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Missile-borne bistatic forward-looking synthetic aperture radar (MBFL-SAR) can achieve full-range, forward-looking, two-dimensional high-resolution imaging during the diving phase, enabling collaborative combat between missiles and improving guidance accuracy. In response to the issue that the trajectory of the transmitter directly affects the resolution of bistatic imaging, the two-dimensional resolution characteristics of the diving phase in the MBFL-SAR are analyzed. Combined with the motion characteristics of the missile, under the constraints of two-dimensional resolution and missile kinematics, the three-dimensional acceleration variations of the missile are used as optimization variables, and an objective function related to the angle between the resolutions in the scene is constructed. An improved genetic algorithm is employed for the trajectory optimization of the transmitter. Compared with the existing trajectory design method based on a linear attenuation model, the trajectory optimization method proposed in this paper can better meet the requirements of high-resolution imaging.

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弹载双基前视合成孔径雷达(Missile-Borne Bistatic Forward-Looking Synthetic Aperture Radar,MBFL-SAR)可实现俯冲段全程二维高分辨率成像,还可实现导弹间的协同作战,提高制导精度。针对此构型下发射机轨迹直接影响双基成像分辨率的问题,分析了MBFL-SAR构型下的俯冲段二维分辨率特性,结合导弹的运动特性,在二维分辨率及导弹运动学对弹道的约束下,把导弹的三维加速度变化量作为优化变量,构建了与场景内分辨率夹角相关的目标函数,利用参数自适应的改进遗传算法进行发射机弹道优化仿真。与现有的基于线性衰减模型的轨迹设计方法相比,本文所提的轨迹优化方法可更好地满足高分辨率成像的要求。

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王洁雨 1999年生,硕士研究生。

周鹏 1976年生,副教授,博士研究生。

张彬 1981年生,研究员,博士研究生。

张振华 1977年生,研究员,博士研究生。

张晰 1981年生,研究员,博士研究生。

张杰 1963年生,教授,博士研究生。

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王洁雨 1999年生,硕士研究生。

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Parameters of the simulation experiment

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参数设置
发射信号带宽/MHz100
波长/m0.018 7
合成孔径时间/s0.8
信噪比/dB10
俯冲段时长/s30
最大转弯角/(°)30
最大爬升/俯冲角/(°)30
最大三维加速度变化量/(m2/s)50
改进遗传算法的交叉概率范围[0.1, 0.75]
传统遗传算法的交叉概率0.6
改进遗传算法的变异概率范围[0, 0.15]
传统遗传算法的变异概率0.1
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仿真实验参数

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参数设置
发射信号带宽/MHz100
波长/m0.018 7
合成孔径时间/s0.8
信噪比/dB10
俯冲段时长/s30
最大转弯角/(°)30
最大爬升/俯冲角/(°)30
最大三维加速度变化量/(m2/s)50
改进遗传算法的交叉概率范围[0.1, 0.75]
传统遗传算法的交叉概率0.6
改进遗传算法的变异概率范围[0, 0.15]
传统遗传算法的变异概率0.1
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The results of the image quality metrics obtained by the algorithm proposed in paper[19]

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目标点坐标/m(-150,-150)(150,150)(0,0)(-150,150)(150,-150)
距离向积分旁瓣比/dB-9.867-9.923-10.790-10.507-10.689
方位向积分旁瓣比/dB-18.858-18.332-18.397-14.384-18.557
距离向峰值旁瓣比/dB-13.147-13.330-13.081-12.500-12.664
方位向峰值旁瓣比/dB-19.603-19.389-19.017-15.442-21.060
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文献[19]所用算法所得图像质量指标结果

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目标点坐标/m(-150,-150)(150,150)(0,0)(-150,150)(150,-150)
距离向积分旁瓣比/dB-9.867-9.923-10.790-10.507-10.689
方位向积分旁瓣比/dB-18.858-18.332-18.397-14.384-18.557
距离向峰值旁瓣比/dB-13.147-13.330-13.081-12.500-12.664
方位向峰值旁瓣比/dB-19.603-19.389-19.017-15.442-21.060
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The results of the image quality metrics obtained by the algorithm proposed in this paper

