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Against the backdrop of the design of electronic devices tending towards lightweight, low-profile, and multi-target features, a novel near-field multi-focus beam synthesis approach is put forward based on a new two-dimensional tensor impedance surface. On this basis, a tensor impedance surface that radiates near-field multi-focus beams is designed to operate at 10 GHz with a thickness of merely 1.524 mm. This surface accomplishes the radiation of multi-focus beams in space and the free proportioning of dual-polarization components of the multi-focus beams, and the multi-target energy convergence efficiency can exceed 40% at a distance of 1.5 m. Its low-profile design, straightforward feed structure, and multi-target radiation characteristics endow it with excellent application prospects in lightweight electronic devices.

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在电子设备的设计趋于轻量化、低剖面、多目标的背景下,本文提出了一种基于新型二维张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合方法,并基于此设计了一款辐射近场多焦点波束的张量阻抗表面,其工作频段为10 GHz,厚度仅为1.524 mm,在10 GHz附近能实现空间中多焦点波束的辐射和双极化分量的自由配比,在1.5 m的距离上多目标能量汇聚效率达到40%以上。低剖面的设计、简单的馈电结构、多目标的辐射特性使其在轻量化电子设备中具有重大应用前景。

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武啸楠 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

刘越东 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

谷胜明 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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ArticleFig(id=1239265442188022140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206941117968630, language=CN, label=图8, caption=空间直线(x, 0, 1.5 m)路径上的电场xy分量, figureFileSmall=+qeNORnP+hoyKu6KgfVFRA==, figureFileBig=bzPbH+F5NCKatCu2zekH8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442259325311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206941117968630, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The transmission efficiency of the tensor impedance surface radiating holographic 9-focus beam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Focus#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9总计
传输效率所提近场综合算法4.62%4.88%5.00%5.70%3.90%6.02%4.70%4.87%3.42%43.11%
传统场叠加法3.35%2.30%3.19%2.23%1.58%2.24%3.23%2.32%3.17%23.60%
), ArticleFig(id=1239265442364182913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206941117968630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

张量阻抗表面辐射全息9焦点波束传输效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Focus#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9总计
传输效率所提近场综合算法4.62%4.88%5.00%5.70%3.90%6.02%4.70%4.87%3.42%43.11%
传统场叠加法3.35%2.30%3.19%2.23%1.58%2.24%3.23%2.32%3.17%23.60%
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基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合算法及设计应用
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武啸楠 , 刘越东 , 谷胜明
遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025,46(1): 45-53
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遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025, 46(1): 45-53
基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合算法及设计应用
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武啸楠, 刘越东, 谷胜明
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 武啸楠 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

    刘越东 1981年生,硕士,研究员。

    谷胜明 1984年生,博士,研究员。

Near-field Synthesis of Multi-focus Beams Based on Holographic Tensor Impedance Surfaces and Design Applications
Xiaonan WU, Yuedong LIU, Shengming GU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Telemetry Technology, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240805001
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在电子设备的设计趋于轻量化、低剖面、多目标的背景下,本文提出了一种基于新型二维张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合方法,并基于此设计了一款辐射近场多焦点波束的张量阻抗表面,其工作频段为10 GHz,厚度仅为1.524 mm,在10 GHz附近能实现空间中多焦点波束的辐射和双极化分量的自由配比,在1.5 m的距离上多目标能量汇聚效率达到40%以上。低剖面的设计、简单的馈电结构、多目标的辐射特性使其在轻量化电子设备中具有重大应用前景。

张量阻抗表面  /  多目标  /  近场综合  /  汉克尔函数  /  多焦点波束

Against the backdrop of the design of electronic devices tending towards lightweight, low-profile, and multi-target features, a novel near-field multi-focus beam synthesis approach is put forward based on a new two-dimensional tensor impedance surface. On this basis, a tensor impedance surface that radiates near-field multi-focus beams is designed to operate at 10 GHz with a thickness of merely 1.524 mm. This surface accomplishes the radiation of multi-focus beams in space and the free proportioning of dual-polarization components of the multi-focus beams, and the multi-target energy convergence efficiency can exceed 40% at a distance of 1.5 m. Its low-profile design, straightforward feed structure, and multi-target radiation characteristics endow it with excellent application prospects in lightweight electronic devices.

