Article(id=1241060181535150766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241060178263601474, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20231226001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703520000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-26, revisedDate=1705161600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773821405060, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773821405060, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773821405060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773821405060, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241060178263601474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='123', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773821404281, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773821891324, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241062221128724613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241060178263601474, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241062221128724614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241060178263601474, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241060182294319798, articleId=1241060181535150766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Design and Implementation of High-dynamic Frequency-hopping Signal Clock Synchronization, columnId=1239133503154081962, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=TT & C Communication and Navigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the inconsistency in symbol rate and count between the hopped signals, especially with few symbols in low-speed hops, it is difficult to extract clock errors. To address the clock synchronization challenge of frequency hopping signals under high dynamics, a method based on frequency offset estimation for clock offset feedback adjustment is proposed. By estimating the frequency and clock offset through synchronization sequences and adjusting the clock offset and clock tracking through feedback methods, high-precision clock synchronization is achieved. Simulation results show that this method is suitable for ultra-high dyna-mics with flight speeds up to 7.9 km/s and accelerations of 0.2 km/s², exhibiting superior timing synchronization performance. The timing accuracy meets the requirements for high-speed frequency hopping signal demodulation, with demodulation loss less than 0.1 dB.

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由于跳频信号各跳之间的符号速率和符号数量不一致,特别是低速跳只含少量符号,导致时钟误差提取困难。针对高动态下的跳频信号时钟同步难题,提出基于频偏估计的钟偏反馈调整方法。该方法通过同步序列进行频率估计和钟偏估计,并结合反馈方法调整钟偏和时钟跟踪,实现了高精度时钟同步。仿真结果表明:该方法适应飞行速度7.9 km/s、加速度0.2 km/s²的超高动态,定时同步性能优越,定时精度满足高速跳频信号解调要求,且解调损失小于0.1 dB。

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陈敬乔,1981生,硕士,高级工程师。

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陈敬乔,1981生,硕士,高级工程师。

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陈敬乔,1981生,硕士,高级工程师。

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高动态跳频信号时钟同步设计与实现
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陈敬乔
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(2): 62-67
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高动态跳频信号时钟同步设计与实现
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陈敬乔
作者信息
  • 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 石家庄 050081
  • 陈敬乔,1981生,硕士,高级工程师。

Design and Implementation of High-dynamic Frequency-hopping Signal Clock Synchronization
Jingqiao CHEN
Affiliations
  • The 54th Research Institute of CECT, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231226001
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由于跳频信号各跳之间的符号速率和符号数量不一致,特别是低速跳只含少量符号,导致时钟误差提取困难。针对高动态下的跳频信号时钟同步难题,提出基于频偏估计的钟偏反馈调整方法。该方法通过同步序列进行频率估计和钟偏估计,并结合反馈方法调整钟偏和时钟跟踪,实现了高精度时钟同步。仿真结果表明:该方法适应飞行速度7.9 km/s、加速度0.2 km/s²的超高动态,定时同步性能优越,定时精度满足高速跳频信号解调要求,且解调损失小于0.1 dB。

卫星通信  /  跳频  /  高动态  /  时钟同步  /  频率估计  /  时钟跟踪

Due to the inconsistency in symbol rate and count between the hopped signals, especially with few symbols in low-speed hops, it is difficult to extract clock errors. To address the clock synchronization challenge of frequency hopping signals under high dynamics, a method based on frequency offset estimation for clock offset feedback adjustment is proposed. By estimating the frequency and clock offset through synchronization sequences and adjusting the clock offset and clock tracking through feedback methods, high-precision clock synchronization is achieved. Simulation results show that this method is suitable for ultra-high dyna-mics with flight speeds up to 7.9 km/s and accelerations of 0.2 km/s², exhibiting superior timing synchronization performance. The timing accuracy meets the requirements for high-speed frequency hopping signal demodulation, with demodulation loss less than 0.1 dB.

