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In response to the development trend of on-board routing devices, namely the improvement of interaction rate, bandwidth increase, and lightweight design, this paper proposes a design scheme for on-board high-speed switching algorithm based on improved polling. This scheme adopts a two-level queue scheduling algorithm based on the combination of the improved RR(Round Robin) polling scheduling algorithm and PBPW (Priority-based Bandwidth Privilege with Weighting) algorithm. In the first level scheduling, priority polling scheduling is introduced to ensure that high priority data frames can be forwarded first. A cache sharing mechanism is opened to avoid congestion and resource waste to a certain extent. In the second level scheduling, thresholds are assigned to each link to avoid certain links from being unable to receive service due to hunger, while also preventing congestion issues in other links. Compared with traditional simple queue scheduling algorithms based on FIFO (First In First Out), this improved polling scheduling mechanism significantly improves the forwarding rate of on-board routers and reduces forwarding latency. In addition, priority forwarding of high priority data frames has been achieved through polling, further optimizing the performance of the router.

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针对星载路由设备的发展趋势,即交互速率提升、带宽增加以及设计轻量化,本文提出了一种基于改进轮询的星载高速交换算法的设计方案。该方案采用基于改进RR(Round Robin,轮询)调度算法和PBPW(Priority-based Bandwidth Privilege with Weighting,基于优先级并带权重的带宽特权)算法相结合的二级队列调度算法。在第一级调度中,引入优先级轮询调度,确保高优先级的数据帧能够优先转发,同时开放了缓存共享机制,一定程度上避免了拥塞和资源的浪费;在第二级调度中,为每条链路分配了阈值,从而避免了某些链路因“饥饿”而无法得到服务,同时防止了其他链路的拥塞问题。与传统的基于FIFO(First In First Out,先进先出)的简单队列调度算法相比,这种改进的轮询调度机制显著提高了星载路由器的转发速率,并降低了转发时延。此外,通过轮询方式实现了对高优先级数据帧的优先转发,进一步优化了路由器的性能。

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苗京蔚 1999年生,硕士研究生。

刘斌 1978年生,博士,研究员。

麻智超 1985年生,硕士,研究员。

张利民 1990年生,博士,高级工程师。。

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苗京蔚 1999年生,硕士研究生。

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基于改进轮询的星载高速交换算法设计
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苗京蔚 , 刘斌 , 麻智超 , 张利民
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025,46(2): 56-63
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025, 46(2): 56-63
基于改进轮询的星载高速交换算法设计
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苗京蔚, 刘斌, 麻智超, 张利民
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 苗京蔚 1999年生,硕士研究生。

    刘斌 1978年生,博士,研究员。

    麻智超 1985年生,硕士,研究员。

    张利民 1990年生,博士,高级工程师。。

Design of Spaceborne High-Speed Switching Algorithm Based on Improved Polling
Jingyu MIAO, Bin LIU, Zhichao MA, Limin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240801001
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针对星载路由设备的发展趋势,即交互速率提升、带宽增加以及设计轻量化,本文提出了一种基于改进轮询的星载高速交换算法的设计方案。该方案采用基于改进RR(Round Robin,轮询)调度算法和PBPW(Priority-based Bandwidth Privilege with Weighting,基于优先级并带权重的带宽特权)算法相结合的二级队列调度算法。在第一级调度中,引入优先级轮询调度,确保高优先级的数据帧能够优先转发,同时开放了缓存共享机制,一定程度上避免了拥塞和资源的浪费;在第二级调度中,为每条链路分配了阈值,从而避免了某些链路因“饥饿”而无法得到服务,同时防止了其他链路的拥塞问题。与传统的基于FIFO(First In First Out,先进先出)的简单队列调度算法相比,这种改进的轮询调度机制显著提高了星载路由器的转发速率,并降低了转发时延。此外,通过轮询方式实现了对高优先级数据帧的优先转发,进一步优化了路由器的性能。

改进RR轮询调度算法  /  PBPW算法  /  二级队列调度算法  /  优先级轮询调度

In response to the development trend of on-board routing devices, namely the improvement of interaction rate, bandwidth increase, and lightweight design, this paper proposes a design scheme for on-board high-speed switching algorithm based on improved polling. This scheme adopts a two-level queue scheduling algorithm based on the combination of the improved RR(Round Robin) polling scheduling algorithm and PBPW (Priority-based Bandwidth Privilege with Weighting) algorithm. In the first level scheduling, priority polling scheduling is introduced to ensure that high priority data frames can be forwarded first. A cache sharing mechanism is opened to avoid congestion and resource waste to a certain extent. In the second level scheduling, thresholds are assigned to each link to avoid certain links from being unable to receive service due to hunger, while also preventing congestion issues in other links. Compared with traditional simple queue scheduling algorithms based on FIFO (First In First Out), this improved polling scheduling mechanism significantly improves the forwarding rate of on-board routers and reduces forwarding latency. In addition, priority forwarding of high priority data frames has been achieved through polling, further optimizing the performance of the router.

