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Regarding the issue of detection equipment being within the range of spaceborne SAR sidelobe, which causes the signal to be lost in the strong noise background, a method based on data fusion between multi-platform receivers is proposed. Without knowing the signal form, the weak signals submerged in noise can be detected, and the signal can be classified and accurately estimated. Firstly, the reference receiver and other receivers are cross-correlated to obtain the peak information, and the delay position between the signals and the reference signal is obtained according to the position of the peak information, in order to perform delay calibration. Secondly, each receiver performs coarse step FrFT filtering, records peak information for precise estimation, and restores the original signal based on the peak angle and the inverse FrFT. Finally, it is determined whether there is a signal. If the signal is achieved, a new signal will be formed by the fusion of power ratio of multi-platform receivers' original signal. The rotation angle ranges are limited based on the peak information of multiple stations, and the precise step FrFT is used to estimate the chirp rate and central frequency. The joint cross-correlation spectrum analysis is used to realize the accumulation of signal energy, and the left and right boundaries in the signal persistence state are found by using the method of continuously minimizing the boundary valley. The bandwidth and central frequency are accurately estimated, and then calculate the pulse width. The simulation results show that this method can accurately estimate the parameters of the time-frequency domain of Chirp in the background of Gaussian white noise and colored noise with low noise.

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针对侦察设备处于星载SAR副瓣照射范围,从而导致截获信号湮没于强噪声背景这个问题,本文提出一种基于多站接收机之间的数据融合方法。在信号形式未知的情况下,通过此方法可以检测出淹没在噪声中的微弱信号,进行信号的分类和时频域参数的精估计。首先,将参考接收机与其他接收机之间进行互相关处理,得到峰值信息,根据峰值信息的位置得到信号与参考信号之间的延迟位置,进行延迟校准;其次,各个接收机分别进行粗步长的分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FrFT),记录峰值信息为精估计做准备,根据峰值角度和分数阶傅里叶反变换恢复出原始信号;最后,判定是否存在信号,若信号存在实现多站原始信号功率比的加性融合,根据多站峰值信息限定旋转角度范围,采用精步长的分数阶傅里叶变换估计出调频率和中心频率;利用联合互相关谱实现信号能量的累积,采用自适应门线和边界波谷连续取小方法,找到信号存续状态中的左右边界,估计出带宽和中心频率,计算脉宽,实现时频域信号的精估计。仿真实验表明:该方法可以在低信噪比的高斯白噪声和有色噪声背景下,对线性调频信号(Chirp)的时频参数进行有效的精估计。

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胡继军 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

韩伟 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

张国玉 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

周希娃 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

贺杨婷 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

廖春兰 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

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胡继军 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

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胡继军 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

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韩伟 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

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韩伟 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

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张国玉 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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张国玉 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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周希娃 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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周希娃 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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贺杨婷 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

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贺杨婷 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

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廖春兰 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

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廖春兰 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

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Precise parameter estimation of chirp rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调频率-15 dB-14 dB-13 dB-12 dB-11 dB-10 dB-9 dB
估计值(e152.7823.2243.3313.3323.3313.3313.333
绝对误差(e12550.8275.6108.334.173.423.313.15
相对误差0.160.082 70.032 512.51E-410.27E-49.92E-49.46E-4
RMSE(e122 6908515.585.544.894.634.51
), ArticleFig(id=1241060201969808311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060179115045188, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调频率参数精计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调频率-15 dB-14 dB-13 dB-12 dB-11 dB-10 dB-9 dB
估计值(e152.7823.2243.3313.3323.3313.3313.333
绝对误差(e12550.8275.6108.334.173.423.313.15
相对误差0.160.082 70.032 512.51E-410.27E-49.92E-49.46E-4
RMSE(e122 6908515.585.544.894.634.51
), ArticleFig(id=1241060202041111480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060179115045188, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Precise parameter estimation of central frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心频率-15 dB-14 dB-13 dB-12 dB-11 dB-10 dB-9 dB
估计值7.49 M-5.11 M-3.77 M-3.68 M-3.58 M-3.58 M-3.58 M
绝对误差7.49 M-5.11 M-3.77 M-3.68 M-3.58 M-3.58 M-3.58 M
RMSE131 M34 M3.77 M3.68 M3.58 M3.58 M3.58 M
), ArticleFig(id=1241060202104026041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060179115045188, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中心频率参数精计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心频率-15 dB-14 dB-13 dB-12 dB-11 dB-10 dB-9 dB
估计值7.49 M-5.11 M-3.77 M-3.68 M-3.58 M-3.58 M-3.58 M
绝对误差7.49 M-5.11 M-3.77 M-3.68 M-3.58 M-3.58 M-3.58 M
RMSE131 M34 M3.77 M3.68 M3.58 M3.58 M3.58 M
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基于多站数据融合的参数精估计方法
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胡继军 , 韩伟 , 张国玉 , 周希娃 , 贺杨婷 , 廖春兰
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024,45(2): 109-123
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024, 45(2): 109-123
基于多站数据融合的参数精估计方法
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胡继军, 韩伟, 张国玉, 周希娃, 贺杨婷, 廖春兰
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 胡继军 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