Satellite communication  /  Frequency hopping  /  High dynamics  /  Clock synchronization  /  Frequency estimation  /  Clock tracking
陈敬乔. 高动态跳频信号时钟同步设计与实现. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (2) : 62 -67 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231226001
Jingqiao CHEN. Design and Implementation of High-dynamic Frequency-hopping Signal Clock Synchronization[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (2) : 62 -67 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231226001
在高动态环境下,通信接收机的同步问题是一个重要的研究领域。由于高机动平台的高速运动和及其急剧的速度变化,接收机在接收信号时面临着大多普勒频移和大多普勒钟偏的问题,这种恶劣环境给接收机的同步和解调带来了很大困难。
近几年,国内外对高动态环境下通信接收机的同步问题,进行了广泛而深入的研究,已经研制和生产出一些高动态接收机,很多关于多普勒频移估计的技术也不断被提出[1-4]。文献[5]提出了模糊搜索联合循环平稳的算法对信号参数进行估计,但是该算法不能适应低信噪比环境。文献[6]采用分数阶傅里叶变换(FRFT)进行高动态参数估计,但该算法需要很大的信号累积量,计算量大。目前对高动态信号常见的估计方法之一是DCFT算法,但是该算法需要较大的数据量和运算量[7-10]。这些估计方法大部分都是针对定频信号的高动态估计,而在跳频系统中,尤其是卫星系统中,针对高动态环境下的同步技术的研究相对较少,目前还没有成熟的技术和设备来支持高机动飞机平台的应用[11]
在跳频系统中,跳频链路的同步实现是可靠通信的关键[12-17],一般卫星系统采用星地一体化跳频,下行跳频同步是整个系统跳频同步的基础,下行跳频同步特性决定了整个系统的跳频同步特性,因此需要下行跳频同步信号进行精心设计。跳频系统中,为了保证传输效率,跳频中的同步信号出现频率很低,这就相当于同步速率很低,因此同步调整较慢。但高动态环境下的频偏和钟偏变化都很快,需要及时跟踪和调整,因此对接收机的同步设计要求很高。
为了满足跳频系统适应高动态的需求,提出了一种基于频偏估计的钟偏调整方法,并基于延迟锁定环进行二次反馈跟踪。该方法利用跳频帧结构中的同步序列,周期性进行频偏估计,然后根据频偏估计出多普勒钟偏,再反馈调整数控振荡器(NCO)进行时钟偏差跟踪。同步过程中,频偏估计和钟偏估计的协同作用,有助于提升高动态接收机的同步性能,使其具备稳定可靠的同步特性。
本文主要研究采用相位调制方式的跳频信号。接收机首先接收外部送来的低中频或基带信号,然后进行模数转换,将模拟信号变为数字信号,接着进行同步和解调。重点研究该接收机的定时同步算法和实现方法,最后给出该方法的误码性能。
跳频信号帧结构如图1所示,每帧包含三种信息:同步序列、时间信息和数据信息。同步序列用于做初始捕获和定时同步,每帧包含一跳同步序列,同步序列填充为m序列。假定帧长为8 ms,同步序列为0.08 ms,同步序列包含320个4 Msps速率的符号。
设发送的跳频信号为[18,19]
s(t)=a(t)cos[2π(f0+nΔf)t+φn]
其中,n=0、1、2…、N-1,N为跳频频点个数;a(t)为有用信号;cos[2π(f0+nΔf)t+φn]为跳频载波信号,假设幅度为1;f0为跳频起始频点;Δf为跳频频点距离;φn为跳频初始相位。当发送的有用信号为相位调制信号时,信号a(t)可表示为:
其中,b(n)为调制后的符号序列,p(t)为信道脉冲响应,T为符号周期。