Tensor impedance surface  /  Multi-target  /  Near-field synthesis  /  Hankel function  /  Multi-focus beam
武啸楠, 刘越东, 谷胜明. 基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合算法及设计应用. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (1) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240805001
Xiaonan WU, Yuedong LIU, Shengming GU. Near-field Synthesis of Multi-focus Beams Based on Holographic Tensor Impedance Surfaces and Design Applications[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (1) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240805001
近年来,微纳卫星、无人机集群、陆地机器人集群等小型化、集群式装备平台愈发受到广泛关注。在有限的空间、重量以及功率资源限制条件下,为达成复杂电磁环境中多设备之间的信息传递,平台搭载的电子系统需要具备多目标、轻量化、多波束以及智能化等特性。张量阻抗表面属于一种能够实现波束灵活调制的二维电磁结构,具备剖面低、重量轻、成本低等优势,配合更为简便的馈电结构,可实现单端口对双线极化的独立调控,适用于近距离通信、数传中继等领域。在张量阻抗表面的近场多波束应用场景中,多焦点波束的生成成为关键问题[1-4]。传统基于电场叠加的相位综合技术能够实现焦点数量较少(约两个)的波束[5],然而当焦点数量增多,所需相位分布更为复杂时,传统方法难以有效实现电磁能量的多点汇聚,需采用近场综合算法来达成空间多焦点波束的辐射,从而进一步推动多目标设备的设计。
辐射多焦点波束要求天线具备相位灵活调控的能力。传统的相控阵天线虽有相位调控功能,但复杂的TR组件和馈电网络致使天线的成本大幅提高且复杂度显著增加;新型的空馈型超表面同样能够对波束进行灵活调控,但其馈源的馈电距离使得超表面的剖面无法降低。张量阻抗表面是一种新型的二维低剖面电磁波辐射器件,凭借简单的馈电结构激励,便可以灵活调控辐射电磁波的极化与相位。但鉴于阻抗表面与传统阵列天线工作特性的差异,当前针对张量阻抗表面的高效波束综合算法尚属空白。本文基于交叉-投影算法[6],结合张量阻抗表面口径场提取算法,进一步提出一种基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合算法,并设计出一款辐射近场9焦点波束的张量阻抗表面,于10 GHz频率下实现双线极化独立按比例调控,使电磁波能量在空间高效汇聚于9个焦斑处,在多波束电子系统领域的应用中前景广阔。
阻抗表面能够借助设计金属贴片的样式来操控表面阻抗,进而调制表面波的漏波辐射特性。基于表面阻抗特性的差异,阻抗表面可划分为标量阻抗表面与张量阻抗表面。其中,标量阻抗即各向同性表面波阻抗,意味着表面阻抗不会随着表面波在导波在表面上传播方向的变动而发生改变;张量阻抗则为各向异性表面波阻抗,其表面波在不同传播方向上具有不同大小的阻抗值。为深入剖析张量阻抗表面,首先有必要针对各向同性阻抗表面展开分析计算。
麦克斯韦方程和阻抗边界条件要求:TM模式表面波的表面阻抗与远离导波表面方向的衰减常数kz有关,其二者之间的关系可表示为
其中,k0为自由空间波束,η0为自由空间波阻抗,kz/k0是标量归一化表面阻抗的模值。表面波的横向波数ktkkz之间的关系可表示为:
基于此,TM模式表面阻抗的表达式可变换为:
表面波在导波表面上行进距离为d,其相位会滞后ϕ=ktd。单元的折射率也可由该延迟相位来表示,即
其中,c为自由空间光速,ω为本征角频率。进一步,通过仿真手段获取单元的色散曲线,就可以求得TM模式表面阻抗,即:
张量表面阻抗单元的导波特性是基于标量阻抗值等效的基础计算得出的,张量表面阻抗需用一个矩阵Z表示。表面波传播过程中,阻抗表面内的电场矢量E和磁场矢量H遵循表面阻抗边界条件,表面电流可表示为,则电场、表面电流和张量表面阻抗之间的关系可表示为E=ZJ,将其展开可得
