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The no-hit zone frequency hopping sequence is a sequence with zero collisions between sequences within a certain delay range, and has broad prospects in quasi-synchronous frequency hopping communication systems. To reduce frequency interference among users caused by the increase in user numbers in a frequency-hopping communication system, this article implements a no-hit zone frequency hopping sequence generation method based on matrix transformation, with variable no-hit zone range and sequence quantity, and illustrates the construction process with examples. At the same time, a high-complexity RS code was constructed as a comparison in this article, and the error rates of the two were compared through simulation under different signal-to-noise ratios and user numbers. The results showed that when accessing the frequency hopping network within the no-hit zone range, the hopping system using the no-hit zone hopping sequence had a lower error rate than the hopping system using RS code, greatly enhancing the multi-access communication capability of the hopping system.

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无碰撞区跳频序列在一定时延范围内序列间碰撞为零,在准同步跳频通信系统中具有广阔的未来。为降低跳频通信系统中因用户数增多而产生的频率干扰,本文实现了一种基于矩阵转换的无碰撞区跳频序列生成方法,并举例说明了构造过程,其无碰撞区范围和序列数量可灵活变动。同时本文构造了一种高复杂度RS(里德-所罗门)码作为比较,并仿真对比了两者在不同信噪比和用户数情况下的误码率。根据两者的构造理论和仿真结果,得出结论:在无碰撞区范围内接入跳频网络时,采用新型无碰撞区跳频序列比采用RS码的跳频通信系统误码率更低,大大增强了跳频系统的多址通信能力。

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王乐童 2000年生,硕士研究生。

付林罡 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

闫朝星 1985年生,博士,研究员。

崔学荣 1979年生,博士,教授。。

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239291960394052081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=NHZ frequency hopping sequence Hamming correlation diagram, figureFileSmall=AD57LFR+b2FflWd1ZuYLRQ==, figureFileBig=OBfCG3x32/AgNHt24kY07g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291960461160946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NHZ跳频序列汉明相关示意图, figureFileSmall=AD57LFR+b2FflWd1ZuYLRQ==, figureFileBig=OBfCG3x32/AgNHt24kY07g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291960545047027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=RS code encoding circuit with a period of 220, figureFileSmall=kvu8/larXDv6HVYgMIsJaw==, figureFileBig=5bYxYxIq9MLinnbqf+BrRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291960603767284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=CN, label=图2, caption=周期为220的RS码编码电路, figureFileSmall=kvu8/larXDv6HVYgMIsJaw==, figureFileBig=5bYxYxIq9MLinnbqf+BrRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291960658293237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Nonlinear conversion diagram, figureFileSmall=Pnv61CfkxlwO/whJOCp0Zw==, figureFileBig=srMsrtzmk3Ngi3DVqGGMiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291960717013494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=CN, label=图3, caption=非线性转换示意图, figureFileSmall=Pnv61CfkxlwO/whJOCp0Zw==, figureFileBig=srMsrtzmk3Ngi3DVqGGMiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291960775733751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, 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caption=不同信噪比下NHZ序列与RS序列的系统误码率关系曲线, figureFileSmall=/KKqSWaCfUdcjFjehLg2ow==, figureFileBig=Weo3u+LKgIx4FduBRd6+hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291964273783291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Bit error rate curve versus the number of users at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio of 7 dB, figureFileSmall=oNfaGriCpOjLqA85m3Ye+A==, figureFileBig=xHISRUDgFbMpQ2JAScLeQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291964332503548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=CN, label=图6, caption=固定信噪比为7 dB时误码率随用户数变化曲线, figureFileSmall=oNfaGriCpOjLqA85m3Ye+A==, figureFileBig=xHISRUDgFbMpQ2JAScLeQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239291964416389629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation parameter table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数取值或范围
码元周期/s10-6
跳频频点数目32
跳频频率集/MHz900-932
调制方式BPSK
跳频速率hops/s5 000
信道AWGN
RS跳频序列(220-1,2)
NHZ跳频序列(32,32,8,3)
), ArticleFig(id=1239291964487692798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239167201958220420, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数取值或范围
码元周期/s10-6
跳频频点数目32
跳频频率集/MHz900-932
调制方式BPSK
跳频速率hops/s5 000
信道AWGN
RS跳频序列(220-1,2)
NHZ跳频序列(32,32,8,3)
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基于矩阵转换的准同步跳频序列设计方法
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王乐童 1, 2 , 付林罡 2 , 闫朝星 2 , 崔学荣 1
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025,46(2): 34-40
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025, 46(2): 34-40
基于矩阵转换的准同步跳频序列设计方法
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王乐童1, 2, 付林罡2, 闫朝星2, 崔学荣1
作者信息
  • 1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 王乐童 2000年生,硕士研究生。

