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A millimeter power synthesizer based on a novel suspended microstrip transition structure has been proposed. The terahertz power combiner combines/distributes power through a traditional waveguide power splitter with one to eight channels, and connects the eight channels of power splitters with a new suspended microstrip transition structure. The proposed new microstrip transition structure is easy to process, and by optimizing the length of the suspended microstrip substrate, the two sides of the substrate are mounted in the protruding waveguide sidewalls, which can suspend and fix the entire microstrip inside the waveguide without affecting transmission performance. The average insertion loss test values of the processed samples remained stable below 0.5 dB. Finally, the overall optimization analysis was conducted on the power combiner. Simulation results showed that within the operating frequency range of 180~220 GHz, the S11 parameter of the power combiner remained stable below -15 dB, and the loss from the input port to the output port of the power combiner was approximately 0.25 dB.

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本文提出了一款基于新型悬置微带过渡结构的毫米波功率合成器。该毫米波功率合成器通过一分八的传统波导功分器进行功率合成/分配,采用新型悬置微带过渡结构将八路功分器进行首尾连接。该新型微带过渡结构易于加工,并且通过优化悬置微带基板的长度,使基板两侧搭载在突出的波导侧壁中,可以在不影响传输性能的基础上,使整个微带悬置固定在波导内。经测试得到微带悬置样品的平均插入损耗在0.5 dB以下。最后,对功率合成器进行了整体优化分析,仿真结果表明:在180~220 GHz工作频段内,功率合成器的S11参数在-15 dB之下,功率合成器输入端口到输出端口的损耗约为0.25 dB。

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苏晋 2000年生,硕士研究生。

亓丽梅 1979年生,教授,博士生导师。

郑深 1992年生,助理研究员。

李超 1978年生,研究员,博士生导师。

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注:Wp=0.232 mm, Lp=0.322 mm, Ltap1=0.03 mm, Ltap2=0.206 mm, L_ind=0.02 mm, W_ind=0.08 mm

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Small size T-junction power divider parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
b1 arm1 x2 delete_w1 l1 h1x1 angle
0.6474.751.80.6850.231.2954.180.685
), ArticleFig(id=1239265432599851597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206939524133075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小尺寸T型结功分器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
b1 arm1 x2 delete_w1 l1 h1x1 angle
0.6474.751.80.6850.231.2954.180.685
), ArticleFig(id=1239265432679543379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206939524133075, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison with other similar works in the field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RefFrequency/GHzStructureFabricationInsertion Loss
[20]310~350E-PlaneYes3~4 dB
[21]185~225Dipole antennaYes4 dB
[22]220~320E-PlaneYes2.5 dB
[23]180~240GaAs-E-PlaneYes3 dB
[24]220~325Fan-shaped planeYes1.5 dB
[25]285~309Dipole antennaYes3 dB
[26]190~240E-PlaneYes1 dB
This work160~230E-Plane(Suspended)Yes0.5 dB
), ArticleFig(id=1239265432788595288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239206939524133075, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本文工作与其他论文工作对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RefFrequency/GHzStructureFabricationInsertion Loss
[20]310~350E-PlaneYes3~4 dB
[21]185~225Dipole antennaYes4 dB
[22]220~320E-PlaneYes2.5 dB
[23]180~240GaAs-E-PlaneYes3 dB
[24]220~325Fan-shaped planeYes1.5 dB
[25]285~309Dipole antennaYes3 dB
[26]190~240E-PlaneYes1 dB
This work160~230E-Plane(Suspended)Yes0.5 dB
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基于悬置微带结构的毫米波功率合成器
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苏晋 1 , 亓丽梅 1 , 郑深 2 , 李超 2
遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025,46(1): 30-37
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遥测遥控 | 天伺馈技术专栏 2025, 46(1): 30-37
基于悬置微带结构的毫米波功率合成器
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苏晋1, 亓丽梅1, 郑深2, 李超2
作者信息
  • 1北京邮电大学 北京 100876
  • 2中国科学院空天信息创新研究院 北京 100190
  • 苏晋 2000年生,硕士研究生。