    韩伟 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

    张国玉 1987年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    周希娃 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    贺杨婷 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

    廖春兰 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

Precise Parameter Estimation Method Based on Multi-receivers Data Fusion
Jijun HU, Wei HAN, Guoyu ZHANG, Xiwa ZHOU, Yangting HE, Chunlan LIAO
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230926001
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针对侦察设备处于星载SAR副瓣照射范围,从而导致截获信号湮没于强噪声背景这个问题,本文提出一种基于多站接收机之间的数据融合方法。在信号形式未知的情况下,通过此方法可以检测出淹没在噪声中的微弱信号,进行信号的分类和时频域参数的精估计。首先,将参考接收机与其他接收机之间进行互相关处理,得到峰值信息,根据峰值信息的位置得到信号与参考信号之间的延迟位置,进行延迟校准;其次,各个接收机分别进行粗步长的分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FrFT),记录峰值信息为精估计做准备,根据峰值角度和分数阶傅里叶反变换恢复出原始信号;最后,判定是否存在信号,若信号存在实现多站原始信号功率比的加性融合,根据多站峰值信息限定旋转角度范围,采用精步长的分数阶傅里叶变换估计出调频率和中心频率;利用联合互相关谱实现信号能量的累积,采用自适应门线和边界波谷连续取小方法,找到信号存续状态中的左右边界,估计出带宽和中心频率,计算脉宽,实现时频域信号的精估计。仿真实验表明:该方法可以在低信噪比的高斯白噪声和有色噪声背景下,对线性调频信号(Chirp)的时频参数进行有效的精估计。

分数阶傅里叶  /  线性调频信号  /  参数精估计  /  高斯白噪声  /  有色噪声

Regarding the issue of detection equipment being within the range of spaceborne SAR sidelobe, which causes the signal to be lost in the strong noise background, a method based on data fusion between multi-platform receivers is proposed. Without knowing the signal form, the weak signals submerged in noise can be detected, and the signal can be classified and accurately estimated. Firstly, the reference receiver and other receivers are cross-correlated to obtain the peak information, and the delay position between the signals and the reference signal is obtained according to the position of the peak information, in order to perform delay calibration. Secondly, each receiver performs coarse step FrFT filtering, records peak information for precise estimation, and restores the original signal based on the peak angle and the inverse FrFT. Finally, it is determined whether there is a signal. If the signal is achieved, a new signal will be formed by the fusion of power ratio of multi-platform receivers' original signal. The rotation angle ranges are limited based on the peak information of multiple stations, and the precise step FrFT is used to estimate the chirp rate and central frequency. The joint cross-correlation spectrum analysis is used to realize the accumulation of signal energy, and the left and right boundaries in the signal persistence state are found by using the method of continuously minimizing the boundary valley. The bandwidth and central frequency are accurately estimated, and then calculate the pulse width. The simulation results show that this method can accurately estimate the parameters of the time-frequency domain of Chirp in the background of Gaussian white noise and colored noise with low noise.

