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Article(id=1239206940316856543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239206938739798226, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240831001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725033600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-31, revisedDate=1729094400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773379557923, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773379557923, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773379557923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773379557923, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239206938739798226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='125', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773379557547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773379632176, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239207251815223477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239206938739798226, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239207251815223478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239206938739798226, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239206940513988835, articleId=1239206940316856543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Research on Antenna Array Technology of Ship-borne Moving Platform Based on Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Estimation Method, columnId=1239206939612213461, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Antenna Servo and Feed Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, China's aerospace technology has continued to develop. The distance of deep-space exploration has been continuously increasing, and the attenuation of signal energy has become more and more serious, which has gradually increased the requirements for the signal reception and demodulation capabilities of ground receiving equipment. Antenna array technology can achieve the gain of an equivalent large-aperture antenna by synthesizing the signals of multiple small-aperture antennas, which can give full play to the efficiency of each antenna resource and achieve the purpose of extending the measurement and control distance. It is one of the effective ways to solve the problem of receiving weak signals in deep space. The measurement and control range of the antenna array of the ground fixed base station is limited by factors such as terrain, region, and obstructions, and it cannot achieve full coverage of the existing measurement and control tasks. Therefore, a shipborne platform is needed to make up for the measurement and control blind area. Based on the real satellite signal, this paper conducts an antenna array signal synthesis experiment on a shipborne mobile platform. For platform states such as docking at the wharf, anchoring on the river surface, and hull swaying, full-spectrum synthesis and symbol stream synthesis demodulation processing are carried out. Especially for the hull swaying state, a signal synthesis scheme based on carrier-to-noise ratio estimation is proposed. This scheme constructs a model of ship sway frequency, amplitude, and signal strength based on the measured ship sway data, analyzes the signal synthesis efficiency under different ship sway states, designs a carrier-to-noise ratio estimation scheme according to the signal change law, and dynamically optimizes the signal weighting coefficient, so as to improve the signal synthesis effect. The paper also compares the influence of different signal-to-noise ratio estimations and weighting coefficient update periods on the synthesis efficiency, and the results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. By comparing the synthesis efficiencies of the traditional signal synthesis scheme and the synthesis scheme based on carrier-to-noise ratio estimation, the test results show that the traditional symbol stream synthesis result is less affected by ship sway, and the synthesis efficiency can reach more than 90%; the traditional full-spectrum synthesis result is greatly affected by ship sway, and the synthesis efficiency is less than 80%. By adopting the carrier-to-noise ratio estimation-assisted scheme proposed in this paper, the synthesis efficiency can be significantly improved to more than 89%, providing a technical basis for the subsequent antenna array synthesis scheme of the shipborne mobile platform.

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近年来，我国航天技术持续发展，深空探测距离不断增加，信号能量衰减愈发严重，这使得对地面接收设备的信号接收解调能力的要求逐步提高。天线组阵技术通过将多个小口径天线信号合成，以实现等效大口径天线增益，能够充分发挥各天线资源效能，达到延长测控距离的目的，是解决深空弱信号接收问题的有效途径之一。地面固定基站天线组阵的测控范围受地形、地域和遮挡物等因素限制，无法实现对现有测控任务的全覆盖，因此需要船载平台来弥补测控盲区。本文基于真实卫星信号，在船载动平台开展天线组阵信号合成试验，针对码头停靠、江面锚定、船体摇摆等平台状态，进行全频谱合成和符号流合成解调处理。尤其针对船体摇摆状态，提出基于载噪比估计的信号合成方案。该方案依据实测船摇数据构建船摇频率、幅度与信号强度的模型，分析不同船摇状态下的信号合成效率，并根据信号变化规律设计载噪比估计方案，动态优化信号加权系数，从而提升信号合成效果。文中还对比了不同信噪比估计与加权系数更新周期对合成效率的影响，其结果与理论分析相符。通过对比传统信号合成方案与基于载噪比估计的合成方案的合成效率，试验结果显示：传统符号流合成结果受船摇影响较小，合成效率可达90%以上；传统全频谱合成结果受船摇影响较大，合成效率低于80%。而采用本文提出的载噪比估计辅助方案，可使合成效率显著提升至89%以上，为后续船载动平台的天线组阵合成方案提供了技术基础。