根据能量守恒定律,Z矩阵必须为反Hermitian(厄米特)矩阵,即Zxy=Zyx,同时由互易性定理可得Z矩阵的四个阵元皆是纯虚数。因此,张量表面阻抗的四个纯虚数分量本质上可简化为三个。在张量表面阻抗边界条件下,表面波是由TE模和TM模两种模式组成的混合模式表面波,以TM模式为主的表面波为例,电场和磁场的总场表达式为[7]
其中,ζ<1且为正实数。
是表面波矢量,kz是远离阻抗表面方向上的衰减常数。可以表示为:
表面波的传播方向θt可以表示为:
结合表面波的边界条件,以及电磁场表达式的推导[7],并将式(8)和(9)代入式(6)可以得到
kzk0在TE模式或TM模式的表面阻抗表达式中都是以kz/k0的比例关系出现。因此,可以将kz/k0视为一个整体作为未知数,其含义是张量阻抗的等效归一化标量阻抗。通过矩阵关系列方程组并求解未知数,可以得到张量阻抗的等效归一化标量阻抗和传播方向θt的函数关系,如式(11)所示。其中,对于TM模表面波,其表面阻抗为感性,“±”取“+”号,对于TE模表面波,“±”取“-”号。
在张量阻抗表面设计的过程中,选择经典的方形开缝单元作为阻抗表面的调制单元,其模型示意图如图1所示。设计频率为10 GHz,单元周期P=4 mm,介质材料为S7136,相对介电常数εr=3.5,介质厚度h=1.524 mm。该单元通过改变贴片开缝宽度gs、贴片缝隙与x轴之间的夹角θs和贴片间缝隙宽度g来调控张量表面阻抗。为了简化阻抗调控的复杂性,将贴片开缝宽度gs固定为0.2 mm。在商业仿真软件HFSS(高频电磁场仿真分析软件)中对该单元进行建模,并用本征模求解器对单元进行仿真分析,选取gθs的两组值,仿真得到等效标量表面阻抗随表面波传播方向角的变化曲线,如图2所示,在极坐标系中其轨迹近似为一个椭圆。同时,依据目前已有的研究,在对该单元进行阻抗提取时,存在两个近似规则:①等效标量表面阻抗随表面波传播角度变化的轨迹为一个椭圆,且椭圆长轴与横轴的夹角等于金属贴片开缝与x轴的夹角;②等效标量表面阻抗的最大值仅与金属贴片间的缝隙g有关。
首先,确定单元标量等效阻抗与贴片间缝隙宽度之间的关系。将贴片开缝角度保持不变,在改变贴片间缝隙宽度g的情况下,通过扫描在单元上产生的相移ϕ的方式来仿真单元的色散曲线。如图3(a)所示在不同贴片间隙宽度条件下,方形贴片单元的色散曲线。提取每一条色散曲线中本征频率对应的相移ϕ,代入式(5),便可计算出贴片间隙宽度g与等效标量表面阻抗Zs的对应关系,如图3(b)所示。综上,可以总结提取方形开缝阻抗表面单元提取表面阻抗的过程如下:在已知ZxxZyyZxy的情况下,通过式(11)计算出等效标量阻抗随表面波传播角度变化的椭圆轨迹。提取椭圆轨迹上的标量阻抗的最大值Zemax以及取到Zemax的角度θemax,根据图3(b)所示的对应关系,由Zemax的值对应取到贴片缝隙宽度g,贴片开缝角度θs=θemax,这样就确定了一个单元的物理参数。
张量阻抗表面调制的一般公式为:
其中,X是等效标量表面阻抗平均值,M是张量表面阻抗的调制深度,Erad是阻抗表面的辐射场表达式,ExEy分别表示其xy方向分量,Jsurf是阻抗表面的表面电流表达式,JxJy分别表示其xy方向分量。H是对矩阵进行共轭转置运算。对于等效标量表面阻抗为Zs的单元来说,平均阻抗Xs和调制深度Ms可由式(13)和式(14)计算得到。
进一步将式(12)展开,得到Z矩阵三个阵元的表达式如式(15)所示。可以发现,Z矩阵由阻抗表面的表面电流和辐射场确定。在阻抗表面设计的过程中,因单极子结构简单,便于安装等优点,往往将其置于阻抗表面的中心作为馈源来激励表面波。对于第mn列的单元,其位置坐标为(xm,yn),其表面电流的xy方向分量可以表示为式(16),其中,。该单元处的辐射电场可表示为式(17)。
通过以上分析和推导,已将阻抗表面调控阻抗的问题,转化为幅相调控的问题,即只需要确定每一个单元辐射所需的相位和幅度就可以灵活调控辐射场分布。因此,阻抗表面能够作为达成近场综合的器件。借由赋予其特定的相位幅度分布,对表面阻抗分布予以调控,进而实现特定场分布的辐射。通过对ExEy的独立赋值,可以实现辐射场的x分量与y分量的独立调控,进一步可实现x极化、y极化或圆极化的独立调控。