FrFT  /  Chirp signal  /  Precise parameter estimation  /  Gaussian white noise  /  Colored noise
胡继军, 韩伟, 张国玉, 周希娃, 贺杨婷, 廖春兰. 基于多站数据融合的参数精估计方法. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (2) : 109 -123 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230926001
Jijun HU, Wei HAN, Guoyu ZHANG, Xiwa ZHOU, Yangting HE, Chunlan LIAO. Precise Parameter Estimation Method Based on Multi-receivers Data Fusion[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (2) : 109 -123 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230926001
随着组网雷达技术的发展[1,2],单站接收机和单站干扰机接收和干扰一部雷达将变得越来越难,很难产生有效的接收信息和干扰效果,因此多站协同组网需求和技术应运而生[3]。多站协同组网在空域里能够扩大侦察范围,在时域里提升侦察、定位时间效率,在频域扩大侦察、控守频率范围,能够全方位、全天候、多频段形成体系作战能力[4]。多站协同组网采用多机协同侦察,设置一个主站和多个从站,主站对各站的侦察结果进行融合和数据分析后发送至基地,基地根据侦察结果,作出反馈给主站[5,6]。随着技术的不断进步,电磁环境越来越复杂,信号处理时间紧迫、任务量大,单站接收机容易出现信号缺失、增批和漏批等问题,对参数的估计精度低和误差大,无法对后续的信号分选、干扰引导和战术规划提供可信度高的支撑。多站接收机通过时空校准、信息共享,脉冲不易丢失且对脉冲丢失不敏感,抗电子干扰能力强,信号分选和参数估计精度明显提高,获取了更加精准的辐射源信息,提高了攻防能力,为作战和指挥提供可信度高的引导。多站干扰机协同干扰能力和大场景欺骗能力显著提高,相比于单机系统,其稳定性强、容错率高、抗干扰能力强。在非协作通信中,接收机对接收信号是全盲的,研究多站接收机组网接收信号后实行信号检测、时域分析和宽带频谱的检测技术,为后续多站干扰机的联合组网,实施有效干扰提供算法支撑。本课题研究背景是基于星载SAR系统的信号分选和对星载SAR系统形成有效的欺骗干扰,星载SAR的信号形式主要以线性调频信号和单频信号为主,因此本文重点研究线性调频信号(Chirp)[7]。一般的电子侦察系统中,分选和识别雷达信号是以到达角(DOA)、到达时间(TOA)、载频(RF)、脉冲宽度(PW)、脉冲幅度(PA)和脉冲重复频率(PRI)等为主要测量参数的[8-11]。本文没有重复研究上述时域参数的测量手段,重点研究线性调频信号的调频率、带宽、中心频率和脉宽的精估计方法。星载SAR信号各参数的工作特点是每次的照射时中心频率有可能做较大调整(为百MHz,小于GHz),但在照射期间载频变化较小(小于kHz)。一次照射期间信号的重频、带宽、脉宽和极化都有可能发生变化,星载SAR是副瓣侦察接收,因此主要以中心频率作为信号的主要分选手段,辅助以带宽提高分选的准确率,因此,估计出中心调频和脉宽十分重要。线性调频信号在雷达、声呐、地质勘探、医学成像等领域有广泛的应用,在信噪比低的高斯白噪声和有色噪声的背景下,对线性调频信号的检测和参数的精估计会变得比较困难。传统的信号检测方法有匹配滤波、能量监测、循环平稳和特征值检测等,对检测出的信号采用短时傅里叶变化[12]、高阶累积量[13]、小波变换[14]和神经网络各种时频分析的方法得到时域和频域的测量参数,但是这些算法过于复杂,难以理解,难以用于具体的工程实现,同时没有考虑有色噪声的抑制和多站接收联合处理等问题。在文献[5]中根据分数阶傅里叶的自相关(AF)算法进行信号检测和时频参数的估计,对估计参数采用信噪比加权、协方差加权和支持度矩阵三种分布式融合的算法,仿真验证了多站侦察的性能优于单站侦察。