    亓丽梅 1979年生,教授,博士生导师。

    郑深 1992年生,助理研究员。

    李超 1978年生,研究员,博士生导师。

Millimeter Power Combiner with Suspended Microstrip
Jin SU1, Limei QI1, Shen ZHENG2, Chao LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electronic Engineering Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
  • 2.Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240621001
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本文提出了一款基于新型悬置微带过渡结构的毫米波功率合成器。该毫米波功率合成器通过一分八的传统波导功分器进行功率合成/分配,采用新型悬置微带过渡结构将八路功分器进行首尾连接。该新型微带过渡结构易于加工,并且通过优化悬置微带基板的长度,使基板两侧搭载在突出的波导侧壁中,可以在不影响传输性能的基础上,使整个微带悬置固定在波导内。经测试得到微带悬置样品的平均插入损耗在0.5 dB以下。最后,对功率合成器进行了整体优化分析,仿真结果表明:在180~220 GHz工作频段内,功率合成器的S11参数在-15 dB之下,功率合成器输入端口到输出端口的损耗约为0.25 dB。

功率合成器  /  毫米波  /  悬置微带  /  功分器

A millimeter power synthesizer based on a novel suspended microstrip transition structure has been proposed. The terahertz power combiner combines/distributes power through a traditional waveguide power splitter with one to eight channels, and connects the eight channels of power splitters with a new suspended microstrip transition structure. The proposed new microstrip transition structure is easy to process, and by optimizing the length of the suspended microstrip substrate, the two sides of the substrate are mounted in the protruding waveguide sidewalls, which can suspend and fix the entire microstrip inside the waveguide without affecting transmission performance. The average insertion loss test values of the processed samples remained stable below 0.5 dB. Finally, the overall optimization analysis was conducted on the power combiner. Simulation results showed that within the operating frequency range of 180~220 GHz, the S11 parameter of the power combiner remained stable below -15 dB, and the loss from the input port to the output port of the power combiner was approximately 0.25 dB.