    付林罡 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

    闫朝星 1985年生,博士,研究员。

    崔学荣 1979年生,博士,教授。。

Design Method of Quasi-Synchronous Frequency-Hopping Sequences Based on Matrix Transformation
Letong WANG1, 2, Lingang FU2, Chaoxing YAN2, Xuerong CUI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250117002
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无碰撞区跳频序列在一定时延范围内序列间碰撞为零,在准同步跳频通信系统中具有广阔的未来。为降低跳频通信系统中因用户数增多而产生的频率干扰,本文实现了一种基于矩阵转换的无碰撞区跳频序列生成方法,并举例说明了构造过程,其无碰撞区范围和序列数量可灵活变动。同时本文构造了一种高复杂度RS(里德-所罗门)码作为比较,并仿真对比了两者在不同信噪比和用户数情况下的误码率。根据两者的构造理论和仿真结果,得出结论:在无碰撞区范围内接入跳频网络时,采用新型无碰撞区跳频序列比采用RS码的跳频通信系统误码率更低,大大增强了跳频系统的多址通信能力。

跳频序列  /  矩阵转换  /  RS码  /  无碰撞区

The no-hit zone frequency hopping sequence is a sequence with zero collisions between sequences within a certain delay range, and has broad prospects in quasi-synchronous frequency hopping communication systems. To reduce frequency interference among users caused by the increase in user numbers in a frequency-hopping communication system, this article implements a no-hit zone frequency hopping sequence generation method based on matrix transformation, with variable no-hit zone range and sequence quantity, and illustrates the construction process with examples. At the same time, a high-complexity RS code was constructed as a comparison in this article, and the error rates of the two were compared through simulation under different signal-to-noise ratios and user numbers. The results showed that when accessing the frequency hopping network within the no-hit zone range, the hopping system using the no-hit zone hopping sequence had a lower error rate than the hopping system using RS code, greatly enhancing the multi-access communication capability of the hopping system.

