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The phased array wave spectrometer is a small incident angle real aperture radar in the Ku band that detects ocean waves. When detecting ocean waves, it obtains a one-dimensional ocean wave spectrum in that direction by accumulating the echoes in different directions illuminated by the antenna. When the radar ring scans a circle to obtain the two-dimensional wave spectrum results. During the echo accumulation time in a single direction, the observation geometry of the phased array wave spectrometer can be simplified to flying along a straight trajectory at a fixed squint angle. During this period, the movement of the platform and the bending of the wave front will cause range migration of the echo signal, resulting in a decrease in the detection accuracy of the phased array wave spectrometer. In response to this problem, this paper analyzes the range migration phenomenon that exists in the detection of phased array wave spectrometers, and proposes a correction algorithm for the range migration of phased array wave spectrometers. The algorithm is verified using airborne flight test data. Comparing the backscattering coefficient and two-dimensional wave spectrum obtained by the traditional inversion algorithm and the range migration correction inversion algorithm, and comparing the measurement results with the buoy measurement results respectively, the results show that the range migration correction algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of the wave spectrum retrieved by the phased array wave spectrometer.

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相控阵海浪波谱仪作为探测海浪的Ku波段的小入射角真实孔径雷达,在探测海浪时通过积累天线照射的不同方向上的回波获得该方向上的一维海浪谱,当雷达环扫一圈时便可获得二维海浪谱结果。在单个方向回波积累时间内,相控阵海浪波谱仪的观测几何可简化为固定斜视角下沿直线轨迹飞行,期间平台移动与波前弯曲会使回波信号出现距离徙动,从而导致相控阵海浪波谱仪探测精度下降。针对这一问题,通过分析相控阵海浪波谱仪探测中存在的距离徙动现象,提出了一种针对相控阵海浪波谱仪距离徙动的校正算法,利用机载飞行试验数据进行算法验证,对比传统反演算法与距离徙动校正反演算法得到的后向散射系数与二维海浪谱,并将测量结果分别与同步观测浮标测量结果进行比对,结果表明距离徙动校正算法能够有效改善相控阵海浪波谱仪反演海浪谱精度。

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王晓 2000年生,硕士研究生。

周鹏 1976年生,博士,副教授。

叶洪玲 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

韩倩倩 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

江柏森 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

张振华 1977年生,博士,教授。

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王晓 2000年生,硕士研究生。

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王晓 2000年生,硕士研究生。

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周鹏 1976年生,博士,副教授。

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周鹏 1976年生,博士,副教授。

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叶洪玲 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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叶洪玲 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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韩倩倩 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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韩倩倩 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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江柏森 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

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江柏森 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

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张振华 1977年生,博士,教授。

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张振华 1977年生,博士,教授。

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Comparison between the PAWS range migration correction algorithm results with buoy measurement results

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传统反演算法结果距离徙动校正结果浮标测量结果
序号波长/m波向/(°)有效波高/m波长/m波向/(°)有效波高/m波长/m波向/(°)有效波高/m
数据135.31114/2910.9836.97118/2951.0538.031241.16
数据239.27135/3150.8938.07135/3150.9238.761461.17
数据333.02148/3260.8534.13150/3280.9035.541601.10
数据430.88154/3340.8031.03156/3360.8333.501640.99
), ArticleFig(id=1239265441152029014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206941591924995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相控阵海浪波谱仪距离徙动校正算法与浮标测量结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传统反演算法结果距离徙动校正结果浮标测量结果
序号波长/m波向/(°)有效波高/m波长/m波向/(°)有效波高/m波长/m波向/(°)有效波高/m
数据135.31114/2910.9836.97118/2951.0538.031241.16
数据239.27135/3150.8938.07135/3150.9238.761461.17
数据333.02148/3260.8534.13150/3280.9035.541601.10
数据430.88154/3340.8031.03156/3360.8333.501640.99
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机载相控阵海浪波谱仪距离徙动校正算法研究
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王晓 1 , 周鹏 1 , 叶洪玲 2 , 韩倩倩 2 , 江柏森 2 , 张振华 3
遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025,46(1): 54-61
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遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025, 46(1): 54-61
机载相控阵海浪波谱仪距离徙动校正算法研究
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王晓1, 周鹏1, 叶洪玲2, 韩倩倩2, 江柏森2, 张振华3
作者信息
  • 1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 3北京航空航天大学宇航学院 北京 102206
  • 王晓 2000年生,硕士研究生。

    周鹏 1976年生,博士,副教授。

    叶洪玲 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

    韩倩倩 1988年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    江柏森 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