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目标点坐标/m(-150,-150)(150,150)(0,0)(-150,150)(150,-150)
距离向积分旁瓣比/dB-10.248-10.110-10.405-10.174-10.252
方位向积分旁瓣比/dB-22.394-21.979-24.353-21.477-21.375
距离向峰值旁瓣比/dB-13.899-13.850-13.706-13.995-13.724
方位向峰值旁瓣比/dB-21.707-21.225-21.917-21.099-20.734
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本文所提算法所得图像质量指标结果

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目标点坐标/m(-150,-150)(150,150)(0,0)(-150,150)(150,-150)
距离向积分旁瓣比/dB-10.248-10.110-10.405-10.174-10.252
方位向积分旁瓣比/dB-22.394-21.979-24.353-21.477-21.375
距离向峰值旁瓣比/dB-13.899-13.850-13.706-13.995-13.724
方位向峰值旁瓣比/dB-21.707-21.225-21.917-21.099-20.734
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弹载双基前视SAR俯冲段成像制导路径优化研究
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王洁雨 1 , 周鹏 1 , 张彬 2 , 张振华 2 , 张晰 3 , 张杰 1
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024,45(2): 99-108
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024, 45(2): 99-108
弹载双基前视SAR俯冲段成像制导路径优化研究
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王洁雨1, 周鹏1, 张彬2, 张振华2, 张晰3, 张杰1
作者信息
  • 1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 3自然资源部第一海洋研究所 青岛 266061
  • 王洁雨 1999年生,硕士研究生。

    周鹏 1976年生,副教授,博士研究生。

    张彬 1981年生,研究员,博士研究生。

    张振华 1977年生,研究员,博士研究生。

    张晰 1981年生,研究员,博士研究生。

    张杰 1963年生,教授,博士研究生。

Trajectory Optimization of MBFL-SAR Imaging for the Phase Diving to Targets
Jieyu WANG1, Peng ZHOU1, Bin ZHANG2, Zhenhua ZHANG2, Xi ZHANG3, Jie ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 3.First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Qingdao 266061, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231213001
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弹载双基前视合成孔径雷达(Missile-Borne Bistatic Forward-Looking Synthetic Aperture Radar,MBFL-SAR)可实现俯冲段全程二维高分辨率成像,还可实现导弹间的协同作战,提高制导精度。针对此构型下发射机轨迹直接影响双基成像分辨率的问题,分析了MBFL-SAR构型下的俯冲段二维分辨率特性,结合导弹的运动特性,在二维分辨率及导弹运动学对弹道的约束下,把导弹的三维加速度变化量作为优化变量,构建了与场景内分辨率夹角相关的目标函数,利用参数自适应的改进遗传算法进行发射机弹道优化仿真。与现有的基于线性衰减模型的轨迹设计方法相比,本文所提的轨迹优化方法可更好地满足高分辨率成像的要求。

弹载双基前视SAR  /  轨迹优化  /  分辨率特性  /  改进遗传算法

Missile-borne bistatic forward-looking synthetic aperture radar (MBFL-SAR) can achieve full-range, forward-looking, two-dimensional high-resolution imaging during the diving phase, enabling collaborative combat between missiles and improving guidance accuracy. In response to the issue that the trajectory of the transmitter directly affects the resolution of bistatic imaging, the two-dimensional resolution characteristics of the diving phase in the MBFL-SAR are analyzed. Combined with the motion characteristics of the missile, under the constraints of two-dimensional resolution and missile kinematics, the three-dimensional acceleration variations of the missile are used as optimization variables, and an objective function related to the angle between the resolutions in the scene is constructed. An improved genetic algorithm is employed for the trajectory optimization of the transmitter. Compared with the existing trajectory design method based on a linear attenuation model, the trajectory optimization method proposed in this paper can better meet the requirements of high-resolution imaging.