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刘四方　1978年生，硕士，工程师。

毛南平　1970年生，硕士，正高级工程师。

苏䶮　1980年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

吴有杏　1971年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

高晨宇　1995年生，硕士，工程师。

王剑　1988年生，学士，工程师。

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刘四方　1978年生，硕士，工程师。

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刘四方　1978年生，硕士，工程师。

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毛南平　1970年生，硕士，正高级工程师。

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毛南平　1970年生，硕士，正高级工程师。

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苏䶮　1980年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

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苏䶮　1980年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

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吴有杏　1971年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

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吴有杏　1971年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

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高晨宇　1995年生，硕士，工程师。

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高晨宇　1995年生，硕士，工程师。

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王剑　1988年生，学士，工程师。

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王剑　1988年生，学士，工程师。

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Telecommunication Engineering, 2020, 60(6): 662-665., articleTitle=Influence of correlation SNR on phase estimation performance in antenna arraying, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239265435762356906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239265435770745515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, companyId=1239265435762356906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.China Satellite Maritime Tracking and Control Department, Jiangyin 214431, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239265435779134124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, companyId=1239265435762356906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国卫星海上测控部 江阴 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FSC, figureFileSmall=gNAlCd8taZdK8k6sM/g2Lw==, figureFileBig=9lvZxAmm4lp5plvDUpbdJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265440497726241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FSC原理框图, figureFileSmall=gNAlCd8taZdK8k6sM/g2Lw==, figureFileBig=9lvZxAmm4lp5plvDUpbdJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265440644526883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The schematic diagram of SSC, figureFileSmall=ljLLuBJ41YeU5PHSw98kng==, figureFileBig=Lay2jMd33mQkdY0rqmmFgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265440736801572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SSC原理框图, figureFileSmall=ljLLuBJ41YeU5PHSw98kng==, figureFileBig=Lay2jMd33mQkdY0rqmmFgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265440858436390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The schematic diagram of test principle, figureFileSmall=R/qAlBE9j2RrgiRuny03Tw==, figureFileBig=O2C7G6ccbXa776UdWJjMSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265440938128168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图3, caption=试验原理示意图, figureFileSmall=R/qAlBE9j2RrgiRuny03Tw==, figureFileBig=O2C7G6ccbXa776UdWJjMSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441051374378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The Es/N0 after FSC of berthing state, figureFileSmall=9SNlIeB/NrltE4OPbPdzwQ==, figureFileBig=LGJak/GKuoZ8Mth9kd4orw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441152037675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图4, caption=码头停靠状态下FSC合成后信号Es/N0, figureFileSmall=9SNlIeB/NrltE4OPbPdzwQ==, figureFileBig=LGJak/GKuoZ8Mth9kd4orw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441231729453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The Es/N0 after SSC of berthing state, figureFileSmall=TmfjFEhBfhX6ZBG1221BSw==, figureFileBig=g2YPEYEqvep9W5cWXTxRpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441386918702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图5, caption=码头停靠状态下SSC合成后信号Es/N0, figureFileSmall=TmfjFEhBfhX6ZBG1221BSw==, figureFileBig=g2YPEYEqvep9W5cWXTxRpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441462416176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The Es/N0 after FSC of anchoring state, figureFileSmall=+mYKxbUe53AJ000yM/BzIQ==, figureFileBig=soj2aZAKni7My448CRCudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441546302258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图6, caption=江面锚定状态下FSC合成后信号Es/N0, figureFileSmall=+mYKxbUe53AJ000yM/BzIQ==, figureFileBig=soj2aZAKni7My448CRCudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441609216819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The Es/N0 after SSC of anchoring