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Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) has been widely used in the design of microwave circuits and systems due to its low insertion loss and high-quality factor. However, compared to traditional microstrip lines, SIW has larger transverse dimensions, which limits its application in miniaturized and compact microwave circuits and systems. This paper proposes a SIW-SSPP hybrid circuit by integrating a three-dimensional SSPP structure composed of metallized blind vias and metal patches. Theoretical analysis of dispersion characteristics and full-wave electromagnetic simulations demonstrate that this SIW-SSPP integrated hybrid circuit can achieve a 30% reduction in transverse length and a 50% reduction in longitudinal length of the transmission line. Furthermore, by etching an orthogonal radiation structure on top of the SIW-SSPP hybrid circuit, a compact ultra-wideband circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna was designed. The results indicate that the antenna exhibits a return loss below -10 dB and an S21 below -6 dB within the operating frequency band of 11.2 to 17 GHz. It achieves an axial ratio of less than 3 dB between 11.2 and 16.2 GHz. The antenna's gain ranges from 10 to 15 dBic. It also features continuous scanning performance from backward space (-27°) to forward space (+30°). This design method provides a new approach for the development and design of high-performance, compact microwave, millimeter-wave, and terahertz systems.

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基片集成波导(Substrate integrated waveguide,SIW)具有低插入损耗、高品质因数等优点,已被广泛应用于微波电路和系统的设计中。然而,SIW横向尺寸较大,限制了其在小型化紧凑型微波电路和系统中的应用。本文提出了一种人工表面等离激元(Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton,SSPP)与SIW技术相结合的设计思路,实现小型化的集成混合电路。通过混合由金属化盲孔和金属贴片组成的三维集成SSPP结构,代入慢波效应,显著降低了单元结构的上限和下限截止频率。通过色散特性理论分析和全波电磁场仿真,证明了该SIW-SSPP集成混合电路可实现传输线30%的横向长度和50%的纵向长度缩减。进一步,通过在SIW-SSPP混合电路结构顶部蚀刻正交辐射结构,设计了小型化超宽带圆极化漏波天线。结果表明:该天线在11.2~17 GHz的工作频带内,回波损耗小于-10 dB,S21小于-6 dB,11.2~16.2 GHz频段内轴比小于3 dB,增益范围在10~15 dBic,具有从后向空间(-27°)到前向空间(+30°)的连续扫描性能。该设计方法为高性能、紧凑型微波、毫米波和太赫兹系统的开发设计提供了新思路。

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司黎明 ()
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姜雄飞 2001年生,硕士研究生。

韩坤霖 1999年生,博士研究生。

王勇 1988年生,硕士,助教。

毛著章 1999年生,硕士研究生。

鲍秀娥 1987年生,副教授,博士生导师。

孙厚军 1968年生,教授,博士生导师。

司黎明 1982年生,副教授,博士生导师。

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姜雄飞 2001年生,硕士研究生。

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姜雄飞 2001年生,硕士研究生。

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韩坤霖 1999年生,博士研究生。

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韩坤霖 1999年生,博士研究生。

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王勇 1988年生,硕士,助教。

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王勇 1988年生,硕士,助教。

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毛著章 1999年生,硕士研究生。

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毛著章 1999年生,硕士研究生。

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鲍秀娥 1987年生,副教授,博士生导师。

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鲍秀娥 1987年生,副教授,博士生导师。

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孙厚军 1968年生,教授,博士生导师。

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孙厚军 1968年生,教授,博士生导师。

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司黎明 1982年生,副教授,博士生导师。

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司黎明 1982年生,副教授,博士生导师。

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SIW-SSPP集成混合电路小型化圆极化漏波天线设计
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姜雄飞 1 , 韩坤霖 1 , 王勇 2 , 毛著章 1 , 鲍秀娥 1 , 孙厚军 1 , 司黎明 1
遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025,46(1): 16-22
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遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025, 46(1): 16-22
SIW-SSPP集成混合电路小型化圆极化漏波天线设计
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姜雄飞1, 韩坤霖1, 王勇2, 毛著章1, 鲍秀娥1, 孙厚军1, 司黎明1
作者信息
  • 1北京理工大学集成电路与电子学院毫米波与太赫兹技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2中国人民解放军陆军边海防学院 西安 710108
  • 姜雄飞 2001年生,硕士研究生。

    韩坤霖 1999年生,博士研究生。

    王勇 1988年生,硕士,助教。

    毛著章 1999年生,硕士研究生。

    鲍秀娥 1987年生,副教授,博士生导师。

    孙厚军 1968年生,教授,博士生导师。

    司黎明 1982年生,副教授,博士生导师。

通讯作者:

