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This paper focuses on the spoofing and anti-spoofing technology and protection of GNSS receiver. Firstly, the signal generation and spoofing implementation strategies are introduced, and several aspects such as spoofing threat implementation difficulty and protection difficulty are compared and analyzed. Secondly, an analysis of anti-spoofing technologies is discussed from three aspects: signal system, receiver signal processing technology and auxiliary information verification technology. A comparative analysis of anti-spoofing technologies is provided from the aspects of spoofing adaptability, implementation requirements, implementation difficulty, and effectiveness. Based on these, the anti-spoofing framework of GNSS receiver is proposed to deal with different spoofing attacks, which has significant reference for evaluating the spoofing procetion ability of GNSS receivers
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本文主要研究卫星导航欺骗干扰技术与欺骗防护技术,首先介绍欺骗干扰的生成方式、欺骗干扰实施策略与播发策略,并从欺骗威胁、实现难度、防护难度等多方面给出现有欺骗技术的对比分析。其次从信号体制、终端处理技术、辅助信息校验技术等三个层面介绍现有欺骗防护技术,并从欺骗适应性、实现需求、实现难度、实现效果等几方面给出防护技术对比分析。在此基础上,研究在面对不同欺骗攻击时接收机的欺骗防护框架,对于评估导航接收机的防护能力有借鉴意义。
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1北京跟踪与通信技术研究所 北京 100094, bio={"content":"
石善斌 1979年生,博士,助理研究员。
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2中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 石家庄 050081, bio={"content":"
赵丙风 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。
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赵丙风 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。
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1.Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology, Beijing 100094, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241060180092318038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, companyId=1241060180062957908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 石家庄 050081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241060183078662550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Spoofing schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=1bIGQsoatTJj8uE6UANJQw==, figureFileBig=FIsdw7JrP4LmhsDOw9vWbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241060183187714456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