state, figureFileSmall=LZgYHrmxhdtvgHcLxGwE2w==, figureFileBig=6+V5nI+PVMaf+Nx2Dh+eIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441751823157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图7, caption=江面锚定状态下SSC合成后信号Es/N0, figureFileSmall=LZgYHrmxhdtvgHcLxGwE2w==, figureFileBig=6+V5nI+PVMaf+Nx2Dh+eIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441865069368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The Es/N0 after FSC of swaying state, figureFileSmall=J0w6pFMSp5E5Tu84WpqFUg==, figureFileBig=TVu5AgvmkO88ZhAvAMwQ4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265441940566841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图8, caption=船体摇摆状态FSC合成后信号Es/N0, figureFileSmall=J0w6pFMSp5E5Tu84WpqFUg==, figureFileBig=TVu5AgvmkO88ZhAvAMwQ4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442024452922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The Es/N0 after SSC of swaying state, figureFileSmall=BL57RVn1GstwHIlO40bLTA==, figureFileBig=ZO6iV3NFrTrsGlnBG0Lj9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442141893437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图9, caption=船体摇摆状态SSC合成后信号Es/N0, figureFileSmall=BL57RVn1GstwHIlO40bLTA==, figureFileBig=ZO6iV3NFrTrsGlnBG0Lj9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442242556734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The synthesis efficiency of FSC algorithm based on fixed coefficientt(signal jitter degree is 0.631 and jitter frequency is 1/40 Hz), figureFileSmall=7M1Jq+Gqx8AUXl2woQ2Qzg==, figureFileBig=/CRolH+WLt60PvQc5nA9fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442359997249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图10, caption=固定系数的FSC合成效率图(信号抖动程度为0.631，抖动频率为1/40 Hz), figureFileSmall=7M1Jq+Gqx8AUXl2woQ2Qzg==, figureFileBig=/CRolH+WLt60PvQc5nA9fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442498409282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=The synthesis efficiency of FSC algorithm based on fixed coefficient(signal jitter degree is 0.8 and jitter frequency is 1/40 Hz), figureFileSmall=3a+hwx/sw8Aiz05ZtH8f3g==, figureFileBig=10zYwMqAs2k77iC5ZPuuvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442573906755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图11, caption=固定系数的FSC合成效率图(信号抖动程度为0.8，抖动频率为1/40 Hz), figureFileSmall=3a+hwx/sw8Aiz05ZtH8f3g==, figureFileBig=10zYwMqAs2k77iC5ZPuuvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442657792836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=The synthesis efficiency of FSC algorithm based on fixed coefficient (signal jitter degree is 0.631 and jitter frequency is 1/20 Hz), figureFileSmall=YSa7LRRVt2KDkY3mSTU8OQ==, figureFileBig=ryhJ+e4BQvkwv0CUXRSEdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442771039046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图12, caption=固定系数的FSC合成效率图(信号抖动程度为0.631，抖动频率为1/20 Hz), figureFileSmall=YSa7LRRVt2KDkY3mSTU8OQ==, figureFileBig=ryhJ+e4BQvkwv0CUXRSEdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442871702344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The comparison of Es/N0 estimation results between 1 ms and 5 s update rate, figureFileSmall=GyJl9ci7nbuPK5Bh5zgmQQ==, figureFileBig=3fVRlsAtt+DnpN9nv3Z+4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265442955588426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图13, caption=1 ms和5 s更新周期Es/N0估计结果对比, figureFileSmall=GyJl9ci7nbuPK5Bh5zgmQQ==, figureFileBig=3fVRlsAtt+DnpN9nv3Z+4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265443064640332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=The comparison of synthesis efficiency between 1 ms and 5 s update rate, figureFileSmall=2vyAkMzlAq1D/Twe11Ng/Q==, figureFileBig=yoB9rtW3cU+sQSbXCf7n6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265443156915022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图14, caption=1 ms和5 s更新周期合成效果结果对比, figureFileSmall=2vyAkMzlAq1D/Twe11Ng/Q==, figureFileBig=yoB9rtW3cU+sQSbXCf7n6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265443228218192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Relationship diagram between synthesis efficiency and CNR estimation update rate, figureFileSmall=sSQtgKP58U/1Ifnkr0gRQw==, figureFileBig=Zo/V5ahrF0T8YWiJI/R9pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265443303715666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=图15, caption=合成效率与载噪比估计更新周期关系图, figureFileSmall=sSQtgKP58U/1Ifnkr0gRQw==, figureFileBig=Zo/V5ahrF0T8YWiJI/R9pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265443387601748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison between FSC and SSC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案优点不足技术难点应用场景
FSC对频谱特征依赖度低；工作门限低对信号抖动敏感信号误差跟踪低于解调门限，小动态
SSC合成链路简单，数据传输量低，对信号抖动不敏感解调门限较高解调链路门限性能高于解调门限，大动态
), ArticleFig(id=1239265443450516310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FSC和SSC对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案优点不足技术难点应用场景
FSC对频谱特征依赖度低；工作门限低对信号抖动敏感信号误差跟踪低于解调门限，小动态
SSC合成链路简单，数据传输量低，对信号抖动不敏感解调门限较高解调链路门限性能高于解调门限，大动态
), ArticleFig(id=1239265443618288472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The results of berthing state