阵列天线的多目标波束设计最常用的是电场叠加法[5]。基于电场叠加的相位综合技术可实现焦点较少(约两个)的波束。然而,随着焦点数量增多,所需相位分布愈发复杂,传统方法难以有效实现电磁能量的多点汇聚。因此,高效的近场综合算法是多焦点波束设计的关键问题。传统阵列天线的近场综合问题可以采用许多方法实现,基于特征向量和最小二乘法的算法曾被研究用于近场和方向图综合[8]。粒子群算法(PSO)和遗传算法(GA)在电磁求解中应用较为灵活,但在优化时迭代次数过多[9-11]。1995年Bucci提出了求解平面阵列天线最优激励的交叉投影算法[1,6]。该算法最初用于远场方向图综合,具有较高的计算效率[12-14]。通过替换连接源场和目标场的传播算子,交叉投影算法就可以移植到近场应用。Gerchberg-Saxton(盖尔希伯格-萨克斯顿)算法于1971年被首次提出[15],最近被应用于电磁辐射场综合计算,其本质上与Bucci的交叉投影算法[16]相同。
上述算法已被验证可有效应用于传统阵列天线的近场综合。而近场综合算法的核心在于精确的辐射场计算,这一计算过程需代入阵列天线口径场的幅度与相位分布。在纯相位优化的近场综合算法里,目标场的幅度分布被设定为优化目标,口径场的相位分布则作为优化变量,且口径场的幅度分布为常量。就传统阵列天线而言,其口径场的幅度分布取决于馈电幅度,在算法迭代过程中保持不变[17,18]。但是本文所应用的张量阻抗表面是通过印制板上单元的纹理来形成特定的表面阻抗分布,调控表面电流进一步控制漏波辐射的幅度和相位,这就使得阻抗表面的口径场幅度和相位相互关联。在传统场综合算法的每一次迭代过程中,随着相位的变化,幅度也会随之变化,进而导致无法准确提取口径场幅度分布,也就无法准确计算辐射场分布,最终使得近场综合算法的效果也大打折扣。
针对上述问题,本文基于交叉投影算法迭代框架,结合全息张量阻抗表面的工作特点,在算法迭代过程中引入了Hankel(汉克尔)函数表征张量阻抗表面的口面场,提出了全新的近场综合算法。通过不断迭代辐射场分布,优化得出阵面所需的辐射相位分布。
首先,需要对阻抗表面口径场幅度的表征方法进行研究。阻抗表面的辐射强度是由其表面波向前传播过程中的漏波强度所决定[19],使用传统方法难以确定。Gabriele提出可以用Hankel函数表征阻抗表面的口径场分布[20]。单极子激发的TM模式表面波在柱坐标(ρ,φ,z)中表示为:
其中,为二类一阶Hankel函数和二类零阶Hankel函数。经证明,单极子激发的表面电流振幅可以用式(19)表示[21],其中,I0Δz为偶极矩。在z=0面上,由电磁场的边界条件可以求得表面电流的表达式,如式(20)所示。对于张量阻抗表面来说,将表面电流按照xy方向分量进行分解,并与阻抗Z矩阵进行外积,其口径场的矩阵表达式可以表示为式(21)[20]
利用Hankel函数表征表面电流,并与表面阻抗进行外积运算,可以准确评估阻抗表面的口径场幅度,将其引入近场综合算法中,提出一种新的基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场综合算法,整个算法的优化流程如图4所示。在每一次迭代循环中,随着源场相位的优化和表面阻抗的变化计算出准确的源场幅度,代入场计算公式,可计算出准确的辐射场分布与目标场进行对比,当对比结果不满足要求时,继续下一次迭代。该算法是一种针对阻抗表面的近场综合算法,经算法优化后可得辐射特定近场多焦点波束所需的相位,代入阻抗表面的设计过程后,便可计算出单元贴片缝隙拓扑和贴片开缝角度拓扑,从而实现全息张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束辐射设计。
各向异性的张量阻抗表面具有极化灵活且可独立调节的特性。当单馈源激励产生的表面波经过张量阻抗表面的调控之后,不但能够分别对辐射出的x极化与y极化波束的相位实施独立控制,以适应不同场景下波束赋形的要求,还可以对双线极化的辐射场强度进行自由配比,满足通信和能量传输过程中对电平差异的需求。同时,基于前文提到的阻抗表面近场综合算法,可以实现双线极化独立的近场多焦点波束辐射,从而完成近场多波束的设计。
在完成张量阻抗表面单元分析并构建针对阻抗表面的近场综合算法的基础上,本节着手设计并仿真一个工作于10 GHz (对应自由空间波长λ=30 mm)的阻抗表面。该阻抗表面单元周期为4 mm,单元数目为111×111个,其口径为444 mm×444 mm,约为15λ×15λ。采用所提出的近场综合算法进行辐射相位综合,设置尺寸为1 m×1 m的近场观察平面,观察平面与阻抗表面的距离为1.5 m(50λ),将观察平面离散为200×200个点,迭代次数设置为100次。由于各向异性的张量阻抗表面可以对x极化和y极化的辐射波束进行独立调控,因此将双线极化的辐射目标场均设为9焦点,以阻抗表面中心为原点,建立空间直角坐标系,9个焦点的坐标位置为(-10λ, 10λ, 50λ)、(0, 10λ, 50λ)、(10λ,10λ, 50λ)、(-10λ, 0, 50λ)、(0, 0, 50λ)、(10λ, 0, 50λ)、(-10λ, -10λ, 50λ)、(0, -10λ, 50λ)、(10λ, -10λ, 50λ),同时x极化与y极化波束的辐射功率配比设定为10:1。