Improve RR polling scheduling algorithm  /  PBPW algorithm  /  Secondary queue scheduling algorithm  /  Priority polling scheduling
苗京蔚, 刘斌, 麻智超, 张利民. 基于改进轮询的星载高速交换算法设计. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (2) : 56 -63 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240801001
Jingyu MIAO, Bin LIU, Zhichao MA, Limin ZHANG. Design of Spaceborne High-Speed Switching Algorithm Based on Improved Polling[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (2) : 56 -63 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240801001
随着卫星通信技术的不断进步,空间探测器载荷设备的种类和数量不断增加,星间需要处理的数据帧呈指数级增长,传输速率也越来越快。同时,数据传输协议的复杂性也日益提高。因此,设计一种能够满足这些需求的星内高速路由转发器变得至关重要。传统的卫星组网网络拓扑相对简单,路由协议相对也比较简单,基本上以固定模式的点对点为主。近年来面对大规模星座组网星的应用场景,以简单的路由交换协议及低速数据传输为思路设计的初代星上路由器已经无法满足当前的需求,随着数据交互速率的加快和传输协议的复杂化,需要设计出一种满足复杂路由协议、星间星地可兼容的高速路由器[1]
过去主要由CPU实现轮询调度策略,采用优先队列(Priority Queue,PQ)和加权轮询调度(Weighted Round Robin,WRR)相结合的队列调度算法,该算法为时延要求较高的业务所在的队列设置较高的优先级,优先对此队列进行调度传输,满足其时延较低的要求。在对带宽要求较高的业务和单向传输的业务所在的队列之间采用WRR调度策略,为单向传输的业务保证了带宽分配的相对公平性,既能保证高优先级业务的QoS (Quality of Service,服务质量)要求,又能防止低优先级业务由于权值过低而长时间不被调度处理。但是,在实际的卫星网络中,由于接入卫星的业务类型是随机的,并且随机接入要传输的业务数量也不确定,此时,就需要权衡考虑高QoS需求业务和低QoS需求业务在传输过程中的公平性。比如,当卫星同时接收到这两类业务时,一般来说,会优先保障高QoS需求业务的传输;但是,此时高QoS需求业务的业务量要远远小于低QoS需求业务的业务量,并且后者的等待时间过长会导致后者的传输可靠性剧烈下降,这将极大影响卫星系统总体传输性能和低QoS需求业务调度的公平性。
为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种基于改进轮询算法的高速路由实现方案。该方案采用分层设计,将数据处理和星间转发等功能分开处理。路由器的存储、转发和轮询功能由底层的分模块独立完成,在处理过程中不再必须按照协议的形式进行层层拆解与组包,可直接透明转发。考虑到数据帧在星间传输时对优先级要求较高,当优先级高的数据帧到来时,该数据必须优先通过且不能丢帧,在输入端加入了优先级轮询调度器,当优先级较高的数据到来时,通过单独为高优先级数据帧开设FIFO或RAM (Random Access Memory,随机存取存储器),保证高优先级数据优先通过[4-6]
FPGA具有丰富的逻辑资源、更快的传输速率、灵活的动态重构能力等优势,在对时序与速率要求较高的系统中应用广泛,如高速收发、高速处理、大容量数据存储等场景。单片FPGA的处理时钟速率超过100 MHz,采用并行化处理后,实时处理能力可达Gbps级别[7]
在设计基于改进轮询算法的星载高速路由器软件过程中,由于载荷设备有其特定的接收与发送速率,在对星间AOS (Advanced Orbiting Satellite,高级在轨系统)帧进行处理时要留足够的缓存。在对高速数据帧进行缓存时,本文选用具有大容量、高读写速率等优势的同步动态随机访问存储器[8]