欺骗原理框图, figureFileSmall=1bIGQsoatTJj8uE6UANJQw==, figureFileBig=FIsdw7JrP4LmhsDOw9vWbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241060183393235356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of spoofing technologies
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 欺骗技术 | 欺骗能力 | 实施 策略 | 实施限制 | 欺骗 威胁 | 实现 难度 | 防护 难度 |
|---|
| 单站单场景 | 直接生成式 | 位置与时间可设置,面向区域目标,干扰解算 结果 | 入侵式 引导式 | 与真实信号不同步,易造成目标解算 结果跳变 | 中 | 低 | 中 |
| 直接转发式 | 可欺骗授权信号接收机,干扰一定区域内的目 标定位结果 | 入侵式 | 欺骗控制不灵活,需要增大欺骗信号 功率,仅能使用入侵式实施欺骗,引 入信号延时 | 低 | 低 | 低 |
| 单站多场景 | 存储生成式 | 信号与真实信号更接近,攻击隐秘性强,可实 现区域特定目标轨迹引导 | 入侵式 引导式 | 单天线发射隐藏性不足,易被阵列天 线检测识别,技术门槛高,硬件复杂 度较高 | 高 | 高 | 高 |
| 分离转发式 | 通过合理延时控制、选星控制、功率控制实现 对特定授权目标的轨迹引导 | 入侵式 | 需要分离卫星信号,单天线发射易被 阵列天线检测识别,通道时延控制 复杂 | 中 | 中 | 中 |
| 多站独立 | 分离转发式 | 多发射天线增加隐秘性,对区域目标实现定位 扰乱,多站增加了干扰的鲁棒性 | 入侵式 | 欺骗控制不灵活,需要增大欺骗信号 功率,仅能使用入侵式实施欺骗,引 入信号延时 | 高 | 中 | 中 |
| 多站组网 | 存储生成式 | 信号与真实信号更接近,攻击隐秘性强,可实 现区域特定目标轨迹引导,实现对阵列天线接 收机的干扰 | 入侵式 引导式 | 设备实现复杂度极高,仅针对特定 目标 | 高 | 极高 | 高 |
| 分离转发式 | 可通过合理的延时控制及选择实现授权信号 的轨迹引导,实现对阵列天线目标接收机的 干扰 | 入侵式 | 设备实现复杂度极高,仅针对特定 目标 | 高 | 极高 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183485510047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
欺骗干扰技术对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 欺骗技术 | 欺骗能力 | 实施 策略 | 实施限制 | 欺骗 威胁 | 实现 难度 | 防护 难度 |
|---|
| 单站单场景 | 直接生成式 | 位置与时间可设置,面向区域目标,干扰解算 结果 | 入侵式 引导式 | 与真实信号不同步,易造成目标解算 结果跳变 | 中 | 低 | 中 |
| 直接转发式 | 可欺骗授权信号接收机,干扰一定区域内的目 标定位结果 | 入侵式 | 欺骗控制不灵活,需要增大欺骗信号 功率,仅能使用入侵式实施欺骗,引 入信号延时 | 低 | 低 | 低 |
| 单站多场景 | 存储生成式 | 信号与真实信号更接近,攻击隐秘性强,可实 现区域特定目标轨迹引导 | 入侵式 引导式 | 单天线发射隐藏性不足,易被阵列天 线检测识别,技术门槛高,硬件复杂 度较高 | 高 | 高 | 高 |
| 分离转发式 | 通过合理延时控制、选星控制、功率控制实现 对特定授权目标的轨迹引导 | 入侵式 | 需要分离卫星信号,单天线发射易被 阵列天线检测识别,通道时延控制 复杂 | 中 | 中 | 中 |
| 多站独立 | 分离转发式 | 多发射天线增加隐秘性,对区域目标实现定位 扰乱,多站增加了干扰的鲁棒性 | 入侵式 | 欺骗控制不灵活,需要增大欺骗信号 功率,仅能使用入侵式实施欺骗,引 入信号延时 | 高 | 中 | 中 |
| 多站组网 | 存储生成式 | 信号与真实信号更接近,攻击隐秘性强,可实 现区域特定目标轨迹引导,实现对阵列天线接 收机的干扰 | 入侵式 引导式 | 设备实现复杂度极高,仅针对特定 目标 | 高 | 极高 | 高 |
| 分离转发式 | 可通过合理的延时控制及选择实现授权信号 的轨迹引导,实现对阵列天线目标接收机的 干扰 | 入侵式 | 设备实现复杂度极高,仅针对特定 目标 | 高 | 极高 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183569396129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of anti-spoofing technologies
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 防护技术 | 对欺骗的适应性 | 实现需求 | 实现 难度 | 实现 效果 |
|---|
| 信号体制 | 信息加密 | 针对公开信号欺骗干扰 | 修改信号体制 | 高 | 好 |
| 伪码加密 | 针对公开信号欺骗干扰 | 修改信号体制 | 高 | 好 |
终端 处理 技术 | 天线 处理 技术 | 空域滤波 | 欺骗信号功率高于背景噪声 | 使用阵列天线 | 中 | 中 |
| 到达角检测/载波相位双差 | 单站播发欺骗源 | 阵列天线或多天线接收机 | 高 | 好 |