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船站合成方式(Es/N0)/dB误码率合成效率
A船—8.332.67×10-4—
B船—8.919.92×10-5—
—FSC11.40<1×10-694.72%
—SSC11.36<1×10-693.67%
), ArticleFig(id=1239265443765089115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

码头停靠状态数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船站合成方式(Es/N0)/dB误码率合成效率
A船—8.332.67×10-4—
B船—8.919.92×10-5—
—FSC11.40<1×10-694.72%
—SSC11.36<1×10-693.67%
), ArticleFig(id=1239265443844780892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The results of anchoring state

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船站合成方式(Es/N0)/dB误码率合成效率
A船—8.372.55×10-4—
B船—7.955.18×10-4—
—FSC10.76<1×10-690.79%
—SSC10.89<1×10-693.61%
), ArticleFig(id=1239265443962221405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

江面锚定状态数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船站合成方式(Es/N0)/dB误码率合成效率
A船—8.372.55×10-4—
B船—7.955.18×10-4—
—FSC10.76<1×10-690.79%
—SSC10.89<1×10-693.61%
), ArticleFig(id=1239265444041913182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The impact of jitter degree on synthesis efficiency(jitter frequency is 1/40 Hz)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抖动程度B船Es/N0<A船Es/N0B船Es/N0>A船Es/N0
最低瞬时合成效率(%)/s合成效率变化率(%)/s最低瞬时合成效率(%)合成效率变化率(%)/s
0.50090.001.00096.150.385
0.63183.661.63494.780.522
0.70077.522.24893.700.630
0.80069.233.07792.450.755
), ArticleFig(id=1239265444201296735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

信号抖动程度对FSC合成效率的影响(抖动频率为1/40 Hz)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抖动程度B船Es/N0<A船Es/N0B船Es/N0>A船Es/N0
最低瞬时合成效率(%)/s合成效率变化率(%)/s最低瞬时合成效率(%)合成效率变化率(%)/s
0.50090.001.00096.150.385
0.63183.661.63494.780.522
0.70077.522.24893.700.630
0.80069.233.07792.450.755
), ArticleFig(id=1239265444289377120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206940316856543, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The impact of jitter frequency on synthesis efficiency(jitter degree is 0.631)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抖动频率/HzB船Es/N0<A船Es/N0B船Es/N0>A船Es/N0
最低瞬时合成效率(%)合成效率变化率(%)/s最低瞬时合成效率(%)合成效率变化率(%)/s
1/8083.660.81794.780.261
1/6083.661.05694.780.345
1/4083.661.63494.780.522
1/2083.663.26894.781.044
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信号抖动频率对FSC合成效率的影响(抖动程度为0.631)

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基于载噪比估计方法的船载动平台天线组阵技术研究
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刘四方 1 , 毛南平 1 , 苏䶮 1 , 吴有杏 1 , 高晨宇 2 , 王剑 2
遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025,46(1): 62-70
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遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025, 46(1): 62-70
基于载噪比估计方法的船载动平台天线组阵技术研究
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刘四方1, 毛南平1, 苏䶮1, 吴有杏1, 高晨宇2, 王剑2
作者信息
  • 1中国卫星海上测控部 江阴 214431
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076