Power combiner  /  Millimeter  /  Suspended microstrip  /  Power divider
苏晋, 亓丽梅, 郑深, 李超. 基于悬置微带结构的毫米波功率合成器. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (1) : 30 -37 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240621001
Jin SU, Limei QI, Shen ZHENG, Chao LI. Millimeter Power Combiner with Suspended Microstrip[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (1) : 30 -37 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240621001
毫米波技术在下一代无线通信、生物医学和雷达探测等领域都具有重要的应用前景[1-4]。毫米波功率合成器可为高功率毫米波波源的获取提供良好的解决方案[5-8]。但是,随着工作频率的提高,结构尺寸变小,材料损耗增大,传统工作于低频段的功率合成器的结构组成或设计方式很难直接应用到高频段的毫米波功率合成器中[9-11]。因此,高频段的毫米波功率合成器的研究中有许多值得深入探讨的难题。目前,对于功率合成器的研究,大都处于低频微波波段。而微波波段功率合成器的结构往往采用E-T分支结构[12]或是多路的径向结构[13-15]。例如,2019年,REZAEE M等设计了一款六路功率合成器[16],该功率合成器中的微带探针位于方形腔体内部。该结构在TM320模式分布最强位置进行耦合,并通过微带传输至六路再进行功放单片的搭载。通过使用功放单片GaN,整体结构在93 GHz处的峰值输出可以达到5.5 W。2021年,KIM K等[17]设计了一种线性微带阵列功率合成的W波段波导模块。该功分模块的目的是将标准E面波导转换为任意扩展的通道宽度,同时保持TE10工作模式,并通过微带阵列进行传输。研究发现无微带模块在几乎整个波段上显示出0.7 dB的插入损耗,在模块中插入直的微带直通线后,插入损耗增加1.5~2.2 dB,带宽缩小到90~98 GHz。2021年,CHENG H等[18]设计了一个八路径向组合器,从圆柱顶端口进行功率输入,将TM01模式圆形波导与八个TE10模式矩形波导对称连接,由下部波导口进行八路功率输出,用于功率分离。在工作频段92~98 GHz内测量得到的插入损耗为1.5 dB左右,因此单个换能器的损耗约为0.7 dB。与传统的模块相比,体积减少了75%以上。2024年,ZHANG B等[19]提出了一款紧凑高效的径向功率组合放大器模块,工作频率超过200 GHz。该模块集成了TE10到TE11模式转换器、八路TE11模式径向分配器/合并器、矩形波导-微带转换以及八个毫米波功率放大单元。该有源功率组合放大模块在218 GHz处可产生240 mW的最大输出功率,在200~221 GHz频带内平均组合效率达到80.5%。
目前,人们对毫米波功率合成器已进行了较为深入的研究,但同时也存在传输损耗高、结构复杂、难以加工以及模拟与仿真结果差距大等问题。为了在毫米波波段获取更大功率的毫米波辐射波源并减少功率合成中的路径损耗问题,本文设计了一款基于悬置微带过渡结构的毫米波功率合成器。通过一分八的传统波导功分器进行功率合成/分配,以悬置微带过渡结构将八路功分器进行首尾连接,搭建了一款毫米波功率合成器。同时,提出了一种易于加工的新型微带过渡结构,加工样品的平均插入损耗稳定在0.5 dB以下。通过对功率合成器进行整体模拟仿真表明:在180~220 GHz工作频段内,功率合成器的S11参数在-15 dB之下,输入端口到输出端口的损耗在0.25 dB左右。
在毫米波波段,基于传统波导的功分器一般会选择结构简单、易于加工、损耗小的E面T型结功分器。由于T型结在功分处的不连续性,会给系统引入寄生电抗。为抑制寄生电抗对整体网络的影响,可在T型结的中央加入凹槽,起到匹配的作用。该凹槽也可以起到拓宽功分器带宽的作用。同时,由于目标功率合成器需要进行一分八的多路功分,需要将多个E面T型结进行分级级联,构成二进制树形功率合成器。由于每一个单元T型结的性能都很重要,有必要对单个T型结进行性能优化,利于在制作不同尺寸的T型结后方便级联。
图1(a)给出了设计的小尺寸波导T型结结构,表1给出了T型结功分器的参数,b1h1分别为矩形波导端口的长宽。图1(b)给出了E面T型结的仿真结果,可见在工作频段160~220 GHz内,S11参数低于-10 dB,在160~210 GHz频段内低于-15 dB,S21和S31参数均在3 dB左右,而S21及S31两曲线几乎重合,说明T型结功分器具备了很好的功率等分优势。