司黎明 ()
A Miniaturized Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on SIW-SSPP Hybrid Circuits
Xiongfei JIANG1, Kunlin HAN1, Yong WANG2, Zhuzhang MAO1, Xiue BAO1, Houjun SUN1, Liming SI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.PLA Army Border and Coastal Defense Academy, Xi'an 710108, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240706001
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基片集成波导(Substrate integrated waveguide,SIW)具有低插入损耗、高品质因数等优点,已被广泛应用于微波电路和系统的设计中。然而,SIW横向尺寸较大,限制了其在小型化紧凑型微波电路和系统中的应用。本文提出了一种人工表面等离激元(Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton,SSPP)与SIW技术相结合的设计思路,实现小型化的集成混合电路。通过混合由金属化盲孔和金属贴片组成的三维集成SSPP结构,代入慢波效应,显著降低了单元结构的上限和下限截止频率。通过色散特性理论分析和全波电磁场仿真,证明了该SIW-SSPP集成混合电路可实现传输线30%的横向长度和50%的纵向长度缩减。进一步,通过在SIW-SSPP混合电路结构顶部蚀刻正交辐射结构,设计了小型化超宽带圆极化漏波天线。结果表明:该天线在11.2~17 GHz的工作频带内,回波损耗小于-10 dB,S21小于-6 dB,11.2~16.2 GHz频段内轴比小于3 dB,增益范围在10~15 dBic,具有从后向空间(-27°)到前向空间(+30°)的连续扫描性能。该设计方法为高性能、紧凑型微波、毫米波和太赫兹系统的开发设计提供了新思路。

基片集成波导  /  人工表面等离激元  /  漏波天线

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) has been widely used in the design of microwave circuits and systems due to its low insertion loss and high-quality factor. However, compared to traditional microstrip lines, SIW has larger transverse dimensions, which limits its application in miniaturized and compact microwave circuits and systems. This paper proposes a SIW-SSPP hybrid circuit by integrating a three-dimensional SSPP structure composed of metallized blind vias and metal patches. Theoretical analysis of dispersion characteristics and full-wave electromagnetic simulations demonstrate that this SIW-SSPP integrated hybrid circuit can achieve a 30% reduction in transverse length and a 50% reduction in longitudinal length of the transmission line. Furthermore, by etching an orthogonal radiation structure on top of the SIW-SSPP hybrid circuit, a compact ultra-wideband circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna was designed. The results indicate that the antenna exhibits a return loss below -10 dB and an S21 below -6 dB within the operating frequency band of 11.2 to 17 GHz. It achieves an axial ratio of less than 3 dB between 11.2 and 16.2 GHz. The antenna's gain ranges from 10 to 15 dBic. It also features continuous scanning performance from backward space (-27°) to forward space (+30°). This design method provides a new approach for the development and design of high-performance, compact microwave, millimeter-wave, and terahertz systems.