    张振华 1977年生,博士,教授。

Research on Range Migration Correction Algorithm for Airborne Phased Array Ocean Wave Spectrometer
Xiao WANG1, Peng ZHOU1, Hongling YE2, Qianqian HAN2, Bosen JIANG2, Zhenhua ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 3.School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240528001
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相控阵海浪波谱仪作为探测海浪的Ku波段的小入射角真实孔径雷达,在探测海浪时通过积累天线照射的不同方向上的回波获得该方向上的一维海浪谱,当雷达环扫一圈时便可获得二维海浪谱结果。在单个方向回波积累时间内,相控阵海浪波谱仪的观测几何可简化为固定斜视角下沿直线轨迹飞行,期间平台移动与波前弯曲会使回波信号出现距离徙动,从而导致相控阵海浪波谱仪探测精度下降。针对这一问题,通过分析相控阵海浪波谱仪探测中存在的距离徙动现象,提出了一种针对相控阵海浪波谱仪距离徙动的校正算法,利用机载飞行试验数据进行算法验证,对比传统反演算法与距离徙动校正反演算法得到的后向散射系数与二维海浪谱,并将测量结果分别与同步观测浮标测量结果进行比对,结果表明距离徙动校正算法能够有效改善相控阵海浪波谱仪反演海浪谱精度。

微波遥感  /  距离徙动校正算法  /  散射系数  /  二维海浪谱

The phased array wave spectrometer is a small incident angle real aperture radar in the Ku band that detects ocean waves. When detecting ocean waves, it obtains a one-dimensional ocean wave spectrum in that direction by accumulating the echoes in different directions illuminated by the antenna. When the radar ring scans a circle to obtain the two-dimensional wave spectrum results. During the echo accumulation time in a single direction, the observation geometry of the phased array wave spectrometer can be simplified to flying along a straight trajectory at a fixed squint angle. During this period, the movement of the platform and the bending of the wave front will cause range migration of the echo signal, resulting in a decrease in the detection accuracy of the phased array wave spectrometer. In response to this problem, this paper analyzes the range migration phenomenon that exists in the detection of phased array wave spectrometers, and proposes a correction algorithm for the range migration of phased array wave spectrometers. The algorithm is verified using airborne flight test data. Comparing the backscattering coefficient and two-dimensional wave spectrum obtained by the traditional inversion algorithm and the range migration correction inversion algorithm, and comparing the measurement results with the buoy measurement results respectively, the results show that the range migration correction algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of the wave spectrum retrieved by the phased array wave spectrometer.