综上所述,本文提出的基于改进轮询算法的高速路由实现方案,充分利用了FPGA和RAM的优势,实现了对多种接口形式的载荷设备数据帧的接收、路由和转发功能,满足了星内高速数据传输的需求。
星上对数据帧的处理流程如图1所示。当A星对星间数据帧进行解析,若解析出目的IP (Internet Protocol,网际协议)为他星,下一跳为B星时,数据帧通过A星的激光调制解调模块调制后转出。B星的调制解调模块收到数据帧后解调,并将数据帧送给路由器,由路由器对数据帧进行拆包解析,若解析出的目的IP为本星,则该数据帧交给本星的星务去处理;若解析出的目的IP为他星,且下一跳为C星,则数据帧交给激光调制解调模块调制后转发给C星;C星的处理流程同上。
基于改进轮询算法的星内高速路由实现方案将系统模块化,星上信息处理架构如图2所示。数据帧由激光调制解调模块进行解调,解调后的数据帧通过高速GTH (Gigabit Transceiver Hierarchy,千兆收发器层级结构)接口存储在路由器的存储模块中,接下来交给路由器的转发模块进行轮询和查表等操作,若匹配出目的IP为本星,则直接在星内进行处理,若匹配出目的IP为他星,则转发模块将数据帧通过高速GTH接口发送给激光调制解调模块进行调制后发出。需要注意的是,虽然卫星与卫星之间通过四路激光端口进行数据的传输,但是激光调制解调模块与路由器之间仅通过一路GTH接口进行数据收发。
这种模块化的设计使得整个系统更加灵活和可扩展,每个模块都可以独立地进行优化和升级,而不会影响到其他模块的功能。此外,通过合理地分配资源和优化算法,该方案能够有效地提高数据传输的效率和可靠性,满足星内高速数据传输的需求。
激光调制解调模块将数据解调后送给路由器处理,路由器需要对数据帧进行拆包、组包、拆帧、组帧和解析数据等操作,一般情况下路由器处理数据帧的速率跟不上激光解调数据帧的速率,因此需要设计一个大的缓冲区来暂时保存激光调制解调模块送来的数据帧。本文在设计路由器时采用Xilinx公司的v7芯片,其内部自带的RAM及FIFO可以满足缓冲区所需要的存储容量[9-11]。然而,如果自带RAM与FIFO的存储容量无法满足需求,则需要考虑通过外挂SDRAM的方式来达到目的。
常使用的队列调度算法(数据流接收方式)为先进先出的队列调度算法和加权轮询调度算法。具体来说,先进先出的队列调度算法将星间数据帧到达的时间作为调度的指标,先到达的数据帧先调度。这种调度方式在FPGA中可类比为一个深度很大的FIFO,当星间数据帧数据到来时,FIFO写使能信号有效,根据星间数据帧到达的时间,先到达的先存入FIFO,当读端使能信号有效时FIFO按照信号到达的顺序进行读取,即先到达的数据先读取。这种调度方式结构简单、易于理解且容易工程实现,但这种调度方式不对星间传输的数据帧进行判别只是透明转发,因此无法为不同类型的数据帧提供差别化的服务,如大多数情况下高优先级的数据需要优先转发,此时需要更高级的调度方式来保证高优先级的数据被优先转发。对于先进先出的队列调度算法,当某个端口具有较大的流量,此时该端口将在很长的一段时间内持续占有高速GTH接口,从而导致其他端口的数据无法输出,进而产生“饥饿”的情况。
WRR算法针对业务的不同优先级,为每个输出等待队列分配不同的权值,表示一次完整轮询过程中该队列能够被服务的分组数目。WRR算法具体的调度策略为,每个队列均维护一个计数器,在每一次轮询初始时刻,将计数器的值设置为分配的权值,按照循环的规则访问每一个输出队列,当该队列非空且计数器不为0时,输出一个数据分组,计数器的权值同时减1,直到该队列为空或者权值计数器减为0时,开始轮询下一个队列。当所有输出队列均满足结束条件时(即队列为空或者队列计数器的权值为0),则结束此轮循环,计数器的权值全部初始化为初值[12-16]。由于分配的权值是允许出队的分组数目,WRR算法依然存在处理变长分组时造成的带宽分配不均的问题。
基于上述问题,本文提出了一种二级调度策略。在第一级调度中,采用改进的RR轮询调度策略[17],保证高优先级的数据帧优先通过;在第二级调度中,使用PBPW算法,接口阈值可随数据帧的流量进行设置,保证每个端口都可以得到公平的轮询调度。这种设计思路旨在通过两级调度机制,既能够保证不同优先级数据帧的QoS,又能够保证每个端口受到公平的轮询调度,从而提高整个系统的性能和稳定性[18],降低数据帧交换时延,提高路由交换速率。星上数据帧二级队列调度过程如图3所示。