Substrate integrated waveguide  /  Spoof surface plasmon polariton  /  Leaky-wave antenna
姜雄飞, 韩坤霖, 王勇, 毛著章, 鲍秀娥, 孙厚军, 司黎明. SIW-SSPP集成混合电路小型化圆极化漏波天线设计. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (1) : 16 -22 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240706001
Xiongfei JIANG, Kunlin HAN, Yong WANG, Zhuzhang MAO, Xiue BAO, Houjun SUN, Liming SI. A Miniaturized Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on SIW-SSPP Hybrid Circuits[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (1) : 16 -22 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240706001
漏波天线以其结构简单、增益高、频率扫描能力好、方向性强等优越性能,在雷达、通信和成像等领域广受关注[1-7]。根据电磁波辐射原理,漏波天线通过周期结构或渐变结构,以频率调节的方式使电磁波在传播过程中逐渐泄漏而出,实现了高效的空间扫描辐射。漏波天线具有频率扫描特性、高增益、方向性好和波束可控等特点,可应用于诸多不同场景。例如,汽车雷达中,应用于自动雷达传感[1];在无线通信系统中,实现高效的信号传输和接收[2];在电磁成像系统中,用于获取高分辨率的图像数据[3-5]。此外,漏波天线在实时频谱分析等领域也发挥着重要作用,通过其高方向性的辐射特性,提供了优越的信号处理能力[6,7]
近年来,基于基片集成波导(Substrate Integrated Waveguide,SIW)技术的漏波天线设计受到关注。SIW是一种在介电基板上制造的一种类似波导的结构,主要由顶部、底部铜层和中间介质层组成,两排金属化通孔贯穿其中 [8,9]。SIW结构保留了空气填充波导的大部分优点,同时还具有轻量化、低插入损耗、高品质因数和易与电路集成的优势,因此在微波电路、滤波器和天线等许多重要领域中得到了广泛应用[10-13]。基于SIW的漏波天线设计方法,不仅解决了传统漏波天线结构复杂的问题,还提升了漏波天线的效率和性能[13-19]。但是,SIW存在横向尺寸较大的缺点,这限制了其在紧凑型微波电路和系统中的应用。
表面等离激元(Surface Plasmon Polariton,SPP)是在光频段下沿着电介质和惰性金属之间的界面传播的一种表面波,其中惰性金属在高频段下的特殊属性发挥了重要作用。然而,在低频情况下,金属通常表现为完美电导体,因此很难在微波和太赫兹频段激励起SPP[20,21]。2004年,Pendry从理论上证明了周期排列的三维金属孔阵列上存在着类SPP表面波,即人工表面等离激元(Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton,SSPP),这种表面波在低频段下显示出了与SPP相似的高截止响应特性[22]。SSPP作为一种在微波与太赫兹频段下的表面波模式,不仅具有场局域、慢波和色散可控等特性,而且保留了物理尺寸小型化的特征,因此在天线、滤波器等领域得到了应用[23]。然而传统的SSPP传输线损耗较大,导致所组成的器件和系统效率较低。
针对以上问题,本文通过在传统SIW结构中加入SSPP结构来引入慢波效应,在保证高效率的基础上,实现电路和天线的小型化。通过在SIW-SSPP混合电路中引入正交辐射单元,实现漏波天线的开放阻带抑制和圆极化。本文利用这种混合电路,理论分析并全波仿真验证了一种在11.2~17 GHz宽频带内工作的小型化圆极化天线。该天线实现了从后向空间(-27°)到前向空间(+30°)连续扫描的高辐射性能,有望应用于未来的小型化雷达、通信和成像系统中。
图1给出了SIW、SSPP和SIW-SSPP集成混合电路的设计实现关系图,描述了这三种结构的二维横截面和三维立体示意图,阐释了集成策略和效果。从图1可以看出,SIW是由顶部与底部金属铜层、中间介质层和金属化通孔组成; SSPP单元由金属化盲孔和矩形金属贴片组成,顶部为金属条带或金属地,单元沿y方向以周期p排列。金属化盲孔的直径和高度分别为rh,金属贴片的长和宽分别为la,每个单元内金属化盲孔的数量为n。由于SSPP结构特有的色散可控特性,通过独立控制这些物理几何尺寸参数,可以灵活调整单元的色散特性。具体参数设置如下:p=0.65 mm,r=0.2 mm,h=0.4 mm,l=9 mm,a=0.7 mm。图1中的SIW-SSPP集成混合电路结构,顶部和底部是金属铜层,与金属铜层紧密相连的顶部和底部介质为Rogers RT5880,相对介电常数εr1=2.2,损耗角正切tanδ1=0.000 9,厚度为0.254 mm。中间层的介质基板作为粘合层,采用Rogers RO4450F,相对介电常数εr2=3.7,损耗角正切tanδ2=0.004,厚度为0.1 mm。
SIW-SSPP集成混合电路结构的基模色散特性可通过全波电磁仿真软件CST Microwave Studio本征模求解器进行分析。图2展示了不同几何参数下这种混合电路结构的色散关系。不难看出,混合电路单元的色散曲线位于SIW色散曲线的右下方,证明了混合电路结构相较于传统SIW具有典型的慢波效果。随着传播常数β的增加,混合单元的色散曲线逐渐偏离SIW色散曲线,并最终逼近截止频率。图2还表明,通过调节混合电路结构的几何参数就可以控制其色散特性。具体而言,减少单元中金属化盲孔的数量,减小盲孔直径,增加盲孔高度,以及扩大金属贴片面积,均可显著降低混合单元的上、下限截止频率,从而增强慢波效果。这与典型的SSPP单元特性一致。因此,通过灵活调节混合电路结构的几何参数,就可以在不改变波导电尺寸的情况下缩减波导的物理尺寸。
图3展示了SIW与所提出的SIW-SSPP混合电路的传输特性对比。与SIW相比,SIW-SSPP混合电路的下限截止频率降低了30%。对于TE10模式,波导的等效宽度可表示为:
