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Trellis coding modulation technology can improve the signal-to-noise ratio, reduce the transmission power, and lower the bit error rate without changing the bandwidth of the information transmission spectrum. The realization method is to divide the constellation map to form a subset and gradually increase the minimum Euclidean distance between the signal points in the constellation map. In this paper, the demodulation performance of 8PSK and 16QAM-TCM modulation techniques is simulated on the simulation platform of a relay satellite communication system developed by the project team. The simulation curve shows the relationship between the required bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio. The simulation results demonstrate: ① under the channel conditions of an ideal channel, I/Q amplitude and phase imbalance, amplitude and frequency characteristics, group delay, phase noise, power amplifier saturation, if the required BER is 1E-7, compared to 8PSK modulation technology, the signal-to-noise ratio of 16QAM-TCM technology saves 8.85 dB, 9.04 dB, 8.45 dB, 10.2 dB, 8.5 dB, and 14.6 dB, respectively; ② under the channel conditions of non-linear, correspondingly along with increasing of the signal-to-noise ratio, the BER of 8PSK modulation technology fluctuates around the order of 1E-3; ③ if the required BER is 1E-7, compared with the ideal channel SNR simulation result, the non-linear channel SNR simulation result of 16QAM-TCM technology loses 4.8 dB.

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网格编码调制技术可以在不改变信息传输频谱带宽的条件下,改善信噪比,减少发射功率,降低误码率,其实现的方法是分割星座图形成子集,逐步增大星座图中信号点之间的最小欧氏距离。本论文在项目组自研的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台上,仿真了8PSK与16QAM-TCM两种调制技术的解调性能,仿真曲线反映了误比特率需求与所需信噪比之间的关系。仿真结果表明:① 在理想信道条件、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature, 同相/正交)幅相不平衡、幅频特性、群时延、相位噪声、功率放大器饱和点条件下,假设误比特率需求为1E-7,16QAM-TCM技术的信噪比需求与8PSK调制技术的信噪比需求相比,分别可节省8.85 dB、9.04 dB、8.45 dB、10.2 dB、8.5 dB、14.6 dB的信噪比;② 在非线性信道条件下,当信噪比增大时,8PSK调制技术的误比特率在1E-3数量级附近波动,不再变化;③ 假设需求的误比特率为1E-7,16QAM-TCM调制技术非线性信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,损失了4.8 dB。

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张秀宁 1984年生,博士, 工程师。

李正岱 1983年生,博士,研究员。

张旭 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

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张秀宁 1984年生,博士, 工程师。

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张秀宁 1984年生,博士, 工程师。

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李正岱 1983年生,博士,研究员。

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figureFileBig=6jIr4OuJv/3r52bwquBjqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241060197167330114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060183712002470, language=CN, label=图13, caption=非线性条件下8PSK与16QAM-TCM仿真误码率曲线, figureFileSmall=BLHy7dhZNb+XTl2BIQi6uA==, figureFileBig=6jIr4OuJv/3r52bwquBjqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241060197255410500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060183712002470, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Simulation parameters

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参数名称参数取值
原始信息速率900 Mbps
成形系数0.35
幅相偏差0.4 dB, 3°
幅频特性f0±35%∶2.0 dB
f0±50%∶3.0 dB
群时延f0±25%∶15 ns
f0±35%∶25 ns
f0±50%∶30 ns
相位噪声10 Hz -48.67 dBc
100 Hz -70.59 dBc
1 kHz -82.77 dBc
10 kHz -85 dBc
100 kHz -94.3 dBc
1 MHz -112.35 dBc
), ArticleFig(id=1241060197351879496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060183712002470, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

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参数名称参数取值
原始信息速率900 Mbps
成形系数0.35
幅相偏差0.4 dB, 3°
幅频特性f0±35%∶2.0 dB
f0±50%∶3.0 dB
群时延f0±25%∶15 ns
f0±35%∶25 ns
f0±50%∶30 ns
相位噪声10 Hz -48.67 dBc
100 Hz -70.59 dBc
1 kHz -82.77 dBc
10 kHz -85 dBc
100 kHz -94.3 dBc
1 MHz -112.35 dBc
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应用于中继卫星通信系统的16QAM-TCM技术研究
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张秀宁 , 李正岱 , 张旭
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(2): 42-49
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(2): 42-49
应用于中继卫星通信系统的16QAM-TCM技术研究
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张秀宁, 李正岱, 张旭
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 张秀宁 1984年生,博士, 工程师。