Microwave remote sensing  /  Range migration correction algorithm  /  Backscatter coefficient  /  Two-dimensional ocean wave spectrum
王晓, 周鹏, 叶洪玲, 韩倩倩, 江柏森, 张振华. 机载相控阵海浪波谱仪距离徙动校正算法研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (1) : 54 -61 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240528001
Xiao WANG, Peng ZHOU, Hongling YE, Qianqian HAN, Bosen JIANG, Zhenhua ZHANG. Research on Range Migration Correction Algorithm for Airborne Phased Array Ocean Wave Spectrometer[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (1) : 54 -61 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240528001
近年来,海洋工程和航海应用中关于海浪的研究日益重要。利用微波遥感进行海浪测量研究已成为热点[1]。美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)的Jackson和法国国家科学研究中心(Centre national de la recherche scientifique,CNRS)的Hauser通过对窄脉冲和双频技术的研究实现了海浪谱的测量[2,3],并以此分别在ROWS (雷达海浪谱仪)和C波段的调频连续波雷达(Radar pour 1' Etude du Spectre de Surface par Analyse Circulaire,RESSAC)上进行了实验。在此基础上,Hauser等人针对RESSAC的天线入射角及波束宽度等进行了改进,研发了机载C波段全极化海浪波谱仪(Systeme de Teledetection pour 1'Observation Radar de la Mer,STORM)。2018年,中法海洋卫星(China-France Oceanography Satellite,CFOSAT)携带用于测量海浪方向谱的Ku波段的星载真实孔径雷达SWIM(Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring)的海洋波谱仪,从太空中测量海浪的方向谱。SWIM通过天线旋转以小入射角测量电磁回波,从而获取二维海浪谱的相关信息[4]。北京遥测技术研究所研制了相控阵体制的海洋波谱仪,并多次开展机载飞行实验证明其可靠性。不同于SWIM的机械扫描,相控阵海浪波谱仪(Phased Array Wave Spectrometer,PAWS)采用相控阵的方式积累固定角度的脉冲回波,通过设计天线方位指向角最终获取360°方位向的海面信息[5]
海浪谱所包含的信息在数值波浪预测模型的数据同化中可以改善波浪预测的精度[6]。Hauser将海浪谱反演过程中对反演精度的扰动因素分解为斑点噪声、热噪声及雷达足印的位移产生的影响,并在反演算法中进行了着重分析[7]。1987年,Jackson在会议中以ROWS为例,分析了探测过程中因波前弯曲与平台移动而导致回波中存在差分距离走动现象[7]。SWIM的数据处理手册中也指出天线旋转和卫星移动导致被测量信号的迁移,需要针对该现象对回波数据进行算法校正处理[8]
对于雷达探测中存在的距离徙动问题,相关研究主要从提高瞬时斜距模型近似处理的精度和距离走动校正(Range Cell Migration Correction,RCMC)的精度着手,对距离多普勒(Range Doppler,RD)、线调频变标(Chirp Scaling,CS)或者频谱分析(Spectral Analysis,SPECAN)类算法进行改进[9,10],然而大部分算法无法有效处理非线性轨道模型,相比之下时域相关算法能够实现任意轨道模型的精确成像,但也多针对合成孔径雷达成像[11,12],目前尚未有针对波谱仪距离徙动的研究。
由于相控阵海浪波谱仪的扫描特性,探测过程可被分解为多个短时间天线指向固定方位向的直线飞行,因此对于探测过程中存在的波前弯曲与运动导致的距离徙动,可以看作针对不同方位角下距离徙动情况进行校正。本文针对相控阵海浪波谱仪的观测模式提出一种相控阵海浪波谱仪的距离徙动校正算法,通过对多个固定天线指向方位角获取的回波进行处理,完成相控阵海浪波谱仪完整环形条带距离徙动校正,提升相控阵海浪波谱仪分辨率。
相控阵海浪波谱仪的波束以准镜面散射机制的小入射角范围(θ≤15°)观测海面,在特定条件下可以忽略水动力调制的影响,实现对海面散射的有效测量[13]。相控阵海浪波谱仪采用非均匀扫描模式,通过控制雷达天线波束的指向角以及各指向角的驻留时间实现全方位的波束覆盖,多方向调制效应的测量获得海浪谱的方向信息,如图1所示。