跳频信号s(t)进入信道后,与噪声n(t)混合,最终收端收到的信号为:
r(t)=s(t)+n(t)
对接收信号r(t)进行解调、AD采样、重采样和低通滤波后,得到符号率整数倍的数字信号r(k):
r(k)=As(kT N+τ)+n(kT N+τ)
A为常数,表示接收信号幅度;k为采样点序号,为整数;T为符号周期;τ为信号延时;N为每符号采样点数,在本文中,选取N=4。
由于卫星信号传播路径为自由空间,卫星到高机动平台之间的多径传播现象可以忽略[20],因此,接收机面临的问题主要是如何解决高动态下的同步问题,其中主要包括定时同步和载波同步。因此,需要分析高机动平台带来的多普勒频偏和多普勒钟偏。
多普勒频移fD、多普勒变化率aD与速度、载波频率的关系是:
fD=fcvcosθ/c
aD=fcacosθ/c
多普勒钟偏RD、钟偏变化率aR与速度、符号速率的关系是:
RD=Wsvcosθ/c
aR=Wsacosθ/c
其中fc为载频,v为运动速度,a为加速度,c为光速,θ为运动速度与信号传播路径之间的夹角,Ws为符号速率。为了分析最恶劣的情况,取cosθ的最大值为1。
根据式(5)、式(7)可得多普勒钟偏RD与多普勒频移fD的关系:
RD=WsfD/fc
根据式(6)、式(8)可得钟偏变化率aR与多普勒频移fD的关系:
aR=WsfD/fc
在时间T内的最大偏移符号数Qm为:
Qm=RDT+0.5aRT2=TWs fD/fc+0.5T2Wsa
高机动平台最大速度为7.9 km/s,加速度为0.2 km/s²,设载频为20 GHz,可得多普勒频移最大值为526.7 kHz,变化率为13.3 kHz/s。设传输符号速率为4 Msps,则符号速率的偏移可达每秒106.6个符号,符号速率变化率为每秒2.6个符号。根据跳频帧结构,同步序列的间隔为8 ms,根据式(11)可得Qm为0.85个,这说明,当飞行速率为7.9 km/s时,跳频接收机在两帧之内可能会多接收或少接收(取决于运动方向是接近还是背离卫星)0.85个符号。由此可知,若接收机的时钟不作调整,在判决时仍用4 Msps符号率时钟进行判决,将会产生大量的误码,严重影响接收性能,因此必须采取一定的措施,对钟偏进行估计和调整,使跳频接收机在两帧之内的偏移符号量减小。
针对高动态带来的时钟偏移,定时采用钟偏估计、钟偏调整、定时估计的方法进行定时同步。该方法利用跳频帧结构中的同步序列,周期性进行频偏估计,然后根据频偏估计出多普勒钟偏,再反馈调整数控振荡器(NCO)进行时钟偏差跟踪,具体实现框图如图2所示。接收到的数字基带信号r(k)经过重采样和低通滤波后,对同步序列进行捕获,捕获成功后利用该序列进行频率估计、再根据式(7)将频率转化为钟偏、接着对钟偏进行环路滤波后送入NCO进行时钟调整,NCO产生的新时钟送入重采样,重采样按照调整后的时钟对信号进行采样,完成钟偏估计和调整。
定时同步实现流程如图3所示,实现步骤如下:
① 接收数字基带信号r(k),进行重采样和低通滤波。
② 同步序列捕获。为了捕获跳频帧结构(如图1)中的同步序列,需要考虑高机动平台的运动速度,并根据公式(5)计算最大频偏,鉴于频偏较大,捕获采用差分匹配滤波的方式。
③ 捕获到同步序列以后,利用同步序列进行频率估计。频率估计采用FFT方式,FFT的输入为将同步序列分段累加后的数据,分段累加的目的是提高信噪比,同时减小FFT的长度,节省资源。
④ 将频率估计得出的频偏根据式(7)转化为钟偏。
⑤ 对钟偏结果进行初步判断,判断估计出的钟偏结果是否满足实际钟偏范围。判断的约束条件为:钟偏结果是否满足飞行器最大动态时的钟偏范围,如果结果在范围内,则判定该次估计值有效,否则,判定为无效。
⑥ 对钟偏结果进行环路滤波。
⑦ 将环路滤波输出的结果,作为NCO的输入,调整本地时钟频率,完成大钟偏校正,产生校正后新时钟。