前两种融合方法的缺点是需要信噪比和估计误差这种先验信息,第三种是根据数据本身的支持度出发再进行加性的数据融合,运算量大。在文献[8]中VMD(变分模态分解)算法通过迭代搜索变分模型的最优解来提取每一个分量的中心频率及带宽,由于模态分量为窄带信号,因此VMD算法的核心就是约束各个模态分量的带宽和最小进行最优化分解,这对于窄带信号有着较好的分解能力,同时还能抑制噪声提高信噪比。对于宽带信号采用改进的VMD算法,对约束其分解能力的参数进行了分析,此方法实现对多辐射源和多信号的分解识别能力。文献[15]提出了粗精两次估计信号参数算法,采用延时自相关法获得调频率的范围后,根据分数阶傅里叶变换的峰值位置得到中心频率和调频率的参数粗估计,后用插值算法实现参数的参数精估计。在不小于-10 dB时粗精二次估计信号调频率和中心频率的归一化均方误差分别较于FrFT线性提升。文献[16]中提出了基于分数阶傅里叶变换的滤波,通过时频变换旋转特定角度使得信号在新的时频平面上退化为单频正弦信号,分离出单频信号抑制噪声,通过分数阶傅里叶的反变换恢复出原始信号。分数阶傅里叶变换运算量较大,为了快速实现分数阶傅里叶变换的算法,提出了插值[15]、吕分布和高分辨分数阶傅里叶变换相结合[17]估计出最优的旋转角度,利用分数阶傅里叶幅度随旋转角度变化规律[18,19],寻找最优旋转角度对应的冲击函数位置,可实现精估计等算法,实现了速度更快的分数阶傅里叶变换。本文创新性地提出多站之间的三次数据融合算法和两级选取粗精步长的分数阶傅里叶变换,实现时频域参数的精估计。从站与主站之间延时校准后,分别采用分数阶傅里叶滤波方法恢复出原始信号,记录旋转角度范围,两两站之间信号互相关并取乘积,实现第一次数据融合完成信号检测。若成功检测信号,进行第二次和第三次数据融合实现时频域的参数估计,第二次数据融合是原始信号之间按照功率比实现加性融合,根据粗估计得到旋转角度范围进行精步长的分数阶傅里叶算法,检测峰值得到时域参数的精估计。第三次数据融合在第一次数据融合的基础上,对两两互相关函数进行傅里叶变换后频谱相乘得到联合的互相关谱,实现频域参数的精估计;通过时域参数调频率和频域参数带宽计算得到脉宽的估计,再根据估计参数进行匹配滤波,利用峰值差分得到脉冲周期和脉冲重复频率。本文仿真实现了信号在高斯白噪声背景下信噪比-12 dB时88%,-11 dB时98%以上的检测能力和-10 dB时91%以上参数的精估计能力;在有色噪声背景下实现-8 dB时90%以上的检测能力和参数的精估计能力。该方法具有算法实现简单、精度高、低信噪比的优点,工程应用前景广泛。
雷达根据不同工作模式(成像、单脉冲、测高等)、不同高度和不同功能发射不同的信号,多站接收机会按照一定的规则进行部署,优先考虑的原则是:多站接收同一时刻辐射源的发射脉冲,误差在一个脉宽内。接收机对信号进行时空校准,完成对接收脉冲解析,实现了信号检测、分选和精估计。多站部署由雷达高度、接收信号的脉冲重复时间、脉宽和实际情况决定,要考虑布站阵型、布站高度和站间距离。当接收机为干扰机时,需要根据辐射源参数、发射天线方向图和干扰机的参数计算掩护区[20,21]的范围,对干扰机周围区域形成掩护效果,实现保护目标,分布式协同干扰辐射源的目的。根据被干扰目标的数量和类型的不同,干扰站通常会采取不同的部署方式。当干扰单个点状目标时,采用两点部署或三角形部署;当干扰面状目标时,一般采用四站部署,包括矩形布站、菱形布站、梯形布站、平行四边形布站、Y形部署和T形部署;当干扰形状不规则目标时,一般根据实际情况进行部署。本文采用矩形部署,分析和验证算法的可行性。其他部署同理类推[22]
图1为多站数据融合的参数精估计原理示意图,假定接收机1为主站G/T值最大,接收机1是参考信号,为了确保信号的相干性进行实域的校正;各站分别采用FrFT滤波抑制噪声并恢复出原始信号;通过多站的三次数据融合实现信号的检测和时频域参数精估计。
步骤1,时延校正:将接收机X(2,3,4)的接收信号分别与参考接收机1的接收信号作互相关处理,找到相关函数中的最大值,根据最大值位置,计算得到接收机X时延,进行延迟校正。
步骤2,FrFT滤波:信号校正后,各站分别做搜索步长0.01的分数阶Fourier变换,找到并记录多站的峰值旋转角度,根据对应的峰值旋转角度作分数阶Fourier反变换,恢复出滤波后的原始信号,此处为第一次粗估计,目的是确定信号参数的大致范围,统计旋转角度的参数范围。
