Article(id=1239167208832692436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239167201161302658, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240902001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=1739980800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773370085198, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773370085198, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773370085198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773370085198, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239167201161302658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773370083370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1773370146323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239167465285014189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239167201161302658, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239167465285014190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239167201161302658, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239167210346836190, articleId=1239167208832692436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Method for Measuring the Attitude of Ships at Sea Based on Image Processing, columnId=1239133500033528732, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Radar and Countermeasures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When a ship is sailing on the sea, the attitude of the ship changes in real - time due to the influence of the ship's own movement, wind, and waves. And it is difficult to accurately measure the ship's attitude in real - time from an aircraft. In order to solve the above problems, a pose - estimation method integrating the traditional template - matching method and the deep - learning method was designed. The deep - learning method improves the accuracy, robustness, and environmental adaptability of pose estimation, while the real - time performance of pose estimation is enhanced by combining it with the template - matching method based on contour features. Firstly, the three - dimensional model of the target ship was used to render the multi - pose images of the ship, and the ship attitude template library was established through the instance segmentation algorithm. Then, the visible - light images of the target ship were collected. The ship - matching images were obtained through the target - detection and instance - segmentation algorithms. These ship - matching images were matched with the images in the ship - attitude template database, and the attitude corresponding to the successfully - matched ship - attitude template image was the attitude of the ship. Through simulation verification, the accuracy of 3D attitude estimation could reach 1°.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wei YAN, Zhihu ZHENG, Chenrui GUO, Shuo WANG, Haotian DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239167213056356723, articleId=1239167208832692436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=CN, title=基于图像处理的海上船只姿态测量方法, columnId=1239133500683645881, journalTitle=遥测遥控, columnName=雷达与对抗, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船只在海面上航行时,由于船只自身的运动、风力和海浪对船只运动的影响,船只的姿态是实时变化的,要在飞机上实时、准确测量出船只的姿态是很困难的。针对上述问题,设计了一种融合传统的模板匹配方法和深度学习方法的姿态估计方法,深度学习方法提高了姿态估计的准确性、鲁棒性和环境适应性,结合基于轮廓特征的模板匹配方法提高了姿态估计的实时性。首先采用目标船只的三维模型,渲染出船只的多姿态图像,通过实例分割算法建立船只姿态模板库。然后采集目标船只的可见光图像,通过目标检测、实例分割算法获得船只匹配图像,将船只匹配图像与船只姿态模板库中的图像进行匹配,匹配成功的船只姿态模板图像对应的姿态即为船只的姿态。通过仿真验证,三维姿态估计精度可达到1°。

, authors=

闫威 1974年生,硕士,高级工程师。

郑智辉 1986年生,博士,高级工程师。

郭宸瑞 1993年生,硕士,工程师。

王硕 1993年生,硕士,工程师。

董昊天 1996年生,硕士,工程师。。

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董昊天 1996年生,硕士,工程师。。

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董昊天 1996年生,硕士,工程师。。

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Match result

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序号匹配图像文件名匹配结果文件名最小的匹配相关系数
1cur_ship_0_89_4.bmpship_0_89_4.png24
2cur_ship_1_85_4.bmpship_1_85_4.png31
3cur_ship_2_90_2.bmpship_2_90_2.png28
4cur_ship_3_93_1.bmpship_3_93_1.png19
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匹配结果