为构成一分八—八合一的功率合成器,需要将不同尺寸的T型结波导功分器进行级联构成一个整体的一分八功率合成器。三种不同尺寸的T型结波导功分器的仿真结果见图1(c)所示,该曲线代表了输入端口的回波损耗,在整体频段上小于-15 dB。
在进行了上述分部优化之后,将三种尺寸的波导功分器级联在一起进行了整体优化,一分八功分器的模型如图2(a)所示。通过逐步调节不同级的功分器之间连接波导处的长度以及臂长,得到的仿真结果如图2(b)、(c)所示。其中图2(b)中三条曲线分别是一分八功分器的S11、S21和S31参数,可以看到一分八功分器在190~210 GHz频段内S11参数低于-15 dB,同时图2(c)中的八条曲线,分别是输入端口到八个输出口的损耗参数S21至S91的数据。可以看到,在190~210 GHz的工作频段内,八条曲线的拟合度是十分相似的,而且均在-9 dB左右,由于该功分器为一分八功分器,即除了固有的9 dB损耗外,输入端口到输出端口的损耗只在0.2 dB左右,并且没有明显的浮动。
毫米波功率合成器中的微带过渡结构发挥着传输功率的作用,如果功率合成器在功分器模块处进行多路功分,则需要同等的多个微带结构进行功率传输,因此,对微带结构的传输性能进行优化十分重要。目前对高频波毫米波微带过渡的研究,存在损耗大的问题[20-23],同时由于毫米波波段器件尺寸小,不易加工,对于一些结构较为复杂的微带结构,加工结果与测试结果会有很大差距[24-27]。为此,制作一款传输性能良好,且易于加工的微带过渡结构是制作毫米波功率合成器的关键之一。
本设计采用的输入与输出波导尺寸为WR5标准矩形波导(1.295 mm×0.647 mm),悬置微带上的金属材料选用电导率为5.8×107 S/m的铜。悬置微带线中承载金属微带的石英基片的相对介电常数为3.78,损耗角正切值为0.002 5,厚度为50 μm。设计的E面探针原理结构如图3(a)所示。在金属微带方面,利用两段渐变线(Ltap1和Ltap2)的尺寸变化来代替四分之一波长的阻抗变换线以实现阻抗匹配,可以同时起到扩大带宽和减少加工误差的作用。金属微带中的Ltap1和Ltap2在微带中起到与后续连接的50 Ω悬置微带线的匹配作用。实际仿真模型如图3(b)所示,其中输入和输出波导长度为4 mm。图3(b)展示了在传输波导中的悬空微带结构,其中波导中微带结构的内部是悬空放置的。对无悬置微带与悬置微带进行仿真得到的结果如图3(d)所示。悬置微带的模拟结果表明,在170~220 GHz的频率范围内,S11小于-20 dB,而无悬置结构的微带S11参数则较差,这表明悬置微带具有良好的端口匹配性能。悬置微带的S12参数保持稳定,接近-0.12 dB,相对带宽为38%。而无悬置结构的微带S12参数则接近-0.20 dB,相对带宽为27%。
悬置微带过渡结构参数的改变对微带部分的传输性能具有重要影响。用于输入功率的矩形波导为WR5标准波导,其长度对功率传输影响不大。悬置微带部分中,悬置微带布置在传输波导的正中央,且悬置微带中的金属片以及基板厚度固定。因此,参数优化需要考虑悬置微带上金属微带的各个尺寸。首先研究悬置微带过渡金属结构中Wp参数改变对整体性能的影响,得到的仿真结果如图4(a)所示,可以看到当Wp从0.21 mm到0.24 mm逐渐增加时,若以-20 dB为基准,悬置微带过渡结构的带宽变化不明显,但谐振频率点逐渐从低到高增加。由于功率合成器的工作频段在180~220 GHz频段内,选取Wp的参数为0.23 mm。图4(b)显示了Lp从0.30 mm到0.33 mm逐渐增加的结果。若以-20 dB为基准,悬置微带过渡结构的带宽逐渐增加,当Lp=0.33 mm时,194 GHz处悬置微带的S11参数不平滑,为此选择Lp尺寸为0.32 mm。
将最小尺寸的T型波导功分器的输出端口通过悬置微带传输线进行首尾连接,进行整体的结构仿真和优化。图5(a)给出了优化结构的平面图,对应结果如图5(b)所示。可见,该传输结构在180~230 GHz频段内的S11参数低于-10 dB,相对带宽为24%。S12除在180 GHz与230 GHz处的工作频带边缘处存在波动外,在182~226 GHz频段接近-0.25 dB,损耗较低,因此采用该结构形成八路功率合成器。
通过三级级联得到一分八功分器,利用悬置微带结构进行首尾相连,构成一个一分八的功率分配/合成器的整体结构如图6(a)所示。保持一分八波导功分器中各级臂长arm以及功分处的梯形槽的长宽delete_wl参数不变,获得性能最好的微带传输长度为0.544 mm,单段悬置微带过渡部分的长度为0.272 mm。仿真结果如图6(b)所示,可见在180~220 GHz的频段内,S11稳定在-10 dB之下,S12在-0.2 dB至-0.3 dB左右,证明了功率合成器具有低损耗传输性能。