    李正岱 1983年生,博士,研究员。

    张旭 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

16QAM-TCM Technology Research Applied in Relay Satellite Communication System
Xiuning ZHANG, Zhengdai LI, Xu ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231031001
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网格编码调制技术可以在不改变信息传输频谱带宽的条件下,改善信噪比,减少发射功率,降低误码率,其实现的方法是分割星座图形成子集,逐步增大星座图中信号点之间的最小欧氏距离。本论文在项目组自研的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台上,仿真了8PSK与16QAM-TCM两种调制技术的解调性能,仿真曲线反映了误比特率需求与所需信噪比之间的关系。仿真结果表明:① 在理想信道条件、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature, 同相/正交)幅相不平衡、幅频特性、群时延、相位噪声、功率放大器饱和点条件下,假设误比特率需求为1E-7,16QAM-TCM技术的信噪比需求与8PSK调制技术的信噪比需求相比,分别可节省8.85 dB、9.04 dB、8.45 dB、10.2 dB、8.5 dB、14.6 dB的信噪比;② 在非线性信道条件下,当信噪比增大时,8PSK调制技术的误比特率在1E-3数量级附近波动,不再变化;③ 假设需求的误比特率为1E-7,16QAM-TCM调制技术非线性信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,损失了4.8 dB。

网格编码调制  /  中继卫星通信系统仿真  /  16QAM-TCM  /  8PSK  /  非线性信道

Trellis coding modulation technology can improve the signal-to-noise ratio, reduce the transmission power, and lower the bit error rate without changing the bandwidth of the information transmission spectrum. The realization method is to divide the constellation map to form a subset and gradually increase the minimum Euclidean distance between the signal points in the constellation map. In this paper, the demodulation performance of 8PSK and 16QAM-TCM modulation techniques is simulated on the simulation platform of a relay satellite communication system developed by the project team. The simulation curve shows the relationship between the required bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio. The simulation results demonstrate: ① under the channel conditions of an ideal channel, I/Q amplitude and phase imbalance, amplitude and frequency characteristics, group delay, phase noise, power amplifier saturation, if the required BER is 1E-7, compared to 8PSK modulation technology, the signal-to-noise ratio of 16QAM-TCM technology saves 8.85 dB, 9.04 dB, 8.45 dB, 10.2 dB, 8.5 dB, and 14.6 dB, respectively; ② under the channel conditions of non-linear, correspondingly along with increasing of the signal-to-noise ratio, the BER of 8PSK modulation technology fluctuates around the order of 1E-3; ③ if the required BER is 1E-7, compared with the ideal channel SNR simulation result, the non-linear channel SNR simulation result of 16QAM-TCM technology loses 4.8 dB.