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序号匹配图像文件名匹配结果文件名最小的匹配相关系数
1cur_ship_0_89_4.bmpship_0_89_4.png24
2cur_ship_1_85_4.bmpship_1_85_4.png31
3cur_ship_2_90_2.bmpship_2_90_2.png28
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基于图像处理的海上船只姿态测量方法
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闫威 , 郑智辉 , 郭宸瑞 , 王硕 , 董昊天
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025,46(2): 116-123
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遥测遥控 |雷达与对抗 2025 , 46 (2) : 116 -123
基于图像处理的海上船只姿态测量方法
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闫威, 郑智辉, 郭宸瑞, 王硕, 董昊天
作者信息
  • 北京航天自动控制研究所 北京 100854
Method for Measuring the Attitude of Ships at Sea Based on Image Processing
Wei YAN, Zhihu ZHENG, Chenrui GUO, Shuo WANG, Haotian DONG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Automatic and Control Institute, Beijing 100854, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240902001
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船只在海面上航行时,由于船只自身的运动、风力和海浪对船只运动的影响,船只的姿态是实时变化的,要在飞机上实时、准确测量出船只的姿态是很困难的。针对上述问题,设计了一种融合传统的模板匹配方法和深度学习方法的姿态估计方法,深度学习方法提高了姿态估计的准确性、鲁棒性和环境适应性,结合基于轮廓特征的模板匹配方法提高了姿态估计的实时性。首先采用目标船只的三维模型,渲染出船只的多姿态图像,通过实例分割算法建立船只姿态模板库。然后采集目标船只的可见光图像,通过目标检测、实例分割算法获得船只匹配图像,将船只匹配图像与船只姿态模板库中的图像进行匹配,匹配成功的船只姿态模板图像对应的姿态即为船只的姿态。通过仿真验证,三维姿态估计精度可达到1°。

三维建模  /  实例分割  /  模板匹配  /  三维姿态

When a ship is sailing on the sea, the attitude of the ship changes in real - time due to the influence of the ship's own movement, wind, and waves. And it is difficult to accurately measure the ship's attitude in real - time from an aircraft. In order to solve the above problems, a pose - estimation method integrating the traditional template - matching method and the deep - learning method was designed. The deep - learning method improves the accuracy, robustness, and environmental adaptability of pose estimation, while the real - time performance of pose estimation is enhanced by combining it with the template - matching method based on contour features. Firstly, the three - dimensional model of the target ship was used to render the multi - pose images of the ship, and the ship attitude template library was established through the instance segmentation algorithm. Then, the visible - light images of the target ship were collected. The ship - matching images were obtained through the target - detection and instance - segmentation algorithms. These ship - matching images were matched with the images in the ship - attitude template database, and the attitude corresponding to the successfully - matched ship - attitude template image was the attitude of the ship. Through simulation verification, the accuracy of 3D attitude estimation could reach 1°.