传统的RR轮询调度策略只是按顺序轮询调度所有数据帧,保障其轮流使用共享资源,不考虑接口的突发情况。本文改进的RR轮询调度策略仍对接口输入端的数据帧进行轮询调度,在此基础上解析输入端输入的数据帧的接口号与优先级信息,并根据解析出的接口号与优先级信息执行相应的动作,该策略的功能及创新点如下。
①通过轮询得到每一帧数据帧的接口号与优先级信息,若此时未产生拥塞且对应接口的FIFO未满,根据接口号分配数据帧从对应的接口通过;若此时通过对比轮询到的优先级信息,有高优先级的数据帧输入,则此时优先保障高优先级的数据帧从专门开设的高优先级FIFO通过。
②在处理高优先级数据帧时,采用的方法为以资源换取高可靠性,即适度浪费一些FIFO的资源,保障高优先级的数据帧优先通过。为高优先级的数据帧专门开设一个FIFO,与低优先级的数据分开传输。当高优先级的数据较多,致使高优先级的缓存打满时,将占用低优先级FIFO来处理高优先级的数据。此时产生的低优先级丢帧现象在可接受范围之内,后续将考虑换性能更强大的芯片或者其他调度算法来规避低优先级丢帧现象。
③当根据轮询到的接口号传输数据帧时,若此时对应接口产生拥塞且FIFO已满,则此时将该接口的数据帧送到临近的FIFO未满的接口进行处理,只需保障最终输出时接口号一致即可。该功能在一定程度上缓解了拥塞,提高了交换的效率,降低了丢帧率,更贴近交换机的实际运行状态,可实现灵活调整[19]。RR轮询调度策略框图如图4所示。
本文所改进的RR轮询调度算法具有缓存共享的功能,在对接口端是否拥塞进行判断时,需要对内部开设的两个FIFO进行判断;一个是低优先级FIFO,一个是高优先级FIFO,若此时低优先级FIFO已满,且其中的数据帧优先级相同,则将后续的数据帧通过高优先级FIFO处理,达到资源共享的目的;若在高优先级FIFO处理低优先级数据帧时,高优先级的数据帧到来,则立即释放高优先级FIFO,保证高优先级数据优先转发。具体流程如图5所示。
在传统的星上数据交换过程中,无法保证每个接口的服务时间总是恒定的且无法保障每个接口都公平地享受轮询调度[20]。例如,当一个接口拥有较大的流量,此时它将长时间地输出,长时间占有输出接口,这将会导致其他流量较低的接口无法输出,从而产生“饥饿”的情况。为了应对接口“饥饿”或长时间等待的情况,需要在输出时对每个接口赋予一定的规则。因此,本文设计了PBPW算法,引入了权重及阈值的概念,根据数据帧的字节长度和流量的大小为每个端口分配阈值,解决了接口“饥饿”或长时间等待的问题。
在为每个接口设置阈值时,每个接口的初始阈值为10 000,若所需传输的数据超过10 000帧,则遵循以下原则来选定阈值
其中W表示阈值,Bi表示每个接口的缓存所占用的位宽;B表示四个接口的缓存的总位宽;5表示总的吞吐量为5 G;8表示一个字节为8 bit。每输出一帧数据则阈值减1,直至阈值为0,开始下一轮调度。
若首次调度结束接口队列非空且有阈值剩余,剩余阈值可保留作为下一轮调度使用。当四个接口队列首轮调度全部结束后,将对所有队列的阈值计数器进行一次更新;若队列上一轮有阈值剩余,则此次阈值更新为上次剩余权值与原有初始权值的累加之和。通过这种方式,能够根据不同权重来处理数据帧,确保每个接口都能享受到轮询服务,降低接口长时间等待和“饥饿”情况的发生概率,从而提高数据交换的速率和业务的QoS。
PBPW算法包含以下三个阶段:
①请求阶段:未匹配的输入端口会向与其对应的输出端口发送请求信号。
②判断阶段:未匹配的输出端口在接收到输入端口的请求信号后,会在所有请求信号中选择离指针指向最近的输入端口发送授权信号。只有当输入端口接收到授权信号,且为第一次迭代时,指针才能按顺时针方向移动到输入端口的下一个端口。
③接收阶段:未匹配的输入端口在接收到输出端口的授权信号后,会在所有的授权信号中选择离指针指向最近的输出端口发送接收信号。同样,当输入端口接收到输出端口的授权信号后,只有在第一次迭代时,指针才能按顺时针方向移动到输出端口的下一个端口。PBPW算法的流程如图6所示。
本文采用MATLAB、Vivado与实物结合的方式对本文所设计的改进RR-PBPW二级调度算法进行仿真及测试验证,以交换速率和转发时延为考核指标。在仿真时模拟如图1所示的三个卫星节点,三个节点分别设置为A、B、C,均具有以FPGA为基础的路由发送、转发及接收功能,其中A为发射节点,B为转发节点,C为接收节点,以B节点的转发时延与交换速率为指标对本文所设计的二级轮询调度算法进行评估。