Trellis-coded modulation  /  Relay satellite communication system simulation  /  16QAM-TCM  /  8PSK  /  Non-linear channel
张秀宁, 李正岱, 张旭. 应用于中继卫星通信系统的16QAM-TCM技术研究. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (2) : 42 -49 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231031001
Xiuning ZHANG, Zhengdai LI, Xu ZHANG. 16QAM-TCM Technology Research Applied in Relay Satellite Communication System[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (2) : 42 -49 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231031001
中继卫星通信系统包括分布于地球同步轨道的中继卫星、地面测控运控系统、位于中低轨道的箭载中继用户终端、星载中继用户终端、机载中继用户终端,以及位于海平面的船载中继用户终端。中继卫星通信系统是箭载中继终端、星载中继终端的天基测控系统,实现对中继用户终端的天基测控或者数据传输。天基测控是测控家族的新成员,与地基测控和海基测控一起,提高了测控覆盖率[1]。中继用户终端正朝着功耗更低、体积更小、重量更轻、性能更优的方向发展。中继卫星位于地球静止轨道,中继用户终端与中继卫星之间传输距离遥远,信道环境复杂变化,为了保证接收信号的质量,需要提高放大器的功率,增加天线的增益,使得信噪比增加,减少解调译码后的误码率[2-4]。提高放大器的功率,增加天线的增益,将使得功率放大器和天线的制造成本增加、体积增大,并且增加功率将增加对相邻信道的干扰[5,6]。网格编码调制技术是一种将信道编码技术与高阶(多元)调制技术相融合的改进调制技术[7]。这种改进的调制技术维持原始比特速率不变,增加信道编码,提高调制阶数,因此需求的传输带宽不会增加,可以改善信噪比,减少发射功率,降低误码率。功率放大器工作于饱和点时,通信系统性能将严重降级,因此研究开发减少发射功率的新技术,对空间通信(包括中继卫星通信)意义重大。
信道编码技术通过引入检验位检错纠错,带来了信道编码增益,付出的代价是增添了用于检错纠错的冗余比特位,因此需要增加传输带宽。随着人们对数据传输速率的要求越来越高,频谱资源变得越来越紧张。为了解决频谱资源紧张的问题,有关通信专家提出了高阶调制技术。与低阶调制技术相比,高阶调制技术可以在相同信道传输带宽条件下,提高数据传输的速率,付出的代价是:由于星座图中信号点之间距离减小使得误码率增加。为了保证中继用户终端的数据接收质量,需要通信发射机提高发射功率,增加接收信噪比或者采用具有更高信道编码增益的信道编码技术。网格编码调制技术以增加星座图中信号点之间的最小欧氏距离为目的,对星座图逐级分割形成若干星座子集,再结合简单的信道编码技术就可以克服高阶调制技术的缺点[8-10],付出的代价是解码比较复杂。网格编码调制技术的信道编码方法、调制映射方法以及结果可以用网格图来表示,采用维特比算法软判决解码可以恢复发送序列。采用上述思想的技术被称为网格编码调制技术,本文在项目组自研的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台上,仿真对比了16QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 正交幅度调制)网格编码调制技术和8PSK(Phase Shift Keying, 相移键控)技术的误码率需求与信噪比之间的关系。FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array, 现场可编程逻辑门阵列)动态可重构功能的在轨实现[11],降低了新型调制技术从仿真验证到实际工程应用之间的时间,有效地推动了空间技术的进步。
图1为16QAM-TCM原理框图。
观察图1的原理框图可知,对原信息比特k0进行(2,1,3)卷积编码,输入k0一位信息比特,输出两个编码比特x0x1;未进行卷积编码的原信息比特k1k2分别映射为x2x3。监督元x1不仅与本码段信元k0有关,还与前N-1个码段的信元有关,N为约束度。对原始的三个信息比特k0k1k2进行编码后,输出四个编码后比特x0x1x2x3[12,13]。根据前三个比特x0x1x2从八个子集中选择一个子集,根据最后一个比特x3的取值选择星座图子集中的信号点。图2为上述采用的(2,1,3)卷积编码器[14,15]的原理框图,k0为输入的一位原始信息比特,x0x1为输出的两位卷积编码比特[15]。由图2可知,该卷积编码器有两个移位寄存器,这两个移位寄存器总共有00、01、10、11四种状态,移位寄存器数目加上一为约束度[15],因此,图2所示的卷积编码器的约束度为3[15-17]。约束长度为约束度乘以编码后比特数目,图2中的卷积编码器的约束长度为6 bit。