由于悬置微带悬空在传输波导中间,为保证其固定在腔体内,传统方法需要在传输波导中间加入台阶,通过台阶与悬置微带部分中的基板部分粘合,以此来保证微带结构的悬置效果。但是,在尺寸小的高频段毫米波传输波导腔内加入台阶所需的工艺较为繁琐,并且中层台阶的存在容易导致悬置微带的传输性能降低。因此,本文提出了一种延长微带基板并搭载在波导两侧的悬置微带加工方式。该悬置微带模型如图7(a)所示。黄色部分为悬置微带中的金属部分,材料为金,厚度设置为4 μm,整体尺寸与上一节中的悬置微带结构一样,其中该微带结构的剖面结构如图3(c)所示,并无过大差别。不同的是,石英基板部分在上下两端进行了尺寸的延长,延长长度为0.2 mm。由于基板的延长,波导结构也相应改变。在中间段为了承载延长的石英基板结构,进行了长0.23 mm,高0.06 mm的腔体建模,这部分腔体的存在让悬置微带结构可以搭载上去,并且在此处增加粘合剂也不会由于抬高部分的不均匀影响整体微带的传输性能。此外,为保证加工后微带搭载位置的准确性,在石英基板两端的伸长部分分别加入了两块金属定位块,其厚度与悬置微带中金属部分的厚度一样均为4 μm,长宽均为0.02 mm。
这种基板两端突出的结构以及腔体变化不会对悬置微带本身的传输性能有较大影响,如图7(b)所示,两条曲线分别代表基板突出和非突出的微带结构的S11曲线。若以-20 dB标准来判断,带有突出基板的悬置微带结构的工作频段有一定缩短,但是整体性能与正常的悬置微带结构相同,二者的S12曲线在工作频段内基本一致,证明该结构不会对悬置微带的原有传输性能有明显影响。
实际加工的样品如图7(c)所示,整个金属波导的上下侧使用的金属材料为铝,悬置微带传输结构中的基板采用的是相对介电常数为3.78的石英材料,金属微带结构材料为金,厚度为4 μm,传输波导的长度为5 mm。通过0.08 μm的钛钨合金,增强金属微带与石英基片之间的结合力,构成整体的微带过渡结构。测试与模拟结果对比如图7(d)所示,可以看到,在工作频段180~220 GHz内,测试结果的平均插入损耗在0.5 dB左右,与模拟结果的曲线,两者之间的数值差距在0.4 dB左右,这是由于实际测试环境及样品加工误差造成的。
表2展示了所提出的悬置微带过渡结构与其他类似工作的对比。可以看出,本文提出的悬置微带结构采用了传统的E面探针结构来增加了悬置效果,在工作频段范围内,插入损耗稳定在0.5 dB左右。同时,由于采用了延长基板搭载到腔体两侧的方式,加工方便,测试结果与模拟仿真结果的差距在0.4 dB左右,测试得到该悬置微带过渡结构在200 GHz的频段内具有38%的相对带宽。
本文从功分器模块、微带过渡结构入手,完成了毫米波功率合成器的设计和微带过渡结构的实验验证。设计的毫米波合成器包含了易于加工、传输性能优越的新型微带过渡结构,通过优化悬置微带基板的长度,使基板两侧搭载在突出的波导侧壁中,可以在不影响传输性能的基础上,使整个微带固定在波导内。测试得到微带过渡结构的插入损耗稳定在0.5 dB以下。通过对功率合成器进行了整体优化分析,结果表明:在180~220 GHz工作频段内,功率合成器的S11参数稳定在-15 dB之下,输入端口到输出端口的损耗在0.25 dB左右。该毫米波合成器的研究,将为可搭载的高频段毫米波功率放大器模块的实现提供理论指导和技术支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62175016)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62201551)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B0101110001)
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240621001
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2024-08-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(62175016)
国家自然科学基金(62201551)
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B0101110001)
作者信息
    1北京邮电大学 北京 100876
    2中国科学院空天信息创新研究院 北京 100190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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