信比为80 dB的宽带干扰;
③ 四个宽带干扰;
④ 六个宽带干扰。
所有干扰皆为20 MHz、BPSK调制的右旋圆极化,测试结果见表1
在对于1个95 dB干信比的宽带干扰的测试中,两接收机均展现出接近100%的定位率。在面对3个80 dB干信比的宽带干扰时,虽然干扰数目小于阵列自由度,但由于干扰功率较高且干扰方向为低仰角,普通阵列定位率较差;而双极化阵列有较强的鲁棒性,定位率远高于普通阵列。当面对4个宽带干扰时,普通4阵元阵列的自由度被超出,即便是仅施加50 dB干信比的宽带干扰,也只有个位数的定位率;而双极化阵列利用极化信息增加信号处理维度,其自由度也随之提升,成功抑制70 dB干信比的宽带干扰。最后在面对6个宽带干扰的情况下,对普通阵列施加50 dB干信比时定位率为0;而双极化阵列在面对6个50 dB的宽带干扰时仍然能够有效抑制,定位率100%;当增加到52 dB后,定位率降至87.15%。所以双极化阵列天线能增加阵列的自由度,具备较大的冗余性和较强的鲁棒性。
本文主要研究双极化阵列在抵御复杂环境和超自由度干扰的效果,通过理论分析了信号的接收模型以及双极化阵列原理,在HFSS中搭建天线模型进行有限元仿真以获取阵列导向矢量和天线轴比等参数。然后通过对比仿真和实测试验的结果,详细说明了在超自由度干扰场景下,传统阵列无法有效抑制干扰,而双极化阵列可以在相同的干扰场景下完成定位,而且其天线尺寸相较于传统阵列保持不变。最后,通过进行外场干扰试验,验证了双极化阵列抗超自由度干扰的能力,实验结果表明,双极化阵列对于超自由度干扰的抑制效果显著,并且在面对低仰角干扰时表现出更好的鲁棒性。这些发现为双极化阵列在导航和定位系统中的应用提供了实质性的支持和指导。
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240102001
  • 接收时间:2024-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-02
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