频率估计采用FFT方法,每个同步序列估计一次。频率估计精度越高,与真实的频率差值越小,则剩余频偏越小,由此得出的剩余钟差也越小,经过单位时间的累积,钟偏的影响也越小。因此需要重点考虑FFT的估计精度。根据FFT的特性可知,FFT入口数据的速率越低,FFT越长,估计精度越高,因此通过对入口数据进行若干个符号累加来降低速率,通过补零来增加长度,从而来保证FFT的估计精度。同时,需要综合考虑FFT的估计范围,由第2节可知最大频偏为526.7 kHz,若要达到该估计范围,FFT入口信号速率不能低于2×526.7=1 053.4 kHz。由第1节知同步序列包含320个4 Msps速率的符号,因此将FFT入口信号速率折中定为2 Msps,即将速率4 Msps的同步序列每2个符号相加,把320个符号变为160段。为了提高估计精度,将160个数据补零到512长度,再进行512点频率估计。
下面仿真出频率估计的精度。假定低信噪比解调门限Eb/N0=2 dB,BPSK调制,1/4编码,则FFT入口信号的符号信噪比Es/N0=2-6+3=-1 dB。以频偏200 kHz为例,蒙特卡洛仿真100万次,估计误差如图3所示,从仿真结果可以看出,频率估计误差为3.125 kHz或-4.688 kHz,留一定余量,按误差5 kHz计算。
根据式(9),将频率估计误差折合到钟偏,可得:
RD=WsfD/fc=4E6×5E3/20E9=1个符号/秒
根据式(11)可知,一帧内(8 ms)累积出的符号数为:
即在8 ms内最大偏移0.008个符号。
从式(13)可以看出,第二项的值很小,说明在一帧内(8 ms)钟偏变化率带来的符号偏移很小,可以忽略,因此不需要再进行变化率的估计及调整,仅对钟偏进行处理即可。
钟偏估计完成后,将钟偏按已知的最大钟偏范围进行筛选,去掉超过范围的错误值,然后进行环路滤波,滤除突变值,再将滤波后的值转化为NCO的频率控制字Zfcw。转化方法如下:
Zfcw=RD/fmclk2N
其中,fmclk为NCO的主时钟,N为NCO的二进制位宽。其中,N越大,跟踪精度越高。实际工程实现中,N一般取32、48等。
用MATLAB对具有正弦特性的多普勒信号进行钟偏调整仿真,频偏设为526.7 kHz,变化率为13.3 kHz/s。经过钟偏反馈调整,剩余频差仿真结果如图4所示。可以看出,跟踪后的归一化剩余频差(归一化到4 Msps符号率)约为百分之一,即频偏约为40 kHz,根据式(11)可知,一帧内(8 ms)累积出的符号数约为0.07个符号。
由3.3节中得出的每帧内累积符号偏移数约为0.07,通过理论分析和仿真可知:该误差对解调性能的影响很小。仿真结果如图5所示,误码性能损失小于0.1 dB。
综上,上述估计及计算结果是在设定了一个最恶劣状态的基础上得到的,在该状态下飞行器的飞行速度最大、加速度最大、信噪比最低,而实际上,飞行器并不会处于此状态,因此对高动态的适应还有一定的余量,对符号速率的提升也有一定余量。
本文研究了跳频信号高动态时钟同步的方法,解决了跳频高速率信号的时钟同步难题。该方法同步精度高,性能损失小,且能适应更高的动态和信息传输速率,在高机动抗干扰通信中具有重要的作用。对于其它高机动场景的同步问题,也有一定的借鉴意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021 YFF0603903)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231226001
  • 接收时间:2023-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-26
  • 修回日期:2024-01-14
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021 YFF0603903)
作者信息
    中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 石家庄 050081
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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