星座图分割的目的是增加星座图中信号点之间的最小欧氏距离,以此为目的,对16QAM星座图进行分割,每分割一级,星座图子集数目翻倍,星座图中信号点的数目减少一半,星座图中信号点之间的最小欧氏距离增大[18,19]图3为16QAM星座图的三次分割与信号点编码,经过三次分割后,生成了子集D0D1、…、D7图4D0D2D4D6的进一步分割与信号点编码。图5D1D3D5D7的进一步分割与信号点编码。
图6为16QAM的星座图,星座图中有16个信号星点,这16个信号星点出现的概率相等。16个信号星点的归一化功率平均值如式(1)所示。
归一化功率平均值的开方为归一化电压幅度的平均值即。16个信号星点的欧氏距离的最小值等于电平间隔2比上归一化电压幅度的平均值,即,Δ2=2Δ0
原始信息比特k=k0+k1+k2k0=k1=k2=1 bit。原始信息比特k0输入(2,1,3)卷积编码器,输出两个卷积编码后的比特x0x1,原始信息比特k1k2不进行卷积编码,分别一一映射为x2x3,编码效率R等于原始信息比特数值与编码后比特数值的比值,即R=3/4。频谱资源稀缺,采用高阶调制,即用4 bit信息表示原始的3 bit信息,可以不增加原始信息速率传输需求的频谱带宽。本论文仿真分析了两种调制技术,第一种采用8PSK调制技术传输原始的3个比特信息;第二种是原始的3个比特信息经网格编码后生成4个比特信息,这4个比特信息使用16QAM-TCM(Trellis Coding Modulation,网格编码调制)技术进行编码调制后传输。
8PSK自由欧氏距离,16QAM自由欧氏距离为Δ16QAM=Δ0=0.632 455 5。高阶调制16QAM与低阶调制8PSK相比,欧氏距离损失如式(2)所示。
由式(2)可知,与8PSK相比,16QAM性能损失了1.656 793 21 dB。16QAM-TCM的最小欧氏距离如式(3)所示。
与16QAM相比,16QAM-TCM的最小欧氏距离增加,可以获得的增益如式(4)所示。
与8PSK调制技术相比,4状态/16QAM-TCM技术可以获得的编码增益如式(5)所示。
由式(5)可知,与8PSK调制技术相比,4状态/16QAM-TCM技术通过星座图子集分割,使得星座图中信号点之间的最小欧氏距离增加,不需要增加信息传输需要的频谱带宽,就可以改善7.374 1 dB的信噪比。增加卷积编码器的约束度,可以增加卷积编码增益,使得信噪比改善的数值增加,即可以进一步降低信号的发射功率,对功率放大器的技术指标要求降低,从而降低硬件实现成本。高功率放大器的实现一直是空间通信、深空探测的技术难点,随着人类对空间探索活动的增加以及空间通信应用的增加,空间通信的频谱资源日趋紧张。由上述可知,4状态/16QAM-TCM技术可以降低对功率放大器指标的要求,同时不需要增加频谱带宽,非常适合于空间通信与深空探测。
网格编码调制技术的编码映射过程可以绘制成网格图来表示。在接收端复制一个与编码电路对应的网格图。解码解调时将接收序列与网格图中的各条路径进行一一比对,选择欧氏距离最小的路径作为解码解调的最佳路径输出[20,21],放弃较大与更大欧氏距离的路径。输出的x0x1x2x3中的x2x3k1k2一一对应。输出的x0x1经过维特比软判决纠错解码,可以获得原始信息发送的比特k0。卷积码的约束度越大,最优译码算法越复杂,通常采用次优译码算法。网格图中融合于同一点的多条路径,只保留欧氏距离最小的路径,其余路径丢弃,这样可以减少计算量以及幸存路径的存储空间。次优译码算法每条幸存路径只保留最近的δ比特,经过计算机仿真证实,δ≥5(N-1)时(N为卷积码的约束度),译码性能损失可以忽略,次优译码算法性能接近最优译码算法性能。
卷积编码器(x,k,N)中,k为信息比特,x为卷积编码后的比特,N为约束度。维特比译码算法采用序列最大似然准则,是最优的译码算法。约束度较大时,维特比译码算法需要的计算量和存储空间较大,不适合实际应用。Fano序列译码算法需要的存储空间较少,计算量较小,适合于约束度较大的卷积码译码,付出的代价是译码延时较大。
仿真参数如表1所示。
8PSK调制技术与16QAM-TCM调制技术在理想信道AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise, 加性白高斯噪声)条件下的误码率与所需信噪比的仿真曲线[22-24]图7所示。
通过观察图7可知,误码率为1E-7时,8PSK需要的信噪比为14.95 dB,16QAM-TCM需要的信噪比为6.1 dB。可见,16QAM-TCM与8PSK相比,可节省8.85 dB,比理论分析7.374 1 dB增加了1.475 9 dB,这1.475 9 dB来源于卷积编码增益。
幅相偏差条件下,8PSK调制技术和16QAM-TCM调制技术的解码解调性能仿真曲线如图8所示。对比图7图8可知:
① 幅相偏差信道与理想信道相比信噪比损失较小,这是因为中继用户终端的接收机采用了幅相偏差校正技术[24]