    • 刘四方　1978年生，硕士，工程师。

    毛南平　1970年生，硕士，正高级工程师。

    苏䶮　1980年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

    吴有杏　1971年生，硕士，副高级工程师。

    高晨宇　1995年生，硕士，工程师。

    王剑　1988年生，学士，工程师。

Research on Antenna Array Technology of Ship-borne Moving Platform Based on Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Estimation Method
Sifang LIU1, Nanping MAO1, Yan SU1, Youxing WU1, Chenyu GAO2, Jian WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Satellite Maritime Tracking and Control Department, Jiangyin 214431, China
  • 2.Beijing Institute of Telemetry Technology, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240831001
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摘要
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近年来，我国航天技术持续发展，深空探测距离不断增加，信号能量衰减愈发严重，这使得对地面接收设备的信号接收解调能力的要求逐步提高。天线组阵技术通过将多个小口径天线信号合成，以实现等效大口径天线增益，能够充分发挥各天线资源效能，达到延长测控距离的目的，是解决深空弱信号接收问题的有效途径之一。地面固定基站天线组阵的测控范围受地形、地域和遮挡物等因素限制，无法实现对现有测控任务的全覆盖，因此需要船载平台来弥补测控盲区。本文基于真实卫星信号，在船载动平台开展天线组阵信号合成试验，针对码头停靠、江面锚定、船体摇摆等平台状态，进行全频谱合成和符号流合成解调处理。尤其针对船体摇摆状态，提出基于载噪比估计的信号合成方案。该方案依据实测船摇数据构建船摇频率、幅度与信号强度的模型，分析不同船摇状态下的信号合成效率，并根据信号变化规律设计载噪比估计方案，动态优化信号加权系数，从而提升信号合成效果。文中还对比了不同信噪比估计与加权系数更新周期对合成效率的影响，其结果与理论分析相符。通过对比传统信号合成方案与基于载噪比估计的合成方案的合成效率，试验结果显示：传统符号流合成结果受船摇影响较小，合成效率可达90%以上；传统全频谱合成结果受船摇影响较大，合成效率低于80%。而采用本文提出的载噪比估计辅助方案，可使合成效率显著提升至89%以上，为后续船载动平台的天线组阵合成方案提供了技术基础。

船载动平台  /  天线组阵  /  全频谱  /  符号流  /  深空探测  /  载噪比  /  合成效率  /  测控

In recent years, China's aerospace technology has continued to develop. The distance of deep-space exploration has been continuously increasing, and the attenuation of signal energy has become more and more serious, which has gradually increased the requirements for the signal reception and demodulation capabilities of ground receiving equipment. Antenna array technology can achieve the gain of an equivalent large-aperture antenna by synthesizing the signals of multiple small-aperture antennas, which can give full play to the efficiency of each antenna resource and achieve the purpose of extending the measurement and control distance. It is one of the effective ways to solve the problem of receiving weak signals in deep space. The measurement and control range of the antenna array of the ground fixed base station is limited by factors such as terrain, region, and obstructions, and it cannot achieve full coverage of the existing measurement and control tasks. Therefore, a shipborne platform is needed to make up for the measurement and control blind area. Based on the real satellite signal, this paper conducts an antenna array signal synthesis experiment on a shipborne mobile platform. For platform states such as docking at the wharf, anchoring on the river surface, and hull swaying, full-spectrum synthesis and symbol stream synthesis demodulation processing are carried out. Especially for the hull swaying state, a signal synthesis scheme based on carrier-to-noise ratio estimation is proposed. This scheme constructs a model of ship sway frequency, amplitude, and signal strength based on the measured ship sway data, analyzes the signal synthesis efficiency under different ship sway states, designs a carrier-to-noise ratio estimation scheme according to the signal change law, and dynamically optimizes the signal weighting coefficient, so as to improve the signal synthesis effect. The paper also compares the influence of different signal-to-noise ratio estimations and weighting coefficient update periods on the synthesis efficiency, and the results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. By comparing the synthesis efficiencies of the traditional signal synthesis scheme and the synthesis scheme based on carrier-to-noise ratio estimation, the test results show that the traditional symbol stream synthesis result is less affected by ship sway, and the synthesis efficiency can reach more than 90%; the traditional full-spectrum synthesis result is greatly affected by ship sway, and the synthesis efficiency is less than 80%. By adopting the carrier-to-noise ratio estimation-assisted scheme proposed in this paper, the synthesis efficiency can be significantly improved to more than 89%, providing a technical basis for the subsequent antenna array synthesis scheme of the shipborne mobile platform.