海浪探测性能指标包括波长分辨率、波向分辨率以及波长探测范围,其中海浪最小可探测波长取决于雷达距离分辨率和在轨处理后的距离模糊残留量。根据雷达探测原理,海浪波谱仪的固有斜距分辨率ΔR和固有地距分辨率ΔX的表达式分别如下所示:
其中,c为光速,B为带宽,θ为入射角。然而在实际探测过程中,由于雷达平台移动和波前弯曲导致的差分距离走动,波谱仪的实际地距分辨率ΔXr大于固有值,ΔXr的表达式如下:
式中,Δx为差分距离走动所带来的距离徙动量。
波谱仪发射脉冲可视为球面波,不同时刻脉冲的球面波与地面相切形成弧线,该弧线上的点则被视作等距离点,该现象被称为波前弯曲。在小入射角情况下,不同距离的目标弧线可以近似认为具有相同的弯曲弧度。1987年,Jackson在会议文章中提出飞行平台的移动和波前弯曲会导致雷达回波中差分距离走动的问题,文章给出了差分距离走动在距离和方位两个层面的计算公式,图2所示为雷达天线垂直于飞行轨迹时(即方位角为90°)方位层面和距离层面的差分距离走动示意图[7]
其中,δxϕ即为方位层面的差分距离走动,βϕcscθ为天线方位波束宽度在地面的投影角。设天线方向位波束外沿在地面的投影线与足印相切于A点,VTint为一次脉冲积累时间后A沿方位向移动的距离,则
式中,δxθ为距离层面的差分距离走动,βθ为俯仰平面上的波束宽度,θO为波束中心对应的入射角,则
相控阵波谱仪在天线指向固定方位角的探测期间,雷达通过接收发射的多个脉冲信号,对相对飞行平台斜距相等的同一距离门里回波复信号或者回波幅值进行累加以提高信噪比。雷达在固定方位角探测过程中随平台进行移动,差分距离走动导致多个回波信号中同一距离门对应的海面区域产生偏移,使得最终回波累加结果产生误差,该现象即为距离徙动。下面通过对飞机观测几何的介绍来说明距离徙动。
图3为平台观测几何示意图,图3(a)为三维空间下的观测几何,图3(b)为海面投影下的观测几何。以图3(a)为例,P1为飞机在t1时刻所在位置,P2为飞机在t1+Tint时刻所在位置,飞机飞行方向平行Y轴,AB两点分别为t1t1+Tint时刻飞机在Y轴的投影,飞机雷达探测海面足印中的弯曲曲线为距离飞机雷达斜距相等的距离门。假设飞机雷达探测方位角为ϕ,随着平台飞行,差分距离走动导致原本距离飞机雷达斜距相等的距离门不再对应同一探测区域,两距离门在距离向上出现错位。
由于同方位角探测的多个回波信号需要进行积累以提高信噪比,若直接累加平均,原本斜距相同的同一距离门对应不同海面区域,会导致累加过后的回波信息误差增大,因此需要先进行距离徙动校正,再进行累加平均操作。
目前距离徙动矫正问题已在高分辨雷达成像中有较为深入的研究,相控阵波谱仪距离徙动校正算法是为了校正平台运动过程中雷达接收回波信号出现距离徙动,导致多个回波信号中斜距相同距离门对应海面不同的条带区域问题。由于雷达天线指向角范围接近360°,常规斜视距离徙动校正算法不再合适,同时受限于相控阵海浪波谱仪固定方位向回波积累时间,使用传统合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)成像算法处理又会面临信息缺失的问题。后向投影(Back Projection, BP)算法不需要复杂的假设和近似,根据雷达与目标点之间的几何关系来计算信号传播时延,并将回波信号中该时延处的值投影到目标点处,适合精确解决距离方位耦合问题,以逐点的方式实现回波数据的最优聚焦能力,得到其在最终图像上的像素值[14]。因此,参考后向投影算法原理,提出一种针对相控阵海浪波谱仪的改进距离徙动校正算法。
图3(a)中,P2D为存在距离徙动的未校正斜距,P2D'为消除距离徙动的校正后斜距。由图可知,经过后向投影后,图中t1时刻的C点对应在t1+Tint时刻为D'点。
假设相同方位角探测过程中,雷达平台的飞行速度不变,雷达平台相对于海平面高度为H(即LP2B),以t1+Tint时刻回波为积累参考,雷达到足印波束中心的斜距校正为例,波束中心的入射角为θ(不同采样点的斜距不同,对应的入射角不同),则
距离徙动需要校正的偏移量为
则距离徙动校正后的斜距为
即为
通过对t1+Tint时刻前相同方位角的多个回波信号进行上述操作获取校正后的斜率,将不同方位向采样时刻的相同斜率距离门进行积累,平均后得到距离徙动校正后的最终结果。
波谱仪针对相同方位角探测最终需要对多个回波进行累积,为提高波谱仪数据处理效率,在进行距离徙动校正时以相同方位角探测最后一个回波为参考回波,采用对校正距离门错位后直接累加至最后一个回波的方式进行直接累积。改进的距离徙动校正流程如图4所示。
首先对回波信号进行距离匹配滤波脉冲压缩,使用频域处理的方法得到距离向脉冲压缩结果。依据距离徙动校正原理构建相同方位角探测回波中各点距离徙动校正后的斜距矩阵,为降低计算的复杂度提升处理效率,通过计算采样点斜距最大偏差绝对值ΔRmax,以距离门为中心,左右偏移最大偏差值范围作为查询区域进行距离徙动校正时的距离门匹配,并将匹配得到的回波数据进行相干积累,如图5所示。
以距离分辨精度为距离门单位对探测斜距范围进行划分,将单个脉冲回波数据看作关于距离门的数列,假设点A在参考回波中所处距离门为NA,则A点在t1时刻的回波因距离徙动所偏移的距离门位置为,(由几何关系可知),以[NARmax,NARmax]为范围,通过对各回波中距离徙动后的A点的回波值进行相干累加,最终得到A点的距离徙动校正和相干积累后的单个回波。对该回波进行归一化处理,便能得到该方位向的最终回波结果。