步骤3,信号检测:用恢复出的原始信号两两站之间互相关后相乘进行信号检测,这是数据的第一次融合。若存在信号,分别进行第二次和第三次数据融合完成时频域的参数估计;若信号不存在,本次接收数据处理结束。
步骤4,时域参数精估计:若信号存在根据粗估计的FrFT滤波求得旋转角度范围,对多站恢复的原始信号求得功率比实现第二次加性融合,搜索步长增加到0.001,运用FrFT滤波算法找到峰值后求出调频率和中心频率的精估计结果。
步骤5,频域参数精估计:对多站之间两两互相关得到的相关函数进行傅里叶变换得到互相关谱;互相关谱相乘得到联合互相关谱,找到谱中的波峰波谷后,运用本文中提出的方法进行信号处理,得到带宽和中心频率的精估计结果。
步骤6,最后,根据带宽和调频率计算出脉宽。当知道调频率、中心频率和脉宽后,进行匹配滤波,找到峰值差分得到脉冲重复周期和脉冲重复频率。
如果接收信号信噪比足够高,信号本身之间有很强的相关性,直接利用相关的结果就可以得的延迟偏移量来对齐信号,但是如果信噪比很低的情况下,信号本身之间很难积累,需要用特定的算法或者加滤波器的方法才可以对齐时域接收信号[23-29]。延时校正功能实现了在时域校正信号,在频域影响频谱的相位信息。随着雷达技术的发展调制信号变得越来越复杂,会采取抖动、参差、脉间捷变等各种手段,对此多站接收机为了保证在同一脉冲内进行信号处理,采用了互相关时延估计算法。
假设雷达发射信号为x0(t),以4个接收机为例进行分析。当4个接收机分别收到来自同一发射脉冲的信号x(t)时,数学表达式如下。
接收机1-4接收到的信号:
S1(t)=A1x1(t)+ε1(t)=A1x0(t-τ1)+ε1(t)
S2(t)=A2x2(t)+ε2(t)=A2x0(t-τ2)+ε2(t)
S3(t)=A3x3(t)+ε3(t)=A3x0(t-τ3)+ε3(t)
S4(t)=A4x4(t)+ε4(t)=A4x0(t-τ4)+ε4(t)
其中,x1(t)、x2(t)、x3(t)、x4(t)是信号,ε1(t)、ε2(t)、ε3(t)、ε4(t)是广义稳定随机过程且互不相关;信号的幅度与星载SAR雷达和多站之间的距离、雷达发射天线在接收方向的增益和侦察接收天线在雷达方向的增益相关。本文假设接收信号的幅度为A,信号空间和噪声子空间不相关,统计独立。
接收机X分别与接收机1进行互相关处理,相关函数的峰值点对应两个信号最相似的位置,此时横坐标对应的时间就是接收机X与接收机1的时延位置。
分别对上式做峰值检测,找到最大值对应的横坐标,与采样时间相乘就是时延,得到接收机X相对于接收机1的时延,fs是采样频率。
τ2-τ1=arg{max(RS1S2(τ))}/fs
τ3-τ1=arg{max(RS1S3(τ))}/fs
τ4-τ1=arg{max(RS1S4(τ))}/fs
上式中,arg[ ]表示取函数的横坐标位置,max[ ]表示求函数的最大值。时延校正后,信号分别为:接收机2时延校正信号S_2(t)=A2x0(t-τ1)+ε2(t)=A2x(t)+ε2(t);接收机3时延校正信号S_3(t)=A3x0(t-τ1)+ε3(t)=A3x(t)+ε3(t);接收机4时延校正信号S_4(t)=A4x0(t-τ1)+ε4(t)=A4x(t)+ε4(t)。其中,x(t)=x0(t-τ1);因此,接收机1的接收信号S1(t)=A1x(t)+ε1(t)。经过上式校正后,接收机的时延校准一致,接收机间的信号相关性最大。
分数阶傅里叶变换是对于传统傅里叶变化的推广,能够同时对时域和频域信息进行处理,更适用于处理非平稳信号和非线性信号。信号S(t)分数阶傅里叶变换可以表示为:
其中,
式中,α=pπ/2为旋转的角度,p为FrFT的阶数,Fp[·]为FrFT的变换算子,Kα(t,u)为FrFT的变换核函数。通过公式可以发现,FrFT具有周期性,周期为4,当p=4n+1(α=2nπ+π/2),FrFT变成了传统的傅里叶变换。FrFT是一种线性变换,保留了信号的相位信息,FrFT变换可以有效地估计出线性调频信号的调频率、中心频率、相位和幅度。
当线性调频信号S(t)=exp(jπμt2+j2πfct+jφ0)时,FrFT变换为:
在expjπt2(μ+cotα)中,μ=-cotα时,生成冲击函数δ(fc-ucscα),因此,在三维FrFT图中峰值处可以实现调频率和中心频率的估计,记录此时的旋转角度为。峰值搜索找到|Xα(u)|对应的最大值(,):