MBFL-SAR  /  Trajectory optimization  /  Resolution property  /  Improved genetic algorithm
王洁雨, 周鹏, 张彬, 张振华, 张晰, 张杰. 弹载双基前视SAR俯冲段成像制导路径优化研究. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (2) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231213001
Jieyu WANG, Peng ZHOU, Bin ZHANG, Zhenhua ZHANG, Xi ZHANG, Jie ZHANG. Trajectory Optimization of MBFL-SAR Imaging for the Phase Diving to Targets[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (2) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231213001
弹载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)在军事领域中展现出高精度的打击能力和极强的威慑力,使其成为了当下SAR研究的热点[1]。在导弹末制导阶段,单基前视SAR二维分辨率重合,难以对正前方目标进行全程成像追踪。MBFL-SAR将双基前视SAR成像体制应用于弹载平台,照射弹作为发射机远距离斜视照射,攻击弹作为接收机前视照射目标区域,此构型收发平台分置,能增强方位向分辨率,实现前视二维高分辨成像[2-5]。但双基SAR与单基SAR不同,其构型直接制约双基成像分辨率。在俯冲攻击的末段,由于攻击弹距离目标区域近且要保持对目标的前视追踪,不易做大方向机动,因此一般通过对发射机的轨迹进行合理的设计以提高成像分辨率。
学者们针对单基及多基平台下的导弹弹道的设计问题展开研究,取得了一系列成果。对于单基SAR平台的轨迹规划问题,文献[6]针对连续下降的飞机平台问题,构建了与延迟时间、噪声以及油耗最低有关的性能指标,使用高斯伪谱法进行了轨迹优化设计。文献[7]针对SAR成像制导的终端轨迹规划问题,提出了一种时间顺序迭代搜索框架,大大缓解了解决轨迹规划问题的难度。文献[8]针对弹载平台构建了与方位分辨率及合成孔径时间相关联的性能指标,使用改进遗传算法优化控制变量从而得到最佳平台运动参数以及最优轨迹。文献[9]针对随机环境下的飞行器平台,使用原始自然计算对轨迹优化问题进行求解,可全局优化具有多个性能指标的多系统控制问题。文献[10]针对机载SAR制导空地导弹的末制导阶段,导弹的运动状态如何同时满足成像分辨率以及脱靶量的要求,基于逆最优控制原理对轨迹控制算法进行研究。文献[11]针对无机平台,提出一种搭载单通道雷达的多旋翼飞行器轨迹确定与优化方法,来获得三维合成孔径雷达成像。对于双基平台的构型研究,文献[12]针对机载双基平台,建立了最大图像强度准则下的飞行轨迹估计优化模型,采用块坐标下降技术求解该优化模型。文献[13]针对双无人机平台,通过优化无人机服务器的资源和轨迹,最大限度地提高用户的最低安全计算能力。文献[14]针对星机双基系统提出了一种约束自适应多目标差分进化算法为无人机生成多条可行路径。文献[15]针对高低轨异面双基地SAR平台,利用高低轨双基地SAR的几何关系,构建双基构型参数与成像性能间的数学模型,利用模拟退火算法对构型参数优化问题进行求解。文献[16]针对两架合作飞机的轨迹优化问题,提出了三种不同的性能指标和终端约束,提出了后退地平线控制模型和基于辛普森直接搭配的数值解。文献[17]针对机-弹双基平台,分析了机-弹双基前视平台构型下的二维分辨率特性,在二维分辨率和分辨单元面积双重指标约束下,提出了飞机飞行轨迹的设计方法。文献[18]针对导弹编队问题提出了一种自适应控制协议,其不需要导弹系统网络的全局信息。但是以上文献均未针对末制导攻击段进行设计。文献[19]针对弹载双基前视SAR平台分析了俯冲攻击段的分辨率特性,预设作为接收机的攻击弹的标准弹道,提出了一种基于线性衰减模型的发射机轨迹设计方法,可有效满足距离分辨率的要求,但是该方法并未考虑发射机轨迹设计对方位分辨率的影响。