3D modeling  /  Instance segmentation  /  Template matching  /  3D attitude
闫威, 郑智辉, 郭宸瑞, 王硕, 董昊天. 基于图像处理的海上船只姿态测量方法. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (2) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240902001
Wei YAN, Zhihu ZHENG, Chenrui GUO, Shuo WANG, Haotian DONG. Method for Measuring the Attitude of Ships at Sea Based on Image Processing[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (2) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240902001
船只在海面上航行时,由于船只自身的运动、风力和海浪对船只的影响,船只的姿态是实时变化的。对任意的、姿态快速变化的船只进行实时、准确的姿态测量需要一种实时的、非直接的姿态测量方法。姿态测量方法可分为直接测量法和间接测量法。直接测量法是在测量目标上安装传感器,如陀螺仪、加速度计、H轴(Heading axis,航向轴)磁阻传感器等惯性器件来测量三维姿态[1]或安装多个GPS(Global Positioning System ,全球定位系统)设备,根据相位干涉原理及天线布阵技术,利用GPS进行船只的方向定位和姿态测量[2]或采用GPS与INS(Inertial Navigation System,惯性导航系统)组合进行船只的位置和姿态测量[3]。间接测量方法采用单/双/多目相机或激光雷达测量出目标的2D图像或3D点云,应用姿态估计方法得出目标姿态。直接测量方法需要在目标船只上安装设备,不能对任意船只进行姿态测量。间接测量法的双/多目相机重建方法需要的相机数量多,使得整体设备复杂度增加,成本高。激光雷达可精确测量深度信息,但其成本高、测量距离有限。单目相机可高分辨率、实时地捕获目标图像,获取目标准确详细信息,且重量较轻、占用空间小、测量距离远,成为紧凑型航空器的理想成像工具[4]
传统的姿态估计方法主要是依据图像特征构建二维图像与三维目标位置点的映射关系来计算出目标姿态,通常分为基于特征点匹配的方法和基于模板匹配的方法。基于特征点匹配的方法通过提取图像的像素局部特征与目标三维模型的特征进行匹配。常用SIFT(Scale-Invariant Feature Transform,尺度不变特征变换)[5]、SURF(Speeded Up Robust Features,加速稳健特征)[6]、ORB(Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF,快速特征点提取和描述)[7]等特征匹配算法建立图像的2D-3D坐标对应关系,然后利用Perspective-n-Point(PnP,多点透视成像)[8]算法得出当前视角下的目标姿态。此方法需要目标有丰富的纹理来计算局部特征,因此对弱纹理目标的计算效果不佳。基于模板匹配的方法通过模板匹配得到目标的姿态信息,利用渲染工具获取目标三维模型各视角下的轮廓和边缘等信息,形成模板库。在计算姿态时,逐一将目标与模板库中模板匹配。此类算法有LineMod(Line - based 3D Object Detection and Pose Estimation,基于直线的 3D 目标检测与姿态估计)[9]、Super4PCS(Super 4 - Point Congruent Sets,超级4点一致集)[10]、Go-ICP(Generalized Over complete - Iterative Closest Point,广义过完备迭代最近点)[11]等。此方法适用于弱纹理目标,但需要建立模板库,模板匹配的搜索空间大,对光照和有遮挡目标很敏感。