此时,调频率、中心频率、幅度和相位的估计如下,N表示信号观测时间为一个调频周期。
提取新坐标系下的信号在角度处的u域(分数阶傅里叶域)的信号,此时线性调频信号已经成为单频信号,噪声在u域一般不会出现聚集,因此在u域上进行中心频率为的窄带带通滤波器设计即可实现单频信号的有效提取,对此信号进行阶的FrFT反变换实现原始信号的还原,此处实现了对噪声的第一次抑制,此方法对多个混合的线性调频信号的分离同样适用。以四平台接收机为例,记录峰值位置的旋转角度分别为α1α2α3α4,取旋转角度范围ϕ记为ϕЄ[min(α1,α2,α3,α4)-Δ,max(α1,α2,α3,α4)+Δ];取出u系坐标系下的数据分别进行峰值处负角度-α1、-α2、-α3、-α4的反变换还原各个通道的滤波后信号。由于计算量和时效的考量步长选取不宜过小,此处选取0.01进行仿真验证得到粗估计的信号参数。
经过上述滤波还原处理后,多站接收机信号如下:
对接收机进行延迟补偿和FrFT滤波还原出原始信号后,实现多站数据的第一次数据融合,多站两两之间进行时域互相关,噪声子空间和信号子空间不相关,噪声之间统计独立,互相关算法实现了噪声的抑制。
信号检测根据两两互相关的乘积进行检测,找到乘积信号中的全部峰值点后取最大值及其小于最大值两倍以内的峰值点,求出峰值点之间的相对位置,点数不超过阈值判定存在信号。
若信号存在则实现第二次数据融合,多平台原始信号之间按照功率比实现加性融合,分数阶傅里叶变换的旋转角度范围为在1.3节中记录的旋转角度信息ϕ,步长取0.001检测峰值实现中心频率、调频率精估计。此处根据粗步长限定旋转角度的范围和精步长相结合的方法,降低了运算量的同时还提高了时域信号的精度。
多平台的信号幅度分别为A1A2A3A4,系数分别为l1l2l3l4,经过功率比融合后的信号记为S=l1×S1_0(t)+l2×S2_0(t)+l3×S3_0(t)+l4×S4_0(t)。
对信号S进行限定旋转角度的精步长的分数阶傅里叶变换,得到峰值并估计调频率和中心频率,具体公式详见1.3节。
若存在信号则同步实现第三次数据融合,对1.4.1节中时域互相关(τ)分别进行傅里叶变换得到互相关谱后相乘,利用联合互相关谱分析方法得到信号的分类和参数的精估计。对式(14)作傅里叶变换,根据维纳-辛钦公式,得到相关函数的频谱:
同理:
(w)是接收机1和接收机2的互谱密度,(w)是接收机3和接收机4的互谱密度,(w)是接收机1和接收机2信号之间的互功率谱,(w)是接收机3和接收机4信号之间的互功率谱。信号与噪声分别统计独立,且不同接收机间噪声统计独立;当相关带宽比较大(MHz左右)的时候,信号与噪声的乘积项可以忽略不计,噪声与噪声不相关,仅保留信号项。
频谱相乘后:
Sx(w)为信号x(t)的频谱,当时宽脉宽积很大时,线性调频信号的频谱近似为矩形包络。如果直接用信号的频谱多次相乘频谱会变窄,通过乘性算法降低噪声的同时,也损失了频谱的信息。本方法改用相关函数的频谱相乘降低了相乘的频率,最大限度地还原了信号的频谱信息,此方法在互相关处理时对噪声进行了第二次抑制,在频谱相乘时第三次对噪声进行了抑制,因此信号得到了三次增强。根据公式(19)计算频谱左右边沿估算出带宽和中心频率,实现参数的精估计。
在完成联合互相关频谱累积后,对公式(19)的信号进行归一化处理,求出波峰和波谷,采用如下算法提取带宽和中心频率。
① 判断是否为单频信号:采用单元-平均恒虚警检测(Cell Averaging-Constant False Alarm Rate,CA-CFAR)方法,见图2。找到频谱最大值Pmax记为待检测值D,去除最大值两侧保护窗内的频谱能量(阴影部分),防止频谱漏检;计算参考窗内2m个点的能量,T是标称因子,如果待检测值D比S大,判断这是一个单频信号;接下来用单频信号的手段提取信号的参数。判断是否是为孤立点,同样采用此检测方法,对满足条件的点设定为孤立点;
② 判断是否为线性调频:选取频谱最大值与次大值之间的比值进行检测,同样为了防止频谱泄露的影响,次大值的选取为频谱最大值去除保护窗后的频谱能量;如果频谱的最大值与次大值之间的比值较小,可以判定信号为线性调频信号。
① 去除噪声孤立点:见图3,采用自适应门线方法,对公式(19)平方后连续多级平滑,用移动窗滤波器平滑信号,对平滑信号取均值即为门限值,对于满足门线的两侧采样点做CA-CFAR检测,若为孤立点去除此噪点。选取下一个满足门线的点判断是否为孤立点,如果不是孤立点设定为信号的边界点。