针对以上问题,本文研究了一种针对弹载双基前视SAR平台的发射机轨迹设计的新方法。本文从成像分辨率及分辨率夹角指标出发,结合弹载双基平台运动特点,预设攻击弹弹道轨迹,提出基于改进遗传算法的发射机弹道优化方法,设计出满足成像分辨率的最优飞行轨迹。首先,建立MBFL-SAR空间几何模型,采用梯度原理给出目标点分辨率表达式,分析成像分辨率特性;然后,结合实际导弹运动特性以及成像性能约束,建立了关于发射机运动轨迹和成像性能的优化模型,提出了基于参数自适应的改进遗传算法进行发射机路径规划;最后,仿真结果验证了本文所提算法的有效性和优越性。
MBFL-SAR成像几何模型如图1所示,图中下标T、R分别表示发射机和接收机,目标点Q为坐标原点。为简化分析,假设在成像时间内,接收机不存在水平偏移量,只在yQz平面内运动,对目标区域进行前视接收,其轨迹投影为y轴。发射机和接收机位置矢量分别为GT(xT,yT,zT)和GR(xR,yR,zR),速度矢量分别为VTVR,到目标点的斜距矢量为RTRR
t时刻地面距离向分辨率ρg(t)表达式为[20]
式中,c为光速,k为取值为0.886的常量,B为发射信号带宽,iRT(t)和iRR (t)分别为发射平台和接收平台到目标位置的单位矢量,αp为目标平面的单位法向量,I为3×3的单位矩阵。
t时刻MBFL-SAR的地面方位向分辨率ρa(t)表达式为[20]
式中,λ为波长,T为合成孔径时间。
地面二维分辨率夹角Ω表达式为[20]
双基系统的地面二维分辨率夹角在90°时对应的SAR图像质量最好,但是地面二维分辨率很难一直保持正交,如二维分辨率夹角与90°偏差过大,则不能形成二维高分辨SAR图像,所以需针对成像场景中的地面二维分辨率夹角进行设计。
同时为了更好地约束双基分辨率指标,文献[20]提出了分辨单元面积的概念,表达式为:
由式(4)可以得出:当距离分辨率与方位分辨率正交时,分辨单元面积最小,成像效果最好。
在实际情况中,导弹通过控制其飞行器姿态及推力大小来控制导弹的三维加速度。为简化问题,将发射机平台看作一个质点,以发射机三维加速度变化量作为控制变量,控制发射机的飞行状态,使其满足成像性能的需求。把发射机运动轨迹均分为N个阶段,每阶段时长为TaTa的选择应视实际情况中发射机的平台速率而定,每个阶段的加速度大小不变,可近似看为匀加速运动,发射机平台运动轨迹可以根据初始位置、初始速度以及各阶段控制变量的大小,通过积分的方法求得各阶段发射机的状态变量,从而得到整段运动轨迹。
弹载SAR轨迹优化问题中通常以导弹攻击时间最短、成像时间最短以及脱靶量约束等作为性能指标。针对弹载双基平台,为保证制导全程目标区域整体满足高分辨成像要求,选取目标区域中M个采样点,以采样点平均的成像性能来代表整个成像区域的成像性能,注意采样点应均匀分布在整个成像场景中,不可集中在成像区域局部内,否则只能优化局部成像效果,达不到优化整个成像场景的成像性能的目的。选取飞行过程中的成像分辨率夹角偏差最小作为性能指标,则目标函数建立如下:
式中,
ΔθK(j)=90-ΩK(j)
式中,Δθ(K)表示K阶段场景内的采样点分辨率夹角差平均值,ΔθK(j)表示K阶段场景内第j个采样点的夹角偏差,ΩK(j)表示场景内第j个采样点的分辨率夹角值。由以上对分辨率特性的分析可知:分辨率夹角在90°时成像效果最好,则J越小,表示成像效果越好。
为保证导弹各部件正常工作及制导过程的成像要求,得到稳定的弹道,必须设置适宜的工程约束条件。
① 分辨率约束
当双基系统成像性能低于任务需求时,会导致无法分辨目标物体,因此需使俯冲段全程满足成像分辨率要求。
其中ρgmaxρamax表示最大成像距离分辨率及方位分辨率,若超过则视为该段轨迹不满足成像指标。
② 动力学约束