测试用例:通过地检设备模拟生成64~1 280字节范围内随机帧长的数据帧,数据帧流向覆盖4个星间激光接口、W通信接口、载荷数据接口以及对地数传接口。星间激光接口流量大于等于625 Mbps,小于等于1 250 Mbps;W通信接口流量为100 Mbps;载荷数据接口流量大于等于900 Mbps,小于等于1 250 Mbps;对地数传接口流量大于等于900 Mbps,小于等于1 250 Mbps。测试满负荷下路由FPGA极限吞吐量、交换速率与转发时延。测试时的设备连接如图7所示。
第一级调度的Vivado仿真时序关系如图8所示。第二级调度的Vivado仿真时序关系如图9所示。
图8所示,wait1、wait2、wait3和wait4为FIFO中缓存的数据帧个数;pri1、pri2、pri3和pri4为从星间数据帧中解析出的优先级信息,数字越大代表优先级越高;tx_duankou为轮询调度的接口。从仿真结果可以看出:当输入数据帧的优先级全都一致时,轮询调度时根据接口缓存的数据,按顺序进行轮询调度。当解析到优先级较高的数据帧到来时,优先调度优先级高的接口,保证优先级高的数据优先通过。
图9所示,其中wait1、wait2、wait3和wait4为四个接口FIFO中排队的数据帧个数;val1、val2、val3和val4为通过计算得出的四个接口的阈值;dout为PBPW算法轮询调度的结果。可以看出:在开始轮询调度接口1时,它的FIFO中有大量的数据等待输出,但由于阈值的限制,当它输出的数据帧个数达到阈值时接口1不再输出,而是根据轮询调度到的接口2开始输出,当接口3及接口4均被轮询调度后,再次调度接口1开始输出,保证了大流量的数据帧接口不会长时间地去占用输出,避免发生“饥饿”的情况。
改进RR-PBPW二级调度算法的测试结果如图10所示,接口1发接口2收,接口2发接口3收,接口3发接口4收,接口4发接口1收,一帧一包,1 250 Mbps,各端口转发正常,满足技术指标。
先进先出的队列调度算法与二级队列调度算法在处理高优先级数据帧传输方面的时延对比如图11所示。对于高优先级数据帧的模拟工况为,在1 000万比特低优先级数据传输时,收到一帧高优先级的数据帧,本文模拟的时延即为此工况下该高优先级数据帧的传输时延。因为二级队列调度算法专门为高优先级的数据帧开设了专用的FIFO,因此二级队列调度算法在处理高优先级的数据时,显得游刃有余,传输时延极低且基本稳定不变,与先进先出的队列调度算法相比,完美地实现了高优先级数据帧优先转发的目的。
先进先出的队列调度算法与二级队列调度算法在数据帧转发时延方面的对比如图12所示,其中x轴代表发送的数据量,单位为万比特,y轴代表从发送端发送时刻开始到接收端完全接收此过程所经历的时间,即传播时延。由图可看出当数据量小于1 000万比特时,二者的转发时延无明显差异,此时二者的性能相同。当传输的数据量增多时,先进先出的队列调度算法的传播时延呈快速上升的态势,而二级队列调度算法的传播时延呈缓慢上升的态势且时延相对更短,由此可见在传输大量数据帧时,二级队列调度算法具有更短的时延,具有更大的优势。从另一个层面来讲,时延越短代表路由交换的速度越快,因此与先进先出的队列调度算法相比,二级队列调度算法具有更高的交换速率。
本文详细描述了基于改进轮询算法的星载高速路由器的设计过程,包括星载路由器的架构及各个分模块,对其中的路由模块做了重点研究,并运用二级队列调度算法,解决了传统先进先出队列调度算法无法保证高优先级数据帧优先通过的问题,以及在数据量增大时传输时延直线上升的问题。通过Vivado以及MATLAB仿真验证,所设计的路由器达到了预期目标。与传统算法相比,在传输1 000万比特以上数据时,在传输时延方面具有显著优势,交换速率得到了显著提升。
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240801001
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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