传统的姿态估计方法是利用了目标的几何或纹理特征,在实际使用中由于光照变化、复杂的背景、物体遮挡会导致目标特征提取困难,导致环境适应性差,优点是计算量小,实时性好。深度学习方法因学习能力强、环境自适应好的优点逐渐成为姿态估计的新方向。基于深度学习的姿态估计方法可分为基于关键特征点、基于像素投票和基于回归的方法。基于关键特征点的方法通过深度神经网络进行图像特征提取,得到关键特征信息,建立2D与3D对应关系,再利用PnP等算法进行姿态估计。YOLO-6D(You Only Look Once-6D,一次看 6D)[12]是应用YOLOV2(You Only Look Once Version 2,YOLO二代)网络将目标顶点投影到二维图像上,预测了一个中心点和8个角点,得到3D与2D的对应关系。BB8[13]使用两阶段深度学习网络,第一阶段预测出目标的中心点,第二阶段预测目标顶点对应的2D投影坐标,最后进行姿态解算。基于投票的方法中每个像素或三维点都对结果产生贡献,关键点及其概率由一致性投票计算得出,概率分布有助于提高PnP姿态估计准确度。典型的投票方法有PVNet(Pixel-wise Voting Network,逐像素投票网络)[14]、DenseFusion(密集融合)[15]、DPVL(Dense Perspective Voting for 6D Object Pose Estimation,用于6D 目标姿态估计的密集透视投票)[16]、Pix2Pose(Pixel-Wise Coordinate Regression of Objects for 6D Pose Estimation,基于像素级坐标回归的物体6D姿态估计)[17]等。此方法能提高被遮挡目标的姿态估计精度。基于回归的方法通过深度神经网络直接回归目标姿态信息。PoseNet(基于CNN的实时6自由度机位定位算法)[18]采用GoogLeNet作为骨干网络,用回归器替代其分类器,用全连接层替代Softmax(归一化指数函数)层,得到具有一定鲁棒性的姿态估计结果。PoseNet2[19]通过对PoseNet网络进行改进,提高了场景泛化能力。PoseCNN(A Convolutional Neural Network for 6D Object Pose Estimation in Cluttered Scenes,用于杂乱场景中6D物体姿态估计的卷积神经网络)[20]、Deep6D(Deep Learning based 6D Pose Estimation,基于深度学习的 6D 姿态估计)[21]网络从单个彩色图像中联合深度学习目标检测和分割网络直接回归出目标的姿态。基于深度学习的姿态估计方法具有泛化能力强、受环境影响小、姿态精度高的优点,但也存在需要大量数据进行模型训练、模型训练时间长、模型计算量大的问题。
针对海面任意动态船只的实时、准确姿态测量需求,本文提出的姿态测量方法应用单目相机采集图像数据,利用融合传统的模板匹配方法和深度学习方法的姿态估计方法估计船只三维姿态;通过采用深度学习的目标检测和实例分割网络,提高了姿态估计的准确性、鲁棒性和环境适应性;提出基于轮廓特征的掩码图像匹配方法,避免了光照和目标纹理的影响,提高了匹配算法的实时性和环境适应性。其工作流程是首先采用目标船只的三维模型,渲染出船只的多姿态图像,建立船只姿态模板库;然后,采集目标船只的可见光图像,应用深度学习目标检测算法准确估计出目标位置坐标,基于检测框长边方向得出粗偏航角,用于降低模板匹配时的模板范围;最后,应用深度分割网络从环境中精确分割出目标,获得目标和模板的掩码图像,选择ReLU函数作为掩码图像匹配函数,实现快速模板匹配,匹配成功的船只姿态模板图像对应的姿态即为船只的姿态。
基于先验知识,设计目标船只的三维模型,建立船只姿态模板库。可采用3ds Max等建模软件设计船只的三维模型,构建虚拟环境,控制船只的姿态(偏航角、俯仰角和横滚角)。以1°为间隔,在偏航角0~360°、俯仰角-30°~30°、横滚角-20°~20°范围内,遍历生成船只在不同姿态时的渲染图像。船只三维模型渲染图像示例如图1所示。
目标检测方法通常分为传统目标检测方法和深度学习目标检测方法。由于传统目标检测方法普遍存在适应性不足、泛化性差等问题,其逐渐被以卷积神经网络为核心的深度学习目标检测方法所替代。深度学习目标检测方法通常可分为单阶段目标检测方法和双阶段目标检测方法。双阶段目标检测方法主要代表有SPPNet(Spatial Pyramid Pooling Network,空间金字塔池化网络)[22]、R-CNN(Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks,区域卷积神经网络)[23]等,基于R-CNN算法又衍生出多种改进的算法,主要有Fast R-CNN(快速区域卷积神经网络)[24]、Faster R-CNN(更快的区域卷积神经网络)[25]、Mask R-CNN(掩码区域卷积神经网络)[26]等。