以固定方位角获得结果为例,假设回波数据方位向采样点数为Na,距离向采样点数为Nr,波谱仪探测过程中回波非相参积累数为N,距离徙动所偏移最大距离门数为。为获得单个方向角的最终回波,使用传统BP算法处理波谱仪回波数据的总运算量为Na×Nr×Nr,而改进后的距离徙动矫正算法的运算量为,其中
对比两种算法的运算量可以发现,改进的距离徙动校正算法的运算量小于传统BP算法处理波谱仪回波数据的运算量。而改进的矫正算法在处理回波时采用直接累加的方式进行存储,相较于传统BP算法所占用的内存更少,效率更高。
为验证距离徙动校正算法的有效性,采用北京遥测技术研究所在2023年6月于秦皇岛市渤海海域开展的相控阵海浪波谱仪机载飞行数据对算法进行验证,飞行试验中雷达以相控圆锥扫描的方式获取海面回波功率,共有三个波束中心角度指向,波束宽度12°,波束方位角步进1.875°,本文选取10°波束中心指向角的回波数据作为距离徙动校正算法处理数据。
为获取完整的海浪谱,机载数据处理流程如图6所示。
对于飞行试验所获得的机载数据,首先对回波进行匹配脉压并进行非相参积累获得脉冲压缩后的回波数据;接着在进行热噪声补偿后,根据惯导姿态完成波束几何校正,获取相对准确的波束指向;根据校正后的飞机飞行姿态数据计算各回波距离门偏移值,进行距离徙动校正处理;计算雷达方向图对接收功率的影响获取后向散射系数;利用散射系数计算调制函数,最终反演获得二维海浪谱结果。
传统反演算法中通常采用非相参积累的方式对相同方位向的多个回波信号进行处理,最终每个方位向获得一个处理过的回波信号。对于距离徙动校正算法,为避免单个回波信号幅值波动导致热噪声校正时存在幅值过大,从而使程序无法正确处理的情况,在距离徙动校正前进行部分相邻回波信号的非相参累加。以45°、135°、225°、315°四个方位向为代表,单个方位向校正前后的散射系数如图7所示。
图7中横坐标为不同波束指向下的波束入射角,纵坐标为反演出的后向散射系数,可以看到相较于未进行距离徙动校正的散射系数,经过距离徙动校正算法处理后获得的散射系数曲线波动趋向更加稳定。分别对不同方法处理获取的散射系数曲线进行自相关系数拟合,得到全部方位向的自相关系数,如图8所示。可以看到距离徙动校正算法获得散射系数曲线的自相关系数在全部方位向上普遍高于未进行距离徙动校正的自相关系数,距离徙动校正算法效果更优。
通过散射系数计算调制函数获取二维海浪谱,图9显示反演得到的10°入射角下归一化海浪谱。其中图9(a)、图9(c)为传统反演算法处理结果,图9(b)、图9(d)为加入距离徙动校正算法后处理结果。归一化海浪谱中峰值所在点表达了波谱仪观测到的主波信息,其中纵坐标代表海浪谱中各点所在的方位角,0°为正北方向,横坐标为海浪的波数值,通过波数可以求得对应的海浪波长。对比未距离徙动校正和距离徙动校正后的归一化海浪谱,发现经过距离徙动校正得到的海浪谱在观测主波所在能量峰值时更加清晰,主波附近的杂波现象有所改善。与校正前相比,加入距离徙动校正算法明显改善了波浪谱能量的离散现象,减少了海浪谱中错误的波分量。
从本次挂飞试验数据中,选择飞行初期、飞行1小时后、飞行2小时后、飞行末期四个阶段的数据结果,分别计算距离徙动校正后的波长、波向、有效波高这三个主要海浪参数,并与浮标测量结果进行对比,结果见表1。可以看到距离徙动校正后的波长与有效波高更接近浮标测量值。
相控阵海浪波谱仪探测过程中由于平台移动导致的距离徙动现象,会导致波浪谱能量的离散。本文设计了针对相控阵海浪波谱仪探测方式的距离徙动校正算法,并对机载飞行试验数据进行处理,从反演得到的散射系数与归一化海浪谱对比结果,以及测量得到的波长、波向和有效波高与浮标测量数据对比结果可以看出,本方法能够有效改善相控阵海浪波谱仪反演海浪谱的精度。
通过机载试验的验证,证明了距离徙动对相控阵海浪波谱仪探测结果有改进作用。机载实验中姿态角幅度和飞行高度存在抖动,导致单个回波进行距离徙动校正时偏移量无规律,相较之下星载波谱仪距离徙动偏移量浮动相对较小,距离徙动模式趋于整体偏移。因此,对于星载波谱仪,可以结合星载平台运动姿态改进距离徙动矫正算法步骤,提高波谱仪星上处理效率。
  • 青岛市科技惠民示范专项项目(24-1-8-cspz-5-nsh)
  • 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点支持项目(U22A20586)
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240528001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2024-06-22
基金
青岛市科技惠民示范专项项目(24-1-8-cspz-5-nsh)
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金重点支持项目(U22A20586)
作者信息
    1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    3北京航空航天大学宇航学院 北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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