Shipborne moving platform  /  Antenna array  /  FSC  /  SSC  /  Deep-space exploration  /  Carrier-to-noise ratio  /  Synthesis efficiency  /  TT & C
刘四方, 毛南平, 苏䶮, 吴有杏, 高晨宇, 王剑. 基于载噪比估计方法的船载动平台天线组阵技术研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (1) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240831001
Sifang LIU, Nanping MAO, Yan SU, Youxing WU, Chenyu GAO, Jian WANG. Research on Antenna Array Technology of Ship-borne Moving Platform Based on Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Estimation Method[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (1) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240831001
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0　引言
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在深空测控领域[1-3]，随着通信距离不断增加，信号在传播路径中的衰减愈发严重，这就对接收天线的增益提出了更高要求。当增大天线口径和降低接收机噪声温度的发展遇到瓶颈时，天线组阵技术应运而生，其通过对信号进行合成处理，成为深空低信噪比通信场景下确保信号可靠接收的有效手段之一。该技术由美国喷气推进实验室(Jet Propulsion Laboratory，JPL)于1965年率先提出，其核心原理是利用多个天线接收同一空间目标信号，借助信号相干而噪声不相干的特性，在对多天线信号参数差异进行补偿后，采用相干累加的方式提高信号信噪比，从而达到大口径天线的等效接收效能[4,5]。
2020年11月，我国在喀什深空站新建了3个35 m口径天线，与原有的1个35 m天线共同组成天线阵系统。借助信号组阵合成技术，其实现了不低于佳木斯深空站66 m天线的信号接收水平，有效提升了地基深空测控网的测控通信能力。然而，地基深空测控网的测控范围受地理位置限制，存在测控盲区。当前，我国地基测控网对深空飞行器的测控覆盖率约为90%。在星下点位于南纬20°以南时，地面固定深空站之间仍存在无法覆盖的空白测控弧段[6-10]，因此需要借助船载动平台测控天线来实现深空测控的全覆盖。
船载平台具备机动性优势，受遮挡关系影响较小，在“嫦娥一号”至“嫦娥六号”以及“天问一号”[11]等任务实施过程中均发挥了重要作用。但随着深空通信带宽需求持续增长，在船载平台面积受限的情况下，现有天线口径难以满足信号接收门限要求，因此研究船载平台天线组阵技术，提升现有船载深空测控站信号接收能力迫在眉睫。在船载天线组阵技术中，船舶运动导致的信号载波幅度、相位扰动是影响合成效率的关键因素，如何有效抵抗信号抖动以提高合成效率成为该领域的研究重点。
本文依托现有船载动平台天线资源，对真实卫星信号开展天线组阵信号合成试验，研究码头停靠、江面锚定、船体摇摆等不同船载平台状态对天线组阵全频谱合成(Full Spectrum Combine, FSC)和符号流合成(Symbol Stream Combine, SSC)合成效率的影响。试验结果表明：符号流合成结果受船摇影响较小，合成效率可达90%以上；全频谱合成结果受船摇影响较大，合成效率低于80%。相比于符号流合成，全频谱合成具有更低的解调门限，适用于天线增益较小的情况，在组阵信号合成领域应用更为广泛。为提升船体摇摆状态下全频谱合成方案的合成效率，本文提出一种载噪比估计辅助的全频谱信号合成方案，通过估计信号载噪比来动态且周期性地优化加权系数，以适应船体摇动导致的信号强度变化。相比于基于先验天线增益的合成方案，该方法可以更好地适应船体摇摆导致的信号抖动问题，可显著提升合成效率至89%以上，为后续船载动平台的天线组阵合成方案提供技术基础。
1　天线组阵信号合成方案
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深空测控信号一般采用含有副载波的标准TT&C信号。当天线组阵中各天线接收增益均达到接收机载波、副载波、符号跟踪门限时，采用SSC方法；当各天线接收增益达到载波跟踪门限但低于副载波、符号跟踪门限时，采用基带合成方法；当部分天线接收增益无法达到载波跟踪门限时，采用载波合成方法；当全部天线接收增益均无法达到载波跟踪门限时，采用FSC方法。FSC具有更低的解调门限，SSC具有更简单的接收处理架构，被广泛应用于现有天线组阵系统中。