| 合成孔径天线阵 | 单站播发欺骗源 | 多通道测量 | 高 | 好 |
| 欺骗信号重构消除 | 真实信号可识别未被淹没 | 阵列天线配合多通道接收机,算法 估计欺骗信号参数 | 极 高 | 好 |
| 欺骗信号源定位技术 | 单站欺骗信号或多站组网发射欺骗信号 | 多接收机组网,算法估计多欺骗信 号时延 | 极高 | 好 |
基带 处理 技术 | 多相关峰检测 | 转发式欺骗 | 实现多相关峰搜索 | 低 | 好 |
| 生成式欺骗 | 实现多相关峰搜索 | 低 | 中 |
| 斜率检测 | 欺骗信号延迟小于1.5码片 | 增加相关器 | 低 | 中 |
| CN0检测技术 | 欺骗信号功率高于真实信号 | 多跟踪通道 | 低 | 好 |
| 伪距一致性 | 欺骗信号造成伪距不一致 | 增加伪距校验算法 | 低 | 好 |
| 多普勒检测 | 欺骗信号造成多普勒跳变或者载波与伪 多普勒不一致 | 增加多普勒校验算法 | 低 | 好 |
信息 处理 技术 | 解算结果一致性 | 欺骗信号导致解算结果变 | 增加PVT解算后检验算法 | 低 | 中 |
| 信息合理性检测 | 电文未加密,欺骗信号修改了电文比特, 或播发了不可见卫星 | 增加电文校验算法 | 低 | 中 |
| RAIM检测 | 欺骗信号造成的解算残差较大,仅有单个 欺骗信号 | —— | 低 | 好 |
欺骗信号造成的解算残差较大,有多个欺 骗信号 | 增加多星RAIM检测算法 | 中 | 好 |
| 辅助信息校验 | —— | 需要增加额外的辅助信息来源,增 加对应的检测算法 | 高 | 好 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183657476516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
欺骗防护技术对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 防护技术 | 对欺骗的适应性 | 实现需求 | 实现 难度 | 实现 效果 |
|---|
| 信号体制 | 信息加密 | 针对公开信号欺骗干扰 | 修改信号体制 | 高 | 好 |
| 伪码加密 | 针对公开信号欺骗干扰 | 修改信号体制 | 高 | 好 |
终端 处理 技术 | 天线 处理 技术 | 空域滤波 | 欺骗信号功率高于背景噪声 | 使用阵列天线 | 中 | 中 |
| 到达角检测/载波相位双差 | 单站播发欺骗源 | 阵列天线或多天线接收机 | 高 | 好 |
| 合成孔径天线阵 | 单站播发欺骗源 | 多通道测量 | 高 | 好 |
| 欺骗信号重构消除 | 真实信号可识别未被淹没 | 阵列天线配合多通道接收机,算法 估计欺骗信号参数 | 极 高 | 好 |
| 欺骗信号源定位技术 | 单站欺骗信号或多站组网发射欺骗信号 | 多接收机组网,算法估计多欺骗信 号时延 | 极高 | 好 |
基带 处理 技术 | 多相关峰检测 | 转发式欺骗 | 实现多相关峰搜索 | 低 | 好 |
| 生成式欺骗 | 实现多相关峰搜索 | 低 | 中 |
| 斜率检测 | 欺骗信号延迟小于1.5码片 | 增加相关器 | 低 | 中 |
| CN0检测技术 | 欺骗信号功率高于真实信号 | 多跟踪通道 | 低 | 好 |
| 伪距一致性 | 欺骗信号造成伪距不一致 | 增加伪距校验算法 | 低 | 好 |
| 多普勒检测 | 欺骗信号造成多普勒跳变或者载波与伪 多普勒不一致 | 增加多普勒校验算法 | 低 | 好 |
信息 处理 技术 | 解算结果一致性 | 欺骗信号导致解算结果变 | 增加PVT解算后检验算法 | 低 | 中 |
| 信息合理性检测 | 电文未加密,欺骗信号修改了电文比特, 或播发了不可见卫星 | 增加电文校验算法 | 低 | 中 |
| RAIM检测 | 欺骗信号造成的解算残差较大,仅有单个 欺骗信号 | —— | 低 | 好 |
欺骗信号造成的解算残差较大,有多个欺 骗信号 | 增加多星RAIM检测算法 | 中 | 好 |
| 辅助信息校验 | —— | 需要增加额外的辅助信息来源,增 加对应的检测算法 | 高 | 好 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183724585383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Classification of spoofing attack
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分类 | 欺骗描述 | 典型欺骗技术 |
|---|
Ⅰ类 简单模拟欺骗 | 基于已有信号模拟源技术,以较小的代价实现对扰乱区域目标或者特定目标的定位结果扰 乱,仅针对公开信号,一般采用入侵式实施欺骗,欺骗设备成本低,实现难度低,欺骗源架设 迅速,防护难度低 | 单站单场景直接生成式欺骗 |
Ⅱ类 简单转发欺骗 | 基于已有信号转发器,对所有卫星信号施加相同的延迟,目标接收机解算结果为转发器接收 天线布站位置,可欺骗公开信号和授权信号,实现简单,设备成本低,欺骗源架设迅速,防护 难度低 | 单站单场景直接转发式欺骗 |
Ⅲ类 单天线收发欺骗 | 以目标接收无感的方式实现对特定目标的轨迹引导,或对区域目标的扰乱,需要获取目标接 收机相位中心的相对位置与相对运动信息,仅针对公开信号,欺骗设备成本高,实现技术难 度高,隐秘性强,防护难度高 | 单站多场景存储生成式欺骗 |