② 误比特率需求为1E-7时,16QAM-TCM调制技术比8PSK调制技术可节省9.04 dB。
幅频特性条件下,8PSK调制技术和16QAM-TCM技术的误码率仿真曲线如图9所示。仿真结果表明:
① 幅频特性信道条件下仿真值与理想信道条件下仿真值相比,无论是8PSK调制技术还是16QAM-TCM技术,信噪比损失均较小,这是因为中继用户终端接收机采用了均衡技术,对导致信号恶化的幅频特性进行了纠正。
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-7,16QAM-TCM技术与8PSK调制技术相比,节省的信噪比为8.45 dB。
8PSK调制技术与16QAM-TCM技术在群时延信道条件下的解码解调误比特率与信噪比关系曲线如图10所示。仿真结果表明:
① 群时延信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,8PSK调制技术的解码解调信噪比损失为3.45 dB,16QAM-TCM技术的解码解调信噪比损失为2.1 dB。
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-7,16QAM-TCM技术和8PSK调制技术相比,节省的信噪比为10.2 dB。
8PSK调制技术与16QAM-TCM技术在相位噪声信道条件下的解码解调误比特率与信噪比关系曲线如图11所示。仿真结果表明:
① 相位噪声信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,8PSK调制技术损失了1.35 dB,16QAM-TCM技术损失了1.7 dB,损失均较小,这是因为中继用户终端接收机采用了盲自适应均衡技术,对相位噪声引起的信号畸变可以进行改善。
② 假设误比特率需求为1E-7,16QAM-TCM技术和8PSK调制技术相比,可以将信噪比改善8.5 dB。
中继用户终端功率放大器工作于饱和点时,8PSK调制技术和16QAM-TCM技术的解码解调误比特率与信噪比关系曲线如图12所示。
仿真结果表明:
① 当功率放大器工作于饱和点时,8PSK调制技术的信噪比损失了8.85 dB,性能降级严重;
② 当功率放大器工作于饱和点时,16QAM-TCM技术的信噪比损失了3.1 dB;
③ 当功率放大器工作于饱和点时,误比特率需求为1E-7时,16QAM-TCM技术与8PSK调制技术相比,信噪比可以改善14.6 dB。
非线性信道条件下,8PSK技术和16QAM-TCM调制技术的误比特率与信噪比之间的仿真曲线如图13所示。仿真结果表明:
① 在非线性信道条件下,随着信噪比的增加,8PSK调制技术的误比特率不再变化,而是在1E-3数量级波动;
② 16QAM-TCM技术非线性信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,损失了4.8 dB;
③ 在非线性信道条件下,16QAM-TCM技术的性能和8PSK调制技术的性能相比,优势明显,因为8PSK调制技术无法满足误比特率需求。
① 在理想信道条件、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature,同相/正交)幅相不平衡、幅频特性、群时延、相位噪声、功率放大器饱和点条件下[23],假设误比特率需求为1E-7,16QAM-TCM技术的信噪比需求与8PSK调制技术的信噪比需求相比,分别可减少8.85 dB、9.04 dB、8.45 dB、10.2 dB、8.5 dB、14.6 dB的信噪比;
② 在非线性信道条件下,当信噪比增大时,8PSK调制技术的误比特率在1E-3数量级附近波动,不再变化;
③ 假设需求的误比特率为1E-7,16QAM-TCM调制技术非线性信道信噪比仿真值与理想信道信噪比仿真值相比,损失了4.8 dB。
在项目组自研的中继卫星通信系统仿真平台[24]上,对16QAM-TCM和8PSK两种调制技术在不同信道条件下的误码率性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明:16QAM-TCM技术优于8PSK技术,与理论分析结果一致。本文的理论分析与仿真验证,对后续中继卫星通信系统建设的调制技术选择有一定的借鉴意义。更高阶的网格编码调制技术,比如32QAM-TCM技术、64QAM-TCM技术可以作为下一步的研究方向。
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231031001
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2024-01-26
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中国航天科技集团自主研发项目“卫星中继用户终端子系统
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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