本文以FSC和SSC合成方式为研究重点，分析船舶处于码头停靠、江面锚定、船体摇摆等不同船载平台状态时对天线组阵信号合成效率的影响。
1.1　全频谱合成
如图1所示为FSC原理框图。组阵内多个天线接收到的射频信号下变频为中频信号完成模数转换，通过互相关对各路信号的时延差和相位差进行检测，误差补偿后的信号采用最大比策略完成合成，并送入接收机解调。
1.2　符号流合成
如图2所示为SSC原理框图。组阵内多个天线接收到的射频信号在接收机完成符号解调后，送入符号合成器，通过信噪比估计、时延差估计和相位差估计[11,12]等流程，完成多路信号参数同步，修正后的信号根据信噪比估计结果以不同比例系数在符号上进行合成，实现最佳合成效率[13,14]。
1.3　FSC和SSC对比
FSC和SSC的优点、不足、技术难点以及应用场景对比见表1。
2　船载动平台天线组阵试验
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试验对象为A船和B船载动平台的两套测控设备、时频终端和中频检前记录器。在各天线均可完成符号跟踪的情况下，分别令A船和B船处于码头停靠、江面锚定、船体摇摆等状态，同时跟踪同一航天器，利用记录设备同时记录下行数据。合成处理时将记录设备与信号合成解调设备连接，并使其时频输入共源，采用定时回放方式分别进行两路信号的独立解调处理、全频谱合成解调处理和符号流合成解调处理[15]，记录处理获得的信号实时Es/N0和误码率，并计算合成效率，分析船载动平台不同状态对FSC和SSC合成解调处理的影响，试验原理示意图如图3所示。
在组阵试验和未来天线组阵应用中，天线组阵船载同平台之间距离小于1 km。根据文献[16]所述，当天线阵布局直径小于1 km时，天线间由大气时延导致的信号相位误差可忽略。因此，本文中天线组阵试验认为各天线信号间大气时延一致，不做额外修正处理。
2.1　试验数据分析
2.1.1　A/B船码头停靠状态
A、B两船均位于码头系泊静止状态。对A船和B船采集信号进行独立解调、FSC和SSC解调处理，信号无信道编码，对帧头数据进行误码率统计。
图4和图5分别为码头停靠状态下FSC和SSC合成前后信号Es/N0对比图。码头停靠状态下A船、B船能量相对均匀，信号抖动小。A船、B船接收信号Es/N0均值分别为8.33 dB和8.91 dB，误码率为2.67×10-4和9.92×10-5。
表2所示为码头停靠状态FSC和SSC合成效果，FSC合成后Es/N0均值为11.40 dB，合成效率为94.72%，SSC合成后Es/N0均值为11.36 dB，合成效率为93.67%。受限于信号时长和帧头数据长度，合成后信号无误码，根据合成后Es/N0平均值分析，合成后误码率低于1×10-6。
2.1.2　A/B船江面锚定状态
A船位于码头系泊静止状态，B船位于江面锚定状态。对A船和B船采集信号进行独立解调、FSC和SSC解调处理，信号无信道编码，对帧头数据进行误码率统计。图6、图7所示为码头停靠状态下FSC和SSC合成前后信号Es/N0对比图。A船位于码头停靠状态，能量相对均匀，B船位于江面锚定，存在1 dB以内信号抖动。A、B船接收信号Es/N0均值分别为8.37 dB和7.95 dB，误码率为2.55×10-4和5.18×10-4。
表3所示为江面锚定状态FSC和SSC合成效果。FSC合成后Es/N0均值为10.76 dB，合成效率为90.79%，SSC合成后Es/N0均值为10.89 dB，合成效率为93.61%。
2.1.3　A/B船航行状态组阵合成效率统计
A船位于码头系泊静止状态，B船位于江面处于船体摇摆状态。对A船和B船采集信号进行独立解调、FSC和SSC解调处理，信号采用卷积编码，对帧头数据进行误码率统计。A船、B船接收信号Es/N0均值分别为4.82 dB和5.81 dB，误码率为3.41×10-5和5.44×10-3。
图8、图9所示为船体摇摆状态下FSC和SSC合成前后信号Es/N0对比图。A船位于码头停靠状态能量相对均匀，B船位于江面进行船体摇摆，信号抖动较大。SSC合成受船体摇摆影响较小，合成效率均值为91.54%。FSC合成受船体摇摆影响较大，采用传统基于天线增益的FSC方式时，信号抖动使得FSC算法无法选择最优加权系数，合成效率均值低于75.79%。
2.2　基于载噪比估计辅助的FSC算法
为提高船体摇动状态下FSC合成效率，本文提出一种载噪比(CNR)估计辅助的FSC算法(FSC-CNR)，通过实时估计合成信号载噪比，动态优化信号加权系数，适应船体摇动导致的信号强度变化，其合成效率可达89.22%。
N个天线信号合成中，第i个天线的输入信号为fi(t)=si(t)+ni(t)，其中si(t)和ni(t)为第i个天线的输入信号和噪声，以αi为加权系数进行合成，合成后信号可表示为