Ⅳ类 多天线收发欺骗 | 在单天线收发欺骗的基础上增加多站组网发射,形成包含欺骗信号的伪星座,增加目标接收 机防护难度,仅针对公开信号,欺骗设备成本高,实现难度极高,防护难度高 | 多站组网存储生成式欺骗 |
Ⅴ类 多通道转发欺骗 | 以多处理通道实现对接收卫星信号的分离,对不同卫星施加不同延时控制,以单天线发送模 式、多天线独立发送模式或多天线组网发送模式完成信号转发,实现对区域目标的结果扰乱 或对特定目标的轨迹引导,可欺骗公开信号和授权信号,欺骗实现复杂,设备成本高,欺骗防 护难度较高 | 单站多场景分离转发式欺骗 多站独立分离转发式欺骗 多站组网分离转发式欺骗 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183821054377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
欺骗攻击分类
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分类 | 欺骗描述 | 典型欺骗技术 |
|---|
Ⅰ类 简单模拟欺骗 | 基于已有信号模拟源技术,以较小的代价实现对扰乱区域目标或者特定目标的定位结果扰 乱,仅针对公开信号,一般采用入侵式实施欺骗,欺骗设备成本低,实现难度低,欺骗源架设 迅速,防护难度低 | 单站单场景直接生成式欺骗 |
Ⅱ类 简单转发欺骗 | 基于已有信号转发器,对所有卫星信号施加相同的延迟,目标接收机解算结果为转发器接收 天线布站位置,可欺骗公开信号和授权信号,实现简单,设备成本低,欺骗源架设迅速,防护 难度低 | 单站单场景直接转发式欺骗 |
Ⅲ类 单天线收发欺骗 | 以目标接收无感的方式实现对特定目标的轨迹引导,或对区域目标的扰乱,需要获取目标接 收机相位中心的相对位置与相对运动信息,仅针对公开信号,欺骗设备成本高,实现技术难 度高,隐秘性强,防护难度高 | 单站多场景存储生成式欺骗 |
Ⅳ类 多天线收发欺骗 | 在单天线收发欺骗的基础上增加多站组网发射,形成包含欺骗信号的伪星座,增加目标接收 机防护难度,仅针对公开信号,欺骗设备成本高,实现难度极高,防护难度高 | 多站组网存储生成式欺骗 |
Ⅴ类 多通道转发欺骗 | 以多处理通道实现对接收卫星信号的分离,对不同卫星施加不同延时控制,以单天线发送模 式、多天线独立发送模式或多天线组网发送模式完成信号转发,实现对区域目标的结果扰乱 或对特定目标的轨迹引导,可欺骗公开信号和授权信号,欺骗实现复杂,设备成本高,欺骗防 护难度较高 | 单站多场景分离转发式欺骗 多站独立分离转发式欺骗 多站组网分离转发式欺骗 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183917523371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Classification of spoofing attack
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 可用技术描述 | 防护结果 |
|---|
A 不能告警 结果不正确 | B 能够告警 结果不正确 | C 能够告警 结果正确 | D 能够告警结果正确 能够定位欺骗源 |
|---|
Ⅰ 单天线接收设备 | 未采取任何防护 信息处理技术 | 信息处理技术 辅助信息校验 | 信息加密 伪码加密 合成孔径天线阵 基带处理技术 RAIM检测技术 | —— |
应用平台 Ⅱ 阵列天线接收设备 | 未采取任何防护 信息处理技术 | 到达角检测技术 信息处理技术 辅助信息校验 | 信息加密 伪码加密 空域滤波 欺骗重构消除 基带处理技术 RAIM检测技术 | —— |
Ⅲ 组网使用接收设备 | 未采取任何防护 信息处理技术 | 信息处理技术 辅助信息校验 | 信息加密 伪码加密 基带处理技术 RAIM检测技术 | 欺骗信号源定位技术 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241060183988826542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241060178850804034, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
欺骗防护策略
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 可用技术描述 | 防护结果 |
|---|
A 不能告警 结果不正确 | B 能够告警 结果不正确 | C 能够告警 结果正确 | D 能够告警结果正确 能够定位欺骗源 |
|---|
Ⅰ 单天线接收设备 | 未采取任何防护 信息处理技术 | 信息处理技术 辅助信息校验 | 信息加密 伪码加密 合成孔径天线阵 基带处理技术 RAIM检测技术 | —— |
应用平台 Ⅱ 阵列天线接收设备 | 未采取任何防护 信息处理技术 | 到达角检测技术 信息处理技术 辅助信息校验 | 信息加密 伪码加密 空域滤波 欺骗重构消除 基带处理技术 RAIM检测技术 | —— |
Ⅲ 组网使用接收设备 | 未采取任何防护 信息处理技术 | 信息处理技术 辅助信息校验 | 信息加密 伪码加密 基带处理技术 RAIM检测技术 | 欺骗信号源定位技术 |
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