② 带宽的精估计:采用边界波谷连续取小+斜率平稳方法,当两侧边界一直下探到波谷最小位置,根据斜率平稳原则,找到连续10个平稳处的第一个平稳位置,确定为带宽的左右边界点[SD],两侧点的位置内为信号存续状态,计算出带宽B。计算出NFFT是FFT点数,fs是采样频率。
③ 中心频率的精估计:根据上述信号两侧的左右边界点位置S,D,计算出中心频率的位置Pc=(S+D)/2,中心频率为
④ 脉宽的精估计:根据线性调频信号的调频率定义可知,μ=B/TP,因此脉宽TP=B/μ,当估计出带宽和调频率后,可以对脉宽进行估计。
发射的线性调频信号如下:
接收机N的接收信号:
Tp=300e-9fc=0 Hz,B=1 GHz;εN(t)是0均值,方差为σ2的高斯白噪声。信号与噪声统计独立,τN随机变化。
仿真实验1,时延校正:多接收机间互相关时延校正,以第二个接收机为例,接收机1和接收机2之间的延时为50个采样点间隔;当信噪比从低到高[-15,5]dB变化时,经过1 000次蒙特卡罗仿真实验,延时的测量均值、与真实值偏差和均方根误差见图4
根据图4可以看出:信噪比越低时延越大,当信噪比大于-6 dB时,单次测量或多次平均后延时补偿的误差较小,信号处理效果明显变好;当信噪比低于-6 dB后时延偏差逐渐增大,需要采用信号处理的方法才能得到正确的校正时延。
仿真实验2:分别对各接收站进行粗步长为0.01分数阶傅里叶变换找到峰值,记录峰值位置的旋转角度分别为α1α2α3α4,取旋转角度范围ϕ,取出u系坐标系下的数据分别进行峰值处负角度-α1、-α2、-α3、-α4的反变换还原各个通道的滤波后信号。图5~图7仿真了信噪比分别为-10 dB、-3 dB、3 dB的各平台接收信号与FrFT滤波后的多平台合成信号Sh,这是第二次数据融合,以其中一个平台的接收信号为例。
通过上述仿真结果图5~图7可以看出,步长为0.01时,在信噪比分别取-10 dB、-3 dB、3 dB时FrFT滤波可以抑制噪声并还原,合成比较理想的线性调频信号。随着信噪比的提升,时域波形越来越接近理想的线性调频信号,这种特性可以很好地实现参数的精估计。本文同时仿真了步长为0.1时的滤波结果,信号还原效果不好,此处可以通过改进算法提高旋转角度的精度增强还原信号的能力。可以说信号的检测能力与峰值的旋转角度的估计有很大的关系,这也是本文未来需要进一步改进的地方。
合成信号Sh与理想线性调频信号Slx的失真度k用均方误差来表示:
信号检测是数据第一次融合,取信噪比[-16,10] dB内进行500次蒙特卡罗仿真。图8中,信号失真幅度随着信噪比的提升逐渐减小直至稳定。通过图9可以看出:算法可以实现-12 dB时88%以上检测概率,-11 dB时98%以上的检测概率。文献[5]中分别采用了分数阶自相关、FrFT、时域自相关、频域能量检测和时域能量检测方法,信号检测能力见图10,通过对比本文提出的方法检测能力明显更具优势。
仿真实验3:当合成一路信号Sh后取旋转角度范围ϕ,步长取0.001对信号进行第二级的FrFT变换,完成时域参数调频率和中心频率的精估计,见表1表2。为验证算法的有效性采用均方根误差RMSE衡量性能的标准,假设N个估计值为向量x=[x1,x2,…,xN],真实值为x0,当信噪比提升到-9 dB后这两个参数的估计精度基本稳定。
通过表1表2可以看出:随着信噪比的升高,调频率的相对误差最终控制在0.1%以内,中心频率的绝对误差低于4 M。这个结果对后续的参数精估计很有帮助。文献[19]中信噪比大于-3 dB以上检测概率达到90%以上,实现调频率和中心频率参数的精估计,调频率的相对误差为0.14%,中心频率的相对误差为0.35%。
若信号存在则进行第三次数据融合,通过联合互相关谱分析方法实现带宽、中心频率的精估计,计算出脉宽。根据上述结论可以看出:在时域和频域均可以对中心频率进行精估计,因此采用两种不同方法的精估计可以互相验证和对比。利用带宽和调频率计算得到脉宽,带宽的精估计见图11,脉宽的精估计见图12