其中,c表示真空中的光速,εr(eff)μr(eff)分别表示波导的等效相对介电常数和等效相对磁导率。因此,与SIW相比,对于相同期望的下限截止频率,可以实现具有30%横向尺寸缩减的窄波导。根据缩比原理,波导的电尺寸可表示为:
其中,L为波导的物理长度。上式还可以表示为:
图4是SIW与SIW-SSPP混合电路的电场分布对比。从图中可以看出:与SIW相比,相同的传播电长度下,SIW-SSPP混合电路的波导波长缩减了50%。因此,当使用SIW-SSPP混合电路替代SIW时,对于相同期望的电长度,可以实现具有50%纵向长度缩减的短波导。综上所述,相比采用传统SIW结构,采用SIW-SSPP混合电路结构设计漏波天线可以同时在纵向和横向尺寸上实现天线的小型化。
图5为基于SIW-SSPP集成混合电路的圆极化漏波天线的俯视图,天线的长和宽分别为L=203 mm和W=13.5 mm。天线通过在顶部金属铜层蚀刻12个由横向槽对和纵向槽组成的正交单元进行辐射。天线的两端通过锥形微带线实现模式转换和阻抗匹配。辐射单元的周期为15.6 mm,横向槽对的长度为4.1 mm,纵向槽的长度为7.1 mm。其中,横向槽对提供串联辐射,而纵向槽提供并联辐射。横向槽对与纵向槽的辐射均可以独立控制,从而实现一组相位正交的辐射。在全波仿真设计时,漏波天线一端通过同轴线接头进行馈电,终端接50 Ω匹配负载,用于吸收剩余的电磁波能量。
图6给出了15 GHz天线辐射单元的顶层电场分布情况。从图中可以看出,电磁波的功率从左侧端口流入,辐射后的剩余功率从单元右侧端口流出。在一个周期内,横向槽对的净电场的方向依次沿着+x轴、+x轴、-x轴、-x轴方向变化。纵向槽净电场的方向依次沿着+y轴、-y轴、-y轴、+y轴方向变化。由于相邻单元之间的耦合较小,因此在一个周期内,两组辐射始终正交。通过调节横向槽对与纵向槽的尺寸,可使两者辐射的电场强度相等且相位差为π/2,从而在较宽的频带内实现圆极化漏波辐射。另一方面,横向和纵向槽可分别视为串联元件和并联元件,并通过阻抗匹配的方式实现对开放阻带的抑制。因此,漏波天线可实现连续的波束扫描。
图7为小型化圆极化漏波天线的S参数。可以看出,在工作频带内仿真的回波损耗均小于-10 dB,特别在边射对应的频率12.4 GHz附近小于-20 dB,这意味着开放阻带得到了很好的抑制。在11.2~17 GHz的工作频带内S21<-6 dB,说明天线实现了漏波辐射,且随着频率的升高,辐射的能量随之增加。图8给出了天线的辐射性能,包括天线增益、轴比和方向图等参数。从图8(a)可以看出,天线在11.2~16.2 GHz内的轴比小于3 dB,增益大于10 dBic,最大增益超过15 dBic。此外,天线效率达到50%。在工作频带内,天线实现了从后向空间(-27°)到前向空间(+30°)的连续扫描,如图8(b)所示。如图8(c)所示,是各仿真频率下天线的轴比方向图,从中可以看出,整个工作频带内,轴比都很小,且与图8(a)结果一致,很好地说明了天线的良好方向性。这些结果验证了所提出的漏波天线在较宽的频率范围内能维持稳定的辐射特性,具有出色的增益和轴比性能。
本文提出了将人工表面等离激元(SSPP)与基片集成波导(SIW)相结合的混合设计思路,设计了一种新型的小型化、高性能圆极化漏波天线。该天线通过引入SSPP慢波效应,设计的SIW-SSPP集成混合电路实现了横向30%和纵向50%的尺寸缩减。通过在SIW-SSPP集成混合电路的顶部铜层蚀刻正交辐射槽,抑制了开放阻带并实现了圆极化连续空间扫描辐射。在11.2~17 GHz工作频带内,设计的圆极化漏波天线回波损耗小于-10 dB,S21<-6 dB。而在11.2~16.2 GHz的频段内,天线轴比小于3 dB,同时实现了从后向空间(-27°)到前向空间(+30°)的连续扫描,增益范围在10~15 dBic。本文所提出的集成混合电路结构具有结构简单、设计难度小、效率高、宽频带和连续扫描等优点,有望在未来的雷达、通信和成像系统中得到广泛应用。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0604801)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62271056)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62171186)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62201037)
  • 北京市自然科学基金-海淀原始创新联合基金(L222042)
  • 毫米波国家重点实验室开放课题(K202326)
  • 高等学校学科科研创新引智计划项目(B14010)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240706001
  • 接收时间:2024-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-06
  • 修回日期:2024-07-28
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0604801)
国家自然科学基金(62271056)
国家自然科学基金(62171186)
国家自然科学基金(62201037)
北京市自然科学基金-海淀原始创新联合基金(L222042)
毫米波国家重点实验室开放课题(K202326)
高等学校学科科研创新引智计划项目(B14010)
作者信息
    1北京理工大学集成电路与电子学院毫米波与太赫兹技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100081
    2中国人民解放军陆军边海防学院 西安 710108

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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种数
Number of
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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