最大转弯角、最大爬升/俯冲角是弹载飞行器必须考虑的动力学约束条件,他们限定了每一段轨迹的最大转弯角范围、最大爬升/俯冲角范围。
|γ|<γmax
|η|<ηmax
其中,γmaxηmax表示最大转弯角、最大爬升/俯冲角。
③ 能量约束
在实际情况中,考虑燃料和弹载平台的结构强度,弹载运动平台的加速度不可能是无限大且剧烈变化的,会影响平台自身的稳定性,因此需对控制变量进行约束。
其中,ΔaTxm、ΔaTym、ΔaTzm表示发射机沿参考点坐标系的xyz轴方向的加速度变化量最大值。
遗传算法作为一种智能寻优算法,具有较强的全局搜索功能和求解问题的能力,同时还具有算法简单、可操作性强、鲁棒性强以及潜在的并行性等特点。本文采用一种改进遗传算法来优化发射机轨迹,采用实数进行编码,避免了复杂的编码与译码过程。不同于传统遗传算法在计算时依据经验采用固定的交叉概率、变异概率,本文应用了一种遗传算法参数的自适应改进方案,通过将交叉概率、变异概率与当前种群的适应值相关联,可有效保留优势个体,淘汰低劣个体,有效平衡了种群多样性与算法收敛性之间的矛盾,交叉概率/变异概率公式表达式如下:
式中,fi(g)表示第g代种群中第i个个体的适应度值,fav(g)和fmin(g)表示第g代种群中的适应度平均值及最小值,PmaxPmin表示交叉或者变异概率的最大值和最小值。
改进遗传算法的具体步骤为:
① 种群初始化
初始化种群数量N及迭代次数G,初始种群数量应尽可能地提供多种解决方案,保证足够大的解决空间。在给定的控制变量范围内,采用实数进行编码,产生一定数目构成的初始种群,对于第g代种群中的第m个体可表示为:
Sn,m=[ΔaTxmaTymaTzm]
② 适应度评估
为选出较好的个体作为父辈进行繁殖,需计算出当前种群中的个体适应度函数值,即场景内分辨率夹角差平均值。本问题为最小优化问题,适应度函数值越小,越接近最优解。
③ 选择操作
为了保留较好的个体以产生更好的后代,本文采用常见的轮盘赌法的方式选择两个个体来产生两个新的后代,选择概率pn定义如下:
式中,Fi表示种群中第i个个体的适应度值。
④ 交叉操作
自适应交叉算子根据种群个体的差异化动态调整大小,可有效保留算法原有的优良个体,同时可提升算法的搜索效率。随机从父代种群中选择两个个体进行交叉操作,获得交叉子代,方法表达式如下:
式中,是父代种群中选定的双亲,rand(1,n)表示随机生成n个数,数值范围为(0,1)。
⑤ 变异操作
变异操作的主要目的是维护种群的多样性,自适应变异算子可有效协调种群的多样性和算法协调性之间的矛盾。方法表达式如下:
式中,sg,m,r分别是第r个变量变异前后的数值,xmaxxmin表示变量的上下界,HRND为[0,1]区间内的随机数。其中Δ(g,xmax-Sg,m,r)=Δ(g,y)=y.表示变异程度,g为当前进化代数。
⑥ 迭代操作
判断此时的代数是否满足循环迭代的条件,若满足则输出当前种群中适应度最高的个体作为最终的发射机三维加速度变化量,若不满足则返回步骤2。
假设接收机在距目标60 km处进入俯冲攻击段,要求地面二维分辨率均不超过3 m。相关仿真参数见表1。首先仿真生成接收机预设标准弹道,如图2所示。
使用改进遗传算法仿真结果如图3图4所示。图3所示为每一代种群的目标函数平均值及其中个体的最佳值,可看出所用算法可获得目标函数的最佳值。
图4(a)、(b)、(c)为经过改进遗传算法优化后的发射机轨迹结果,可看出轨迹较为平滑,没有轨迹突变和过于大的转弯。图4(d)为俯冲段全过程中场景中心点距离及方位分辨率的变化曲线,可看出分辨率大小满足所设置的指标要求,并留有充分的余量。
设置成像中心时刻为t=3.75 s,图5图6分别为应用文献[19]所用方法以及本文所提出的优化方法后的成像场景中分辨率夹角差的分布情况。这里的夹角差是指分辨率夹角与90°之间的差别,其绝对值越小越好。将成像场景按20 m×20 m的大小等分,统计其分辨率夹角差分布情况可以看出,文献[19]方法的分辨率夹角差集中分布在60°~80°范围内,本文所用方法所得结果的夹角分布则集中在0°~20°之内。