根据最大比方案，当时，合成信号输出信噪比最优，可表示为
式中，si为各支路信号的有效值，为各支路噪声功率。
在船摇场景下，信号能量受天线指向精度影响，信号强度周期性变化，以正弦摇摆简化分析，t时刻信号强度可表示为：
其中si为信号强度均值，βi为信号抖动程度，fi为信号抖动频率，pi(t)为抖动后信号强度相对于信号强度均值的偏离程度。在A船码头停靠、B船船体摇动的场景下进行2个天线信号合成，t时刻合成信号输出信噪比理论值可表示为：
若合成系数根据信号均值计算，则输出信噪比可表示为：
计算t时刻信号合成效率为
根据图9中船体摇动状态下的实测数据，在A船和B船信号信噪比均值为，信号抖动程度β1=0、β2=0.631，信号抖动频率f1=0、f2=1/40 Hz时，本文建立的船摇模型与实测结果相近。采用信号强度均值计算合成系数的固定系数FSC算法信号合成效率如图10所示。当B船信号Es/N0受到船体摇动影响低于A船信号Es/N0时，采用信号强度均值估计合成系数，使得差信号在合成中占据较高比重，瞬时合成效率低于85%。
在船体摇动频率不变的情况下增加船体摇动幅度，当信号抖动程度为β1=0、β2=0.8，信号抖动频率f1=0、f2=1/40 Hz时，采用信号强度均值计算合成系数的固定系数FSC算法，信号合成效率如图11所示。当B船信号Es/N0受到船体摇动影响低于A船信号Es/N0时，瞬时合成效率低于70%。
在船体摇动幅度不变的情况下增加船体摇动频率，当信号抖动程度β1=0、β2=0.631，信号抖动频率f1=0、f2=1/20 Hz时，采用信号强度均值计算合成系数的固定系数FSC算法信号合成效率如图12所示。此时船体摇动频率为原来的两倍，信号强度变化速率提升，需要提高对信号频率变化的识别能力，才能获得更优的合成效率。
信号抖动程度和信号抖动频率对FSC合成效率的影响如表4和表5所示。
由此可知，船体摇动幅度越大、频率越高，B船信号Es/N0低于A船信号Es/N0时，合成效率受到船体摇动影响越大，合成后信号增益越低，与船载平台实测数据结果一致。
为更加准确地计算船体摇动场景下的加权系数，FSC-CNR算法首先估计各天线接收信号的载波比值，然后根据估计结果补偿信号抖动带来的信号强度变化。由于信号抖动状态时刻变化，因此需要不断更新加权系数。在本方案中引入了更新周期参数，不同更新周期对实测场景下信号合成性能的优化程度不同。设第i个天线信号第l个更新周期内包含M个数据，采用如下公式可计算载噪比结果：
式中，为第i个天线信号第l个更新周期内第k个信号输入幅度的采样值，为统计后得到的信号幅值均值，为噪声能量。第l个更新周期的加权系数可表示为
用于第l个更新周期内的信号合成。
基于CNR估计结果和信号符号速率可计算Es/N0结果，在1 ms和5 s更新周期下，Es/N0估计结果对比图如图13所示，合成效率对比图如图14所示。
1 ms更新周期下合成效率均值为89.22%，5 s更新周期下合成效率均值为86.23%，高更新频率对船体摇动导致的信噪比变化识别更精确，合成效率更高。进一步分析不同载噪比估计更新周期长度下FSC-CNR算法合成效率如图15所示。
试验结果表明：当船体摇动导致的信号强度变化较快时，合成效率随载噪比估计更新周期长度下降而降低，需要更短的更新周期识别信号强度变化，计算最优合成系数。
3　结束语
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本文基于工程实际需要，首次实现船载动平台天线组阵试验，数据处理结果表明：符号流合成受船体摇摆影响较小，在各种状态下合成效率均可达91%以上；全频谱合成受船体摇摆影响较大，在信号抖动超过4 dB时，合成效率低于75%。采用本文所提载噪比估计辅助的FSC算法，相比采用先验天线增益作为FSC合成加权系数的计算依据，可适应较大幅度的信号抖动场景，合成效率可达89%以上。实际应用中，在信号能量可以达到单路解调门限时，建议优先采用符号流合成；在能量低于解调门限时，采用全频谱合成。针对船站航行、风浪等场景，还需要建立更加完善、精确的信号Es/N0、相位、时延预报[17]和估计机制。
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240831001
  • 接收时间：2024-08-31
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-31
  • 修回日期：2024-10-17
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    1中国卫星海上测控部 江阴 214431
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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