经过500次蒙特卡罗的仿真,图11中联合互相关谱估计的带宽在-12 dB时估计为880 M,与真实值偏差为12%,随着信噪比的提升,精估逐渐提高最后稳定在2%以内。由于信噪比的提升噪声越来越小,频谱越来越接近矩形,边界波谷取小时两侧都是非常平坦的噪声,此时根据边界取小的同时采取最小值限定方法找到两侧边界位置,因此带宽在4 dB位置出现反转的情况。从图12中可以看出:脉宽的估计值随着信噪比的提升而逐渐地趋近于真实值300微秒,在4 dB时带宽展宽导致脉宽的估计展宽,最终相对误差控制在2%以内。通过仿真可以看出:时频域参数在信噪比-10 dB以上可以实现精度91%以上的估计。
仿真实验4:
① 多平台接收机的对比
不经过分数阶傅里叶滤波、还原,而直接采用联合互相关谱分析方法时,以单次仿真为例,当信噪比为-5 dB,-2 dB,1 dB时的联合互相关谱分析方法归一化谱见图13
经过1 000次蒙特卡罗仿真,对单一接收机信噪比低于1 dB的很难实现带宽的精估计。接收信号直接用联合互相关方法在-6 dB时对带宽的估计精度是86%,-2 dB以上时对带宽的估计精度是96%以上;-6 dB以下很难实现信号的参数估计。在上述仿真的基础上,本文进一步提出了利用分数阶傅里叶进行信号滤波、还原和对多站合成信号进行时频域参数估计的方法,当信噪比为-11 dB、-2 dB、7 dB时接收机1接收信号的频谱,FrFT滤波后的频谱和联合互相关频谱见图14~图16
通过对比,单一接收机频谱估计和直接采用联合互相关谱分析方法性能偏低,FrFT经过带通滤波器滤波时会有部分噪声进入信号导致频谱边缘展宽,经过联合互相关谱分析方法抑制了展宽的噪声增强频带内的信号,本文提出的分数阶傅里叶滤波、还原和多站信号融合方法实现了-11 dB以上的带宽和中心频率的精估计。500次的蒙特卡罗证明时频域参数的精估计效果良好,见仿真实验3。由于多站融合的参数精估计方向仿真的文献较少,本文选取了与前期工作的仿真结果进行对比验证算法的有效性。
② 有色噪声的仿真对比
高斯白噪声是指幅度服从高斯分布且功率谱密度是均匀分布的噪声,有色噪声是功率谱密度不平坦的噪声,白噪声通过信道受信道频率的影响变成了有色噪声,因此大多数的噪声频谱主要都是非白色噪声的频谱。本节仿真的有色噪声信号带宽为1 GHz,接收机和有色噪声带宽为2 GHz,当信噪比为-11 dB、-2 dB、7 dB时,接收机1接收信号的频谱,FrFT滤波后的频谱和联合互相关频谱见图17~图19
在有色噪声背景下,通过图19可以看出:7 dB的单平台接收信号依然很难估计出精确的带宽,本文提出的多站数据融合方法可以很好地抑制有色噪声实现信号参数的精估计。图20为本文算法的500次蒙特卡罗仿真结果,通过检测概率和带宽脉宽的估计,证明本算法对有色噪声背景下参数估计具有良好效果。
四个仿真实验证明了单一接收机对信号进行精估计存在较大挑战,多平台接收机直接采用联合互相关谱分析方法对带宽和中心频率均实现了信噪比-6 dB以上的精估计。本文采用的分数阶傅里叶滤波还原、多站合成方法可以实现在-12 dB以上的高斯白噪声背景下的信号检测和参数精估计,以及-8 dB以上的有色噪声的信号检测和参数精估计,通过仿真验证了算法性能好、适应性强。
在时变的复杂战场环境下,任何单一的电子战装备或多种电子战装备的简单叠加,都难以对敌方体系化、智能化的装备进行有效和可靠的攻击和压制。针对微弱线性调频信号在高斯白噪声和有色噪声的背景下的检测,本文提出了多站融合的分数阶傅里叶和联合互相关谱分析方法,在多接收平台的处理机中检测信号并根据数据的多次融合,估计出信号的时频域参数,方法原理清晰简单易行、精度高、操作性和可实现性高。本文研究的多平台算法处于理论初期,进一步的仿真和算法的拓展将会进一步提升性能,特别是人工智能的发展也是未来多平台接收机的发展方向。本课题组会进一步加入新科技、新技术的应用,同时也会在接下来的工程实践中采集实测数据来验证方法的有效性、实用性,实现性能的进一步提升。
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20230926001
  • 接收时间:2023-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-26
  • 修回日期:2024-01-09
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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