双阶段算法尽管在精度上表现出色,其基于锚框的设计和需要生成候选区的弊端导致处理时间较长,不适合实时性要求高的应用场景。单阶段目标检测方法省略了候选区域生成阶段,极大地提高了算法的检测算法速度,只是检测精度有一定的降低,主要代表算法是SSD(单阶段多框检测器)[27]、RetinaNet(视网膜网络)[28]、YOLO[29]、CenterNet(中心网络)[30]、ExtremeNet(极值点网络)[31]、CornerNet(角点网络)[32]等。2023年Ultralytics团队提出了YOLOv8目标检测算法,其作为一种单阶段无锚框目标检测算法,其精度和检测速度均为最优。通过不断优化和改进网络结构,YOLO系列目标检测算法在速度和精度之间取得了平衡,并被持续优化,广泛应用于各种目标检测场景[33]
对采集的船只图像,需要利用目标检测算法检测出目标的位置和粗偏航角。船只目标轮廓通常是长方形的,船头在长方形的长边方向,如果能用任意角度的旋转框来标注船只的边界,就可以通过长方形的长边轴向方向来初步确定船只的粗偏航角。由于有实时性的要求,本文采用YOLOv8 目标检测算法的旋转目标检测功能(YOLOv8-OBB,You Only Look Once version 8 with Oriented Bounding Boxes)对图像中的船只进行目标检测,得出目标切片。依据检测结果旋转框的角度,得出粗偏航角。
YOLOv8-OBB是一种先进的对象检测算法,它在传统的Yolov3和Yolov4基础上进行了优化,加入了OBB(Oriented Bounding Box,有向包围盒)旋转框检测,能够更精确地检测并定位出目标物体的位置。YOLOv8-OBB通过引入OBB旋转框检测,它允许边界框以任意角度存在,更能适应不同方向的目标物体。图2所示为应用YOLOv8-OBB检测算法对船只图像进行目标检测的结果,此算法输出的旋转检测框可准确地框在目标四周,进而得出船只的位置和粗偏航角。
图像匹配算法可分为基于特征的图像匹配算法、基于灰度信息的图像匹配算法和基于变换域的图像匹配算法。基于灰度的图像匹配算法直接利用图像中的灰度变化特征进行相似度匹配,这类方法具有匹配速度快、匹配精度高的优点,但存在对光照及噪声敏感度高的缺点。基于变换域的图像匹配算法将图像灰度信息从空间域变换到频率域,提取频率域的幅度和相位特征进行相似度匹配,这类方法具备较强的抗噪能力和较快的计算速度。基于特征的图像匹配算法对图像进行数学分析,然后提取图像中具有代表性的特征信息,如几何、纹理、梯度特征等,然后对特征信息进行描述和相似性度量,从而完成匹配。这类方法计算量小,具备一定的抗噪、抗光照变化和抗形变能力,可以对复杂的图像进行匹配,但对弱纹理图像匹配效果不好。
根据特征的种类,基于特征的图像匹配算法可以分为点特征匹配、边缘特征匹配和面特征匹配。点特征匹配方法通过特定函数获取灰度极值点,具有良好的尺度、旋转不变性,同时具备一定的抗形变能力。边缘特征匹配算法,利用物体基础的轮廓形状特征进行相似度度量,此方法对于刚性物体有效,不能适用于轮廓变形的物体。面特征匹配算法适用于图像中的物体具有大面积颜色、纹理特征的情况,匹配精度高。颜色和纹理是常见的特征,具有一定的不变性,但不同相机拍摄的图像间可能存在较大的颜色和纹理差异,会影响特征匹配精度[34]
实测船只图像与三维渲染图像的颜色、纹理和强度信息不同,实测船只图像的强度是由测量时的光照强度、角度和可见光相机的参数决定的。三维模型图像强度表征的是船体的明暗关系,甚至与船体的涂装有关。因此,使用原始的测量图像与三维渲染图像进行图像匹配或特征点匹配是很困难的。虽然两幅图像的颜色、纹理和强度不同,但船体和上层建筑的轮廓是相同的,因此本文采用船只的轮廓特征进行匹配,提取船只图像的掩码图像进行图像匹配。
将实测船只目标掩码图作为匹配图像,船只三维姿态掩码图作为匹配模板。因为二者都是简单的二值图像,所以本文采用ReLU函数作为图像匹配函数[35]
ReLU函数的定义为:
设匹配模板图像为T(x,y),图像尺寸为m×n。设匹配图像为I(x,y),图像尺寸为M×N,且mMnN。定义相关度计算的代价函数为ReLU(|T(x,y)-I(x,y)|)公式为:
由于匹配图像采用掩码图,背景是很纯净的,这种代价函数可以很好的适应这种情况。匹配的相关系数可以表示为:
其中,x,y是匹配模板图的左上角像素在匹配图像中的像素坐标,x1,y1是匹配模板图的像素坐标。