经过阻抗表面全息算法的迭代优化后,得到辐射目标场所需的相位分布φr图5(a)所示,该相位分布对应阻抗表面的口面电场幅度归一化值如图5(b)所示。将该相位分布代入阻抗表面的设计过程,并将辐射场表达式写为式(22),即辐射的x极化与y极化波束的相位相同,功率之比为10∶1。经过计算得到设计张量阻抗表面所需的参量,即Zxx分布、Zxy分布、Zyy分布、表面阻抗Zsurf分布、贴片开缝角度θs分布和贴片缝隙宽度g拓扑分别如图6(a)~图6(f)所示。
根据计算得出的阻抗表面参数,在商业仿真软件HFSS中对阻抗表面进行建模仿真,其中,用单极子置于阻抗表面中心作为激励源,单极子的长度为λ/4。仿真模型和观察面场分布的仿真结果如图7所示。由图可知,辐射出的电磁能量精确汇聚于指定设计的9个焦点坐标处,与目标场分布一致,焦斑中心的场强比焦斑区域外高15 dB以上。这说明经过迭代优化,使得张量阻抗表面辐射全息9焦点波束。以每一个焦点坐标位置为圆心,取9个半径为100 mm的圆面覆盖焦斑,根据Poynting(坡印廷)定理计算每一个圆面上汇聚的功率值,将这些功率值除以馈入单极子的1 W功率,就计算得到了从阻抗表面激励源到每一个焦斑处的传输效率,结果如表1所示。同时,采用传统的场叠加法设计辐射近场9焦点波束的张量阻抗表面,9个焦斑位置的传输效率也记录于表1中。
表1可知,采用所提出的近场综合算法设计得到的张量阻抗表面,从阻抗表面到9个焦斑的传输效率在3.42%~6.02%之间,每个焦点处都有效且相对均匀地接收到了功率,从阻抗表面到9个焦斑总的传输效率为43.11%,实现了高效的多目标传输。从阻抗表面到九个焦斑的传输效率相对均匀,但也不完全相同,这是因为9个焦斑到阻抗表面的距离不相同,而且相位调制存在一定的近似,不是完全准确,这些因素影响了近场综合的精确性,导致9个焦斑上汇聚的电场强度不完全相同。在9个焦斑位置设置相同的情况下,采用传统场叠加方法设计出的张量阻抗表面,从阻抗表面到9个焦斑的传输效率在1.58%~3.35%之间,9个焦斑总的传输效率仅为23.60%。由此可以看出:本文所提出的基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场综合算法,可以大幅优化近场复杂辐射场的综合设计,在近场多焦点波束的设计应用中,微波功率的近场传输和汇聚效率大幅调高。
为了验证双线极化波束辐射功率配比的设计,分别取空间直线(x, 0, 1.5 m)上分布的辐射电场x分量和y分量,并作出其电场值随横向坐标x变化的曲线,如图8所示,在每一个焦点的峰值处,x方向的电场分量比y方向的电场分量高约10 dB,这与设定的x极化与y极化的功率配比为10∶1完全吻合。
随着电子系统朝着轻量化、低剖面及多目标方向发展,其相关特性日益受到关注。本文聚焦于一种新型二维电磁结构——张量阻抗表面,为达成其近场多焦点波束辐射与多目标特性的应用目的,提出一种基于全息张量阻抗表面的近场多焦点波束综合算法。进而设计出一款工作频率为10 GHz的张量阻抗表面,其厚度仅1.524 mm,于10 GHz附近可实现9焦点波束辐射,且在1.5 m距离处9个焦斑位置的能量汇聚效率超40%。低剖面设计、简易馈电结构以及多目标辐射特性,使得该张量阻抗表面在轻量化、多波束电子设备领域拥有广阔应用前景。
  • 军科委173基金(2021-JCJQ-JJ-0854)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240805001
  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05
  • 修回日期:2024-09-17
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军科委173基金(2021-JCJQ-JJ-0854)
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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