考虑实际情况中有噪声影响,在仿真实验中加入高斯白噪声,并利用后向投影算法选取此时刻成像场景中五个点进行点目标成像,图7图8分别为应用文献[19]所用方法以及本文所提出的优化方法后点目标成像结果图。从成像结果来看,应用文献[19]所用方法优化后,成像分辨率小于本文所提方法,但是相差在厘米级以内。在导弹击打应用中,应用本文所提出的优化方法所得分辨率已可满足需求。应用文献[19]所用方法优化所得SAR图像会出现几何畸变等状况,而应用本文所提出的优化方法后只出现轻微几何畸变。进一步分析其图像质量指标,表2表3分别为文献[19]所用算法以及本文所提算法所得图像质量指标结果。典型SAR图像旁瓣能量参数的要求是PSLR≤-20 dB,ISLR≤-17 dB。从表中数据可得,本文所提算法所得图像的方位向积分旁瓣比和方位向峰值旁瓣比明显优于文献[19]所用算法后的同类数据,本文所提算法所得图像的距离向峰值旁瓣比与距离向积分旁瓣比和文献[19]所用算法的同类数据相比较,计算结果差别不大。综上,还是本文所提的算法所得的图像聚焦质量更好一些。
为了验证改进遗传算法的优越性,将传统遗传算法作为对比算法进行仿真验证(仿真参数见表1)。如图9所示为种群大小为100和50时改进遗传算法和传统遗传算法的收敛性比较结果图。从图中可以看出,改进遗传算法的各代分辨率夹角平均值与传统遗传算法的同样数值相比下降得更快,意味着改进遗传算法的收敛速度比传统遗传算法的收敛速度更快,这是由于自适应的参数设计使得最优解的搜索过程更加集中在最可能的重点区域,所以搜索最优值的过程耗时更少。且从图中看出,种群数量越大,收敛越快,这是因为种群数量越大,产生可行解的概率越大,获得最优值需要迭代的次数越少。
本文通过分析弹载双基前视SAR的成像分辨率特性,结合弹载平台的运动特点,预设攻击弹标准弹道轨迹,提出了一种基于改进遗传算法的弹载双基前视SAR末制导发射机轨迹设计优化方法。仿真验证了这种方法可有效满足成像场景内成像分辨率的要求,能满足导弹飞行的运动约束条件。结果表明:与现有的轨迹设计方法相比,本文所用的轨迹优化方法所得SAR图像成像质量更优。但是由于遗传算法需要通过大量的迭代操作来获得最优解,所以该算法在实时性方面还有待提高,这也是将来我们需要重点研究的内容。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(61931025)
  • 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点支持项目(U22A20586)
  • 国家自然科学基金(61971455)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MF004)
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20231213001
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-01-02
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(61931025)
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点支持项目(U22A20586)
国家自然科学基金(61971455)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MF004)
作者信息
    1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    3自然资源部第一海洋研究所 青岛 266061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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