本文采用实例分割算法来获得目标的掩码图,实例分割主流的方法分为三大类:一阶段实例分割、二阶段实例分割和Query-based(基于查询)实例分割。一阶段实例分割,如BlendMask(一种分割模型)[36]、CondInst(动态实例特征驱动的一阶段实例分割模型)[37]、YOLOv8-seg[38]直接在单一的网络中同时进行检测和分割,可以在速度和精度之间取得平衡,并且实时性好。二阶段实例分割,如Mask R-CNN(掩码区域卷积神经网络)[39]、HTC(混合任务级联)[40]、Cascade Mask R-CNN(级联掩码区域卷积神经网络)[41]分为两个阶段,第一个阶段使用目标检测器来检测图像中的对象,第二阶段使用一个分割器来对每一个检测到的对象进行像素级的分割,可以实现高精度的分割,但实时性不好。Query-based实例分割(如SOLOv2[42])需要用户指定一个查询对象,然后自动检测和分割该对象的所有实例。
本文选用YOLOv8-seg对实测船只图像和船只三维渲染图进行实例分割,分别获得实测船只目标掩码图和船只三维姿态掩码图。对多种姿态下的船只三维渲染图进行实例分割,得到船只姿态模板库。YOLOv8的实例分割示例如图3所示。
姿态估计方法的工作流程可分为船只姿态模板库构建和船只姿态估计,如图4所示。构建多种姿态下船只的掩码图,作为船只姿态估计的图像匹配模板,主要步骤为:建立船只三维模型,构建虚拟环境,渲染不同姿态下的船只图像,对渲染图进行实例分割生成掩码图像,从而构成船只姿态模板库。
船只姿态估计首先对实测船只图像进行目标检测,获得船只的旋转角度,将旋转角度作为粗偏航角。根据粗偏航角,从船只姿态模板库中选取相近姿态的掩码图像模板,作为船只姿态模板组。将实测船只图像掩码图与船只姿态模板组中的图像依次进行图像匹配,计算出每次图像匹配的相关系数,选取相关系数最小的掩码图像模板的姿态作为实测船只的姿态。
使用MATLAB的3D World Edit软件,通过添加Container_Ship.x3d船只三维模型节点、视点、光源等节点,建立船只三维虚拟环境。通过MATLAB代码控制虚拟环境中的船只多角度旋转,每旋转一次,截取一幅虚拟画面图像,构建此姿态下的船只图像模板。
本仿真验证选取偏航角85°~95°、俯仰角0°~5°、横滚角0°~5°的范围内,以1°为间隔截取虚拟画面图像,采用YOLOv8实例分割模型对虚拟画面图像进行实例分割获得掩码图像,从而建立船只姿态模板库。船只姿态模板库的部分图像如图5所示。
在上述虚拟环境中,模拟现实场景,调整船只表面材料和光照,并截取4个显示画面作为船只采集图像,再通过目标检测和实例分割,获得实测船只图像掩码图。结果如图6图7所示。
将实测船只图像掩码图作为匹配图像,与船只姿态模板库中的图像分别进行匹配。取相关系数最小的匹配模板图像作为匹配结果,匹配结果见表1。图像文件名中标识了船只的姿态角,对比表1中匹配图像文件名和匹配结果文件名,可以看出匹配结果全部正确。
其中一对匹配结果图像如图8所示。
在海洋监测与船舶运行管理领域,精确获取海上船只动态姿态信息具有至关重要的意义。本文创新性地提出一种海上船只动态姿态测量方法,该方法借助单目相机采集可见光图像,将传统模板匹配算法与深度学习算法进行有机融合,以实现对运动船只三维姿态的精确估计。仿真实验结果表明,该方法展现出了极高的精度。
此方法具备显著优势,在设备投入方面成本较低,有效降低了技术应用的门槛;实时性表现突出,能够迅速反馈船只的姿态信息;环境适应性良好,即使在复杂光照等条件下仍能保持稳定运行。通过对算法流程的深入分析可知,姿态估计精度主要受制于实例分割算法的精度。在实际应用场景中,图像易受到光照、背景等多种因素的干扰,进而导致实例分割精度降低。为推动该技术的持续发展,后续需广泛采集多环境下的船只数据,并通过模型训练提升实例分割算法的精度。

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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240902001
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
  • 修回日期:2025-02-20
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    北京航天自动控制研究所 北京 100854
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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