Frequency-hopping sequence  /  Matrix transformation  /  RS code  /  No-hit zone
王乐童, 付林罡, 闫朝星, 崔学荣. 基于矩阵转换的准同步跳频序列设计方法. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (2) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250117002
Letong WANG, Lingang FU, Chaoxing YAN, Xuerong CUI. Design Method of Quasi-Synchronous Frequency-Hopping Sequences Based on Matrix Transformation[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (2) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250117002
跳频通信是一种调制载波受跳频码控制而不断变化的通信方式,其跳频序列在不同时隙上的频率碰撞次数是影响系统性能的关键因素之一。跳频通信系统分为同步、准同步和异步三种类型。在同步系统中,所有用户在统一的时间基准下进行同步跳频,需采用完全正交的跳频序列。对于异步通信系统,随着组网用户数的增加,相互之间的频率碰撞概率和干扰会越来越大,但能够满足在整个周期的时延内都不出现频点重合的跳频序列数量有限[1],所以大多采用相关性能较好的伪随机序列生成的跳频序列,例如RS码。对于准同步系统而言,它不要求所有用户之间完全同步,只要求用户间的相对时延不超过系统允许的时间范围。通过限定在较小的时延范围内来研究序列间的碰撞,则可以生成数量较多的序列,低/无碰撞区(LHZ/NHZ)跳频序列[2]的出现比较好地解决了这个问题,它是一种应用于准同步码分多址(Quasi-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access,QS-CDMA)系统的跳频序列。
目前,针对无碰撞区(NHZ)跳频序列的研究主要有两方面:一是更为优化的理论界研究,二是最优NHZ序列的构造方法研究。
关于NHZ序列的理论界研究,文献[3]中Ye和Fan首次推导出NHZ跳频序列的理论界,给出了无碰撞区、频点数目和序列数的关系。文献[4]中Peng和Fan给出了已知频点数量、序列数和序列长度条件下的NHZ宽度的理论界。文献[5]中Ye和Fan给出了更为完善的基于最大周期汉明相关的NHZ跳频序列集,该序列集有关于序列数目、序列长度和频点数的理论界。
关于NHZ序列的构造方法研究,文献[6]基于转置法和映射法提出了两种构造NHZ跳频序列的方法,参数达到了理论界值。文献[7]基于交织的方法构造了一种NHZ跳频序列,其序列的长度大于频点个数,参数达到理论界值。文献[8]给出了一类构造NHZ跳频序列的一般方法,并给出了一种具体的方法——采样法,其参数可灵活变动且达到理论界值。文献[9]提出了一种最大汉明相关值可设定的NHZ构造方法——位移构造法,参数几乎可达最优值。文献[10]实现了一种使用笛卡儿积构造NHZ序列的方法。文献[11]提出了一种基于成熟的混沌序列的NHZ构造方法,其构造的序列在复杂度和周期性能方面具有良好性质。针对现有文献大多仅聚焦于理论方法研究,而缺少与传统跳频序列在跳频通信系统中的仿真对比,本文实现了一种新型NHZ序列构造方法,并搭建通信系统,与传统的RS码跳频序列进行仿真对比验证。
本文基于矩阵旋转法实现了一种利用设定的矩阵进行列置换的NHZ序列生成方法,相比传统序列,进一步减少了系统随着用户数增加而产生的相互干扰。比较本文构造的NHZ跳频序列与传统的RS码两者的优缺点,在一定时延(无碰撞区范围)内接入跳频网络时,相较于传统RS码,采用本文中构造的NHZ跳频序列大大减少了系统的频率碰撞,实现了更低的误码率,具备更好的多址通信能力。
定义1:设跳频通信系统中有q个频点,则频率集合为:A={f0,f1,…,fq-1} ,长度为L的跳频序列可表示为Sv={sv(0),sv(1),…,sv(j),…,sv(L-1)},sv(j)∈A。设跳频网里共有u个用户,每个用户采用不同的跳频序列,将u个用户使用的跳频序列集合记为S={S1,S2,…,Su},uN。汉明相关性是衡量跳频序列性能的重要指标,汉明相关表示的是两条跳频序列在不同延时下频点碰撞次数[11]
频隙集合A上的长度为L的两个跳频序列XYXY都属于S,在相对时延τ时的周期汉明互相关定义为
式中j+τ为(j+τ)modL,且
H XY(τ)越小,两个跳频序列之间的碰撞次数就越少,表明这两条序列之间的正交性更好。长度为L的跳频序列X={x(j)}的相对时延j+τ的周期汉明自相关为:
定义2:无碰撞区(NHZ)跳频序列的定义和跳频序列集关于自相关碰撞区、互相关碰撞区、无碰撞区的定义如式(4)所示。
NHZ跳频序列集S可定义为S{q,L,M,ZNH} [12],其中q是频点个数,L是序列长度,M是序列数目,ZNH是无碰撞区长度。
NHZ跳频序列集中的任意序列间的汉明互相关,在零延迟即无碰撞区范围内,汉明互相关和自相关为零,NHZ跳频序列的汉明互相关和自相关示意图如图1所示。
NHZ跳频序列集受到理论界的制约[13],对于理论界的研究成果很多,更多参数或者更加优化的理论界成果在近几年被陆续发现,NHZ序列有以下两条性质。
性质1:若构造的NHZ跳频序列集S中的相关参数与某理论界的等号成立,则称NHZ序列集S关于该理论界是最优的。
性质2[14]:若有NHZ跳频序列集S{q,L,M,ZNH},将其排列成M×L的矩阵,则用M×(ZNH+1)的窗口沿矩阵循环位移滑动,无论移动到哪个位置,窗口中不会出现相同的频点。由此可得qM×(ZNH+1)。
由此可知,若存在序列集满足性质2,则其NHZ长度至少为ZNH
RS码是周期为N=q-1的q元域BCH(博斯-乔赫里-霍昆格姆)循环码,RS码的符号取自有限域GF(q )。在通信中通常按非系统码生成RS码,RS(L,b)的编码方法如下:
假设有b个信息位、定义于GF(q)的RS码是如式(6)生成矩阵的向量空间
式中,aq元域中的本原元,k=b-1为最大重合次数。当信息元向量为v=[v0,v1,…,vb-1]时,RS码的码字向量为Sv=vG
由研究可知RS(N,2)可以构造出最佳的RS跳频图案,RS码的周期越长,构造出的序列的性能越好。GF(1 048 576)上的RS(1 048 575,2)码的码字向量为,设v0=0,v1=1,生成码字为[1,a,a2,…,a1 048 574],GF(1 048 576)中本原元a的最小生成多项式为f(x)=1+x3+x20,根据伽罗华域中元素的运算法则,可以得到域中的其他元素,编码电路如图2所示。
受实际工程中频点数量的影响,无法直接使用该长周期的跳频序列控制频点的跳变。因此采用非线性转换处理,将生成的20 bit RS码右乘一个20×5的矩阵,可将其转换为5 bit跳频序列[15]。该转换过程可以通过寄存器分组来实现,为保证均匀性和遍历性,每组中的寄存器等间隔抽取,抽取方式如图3所示,这样处理之后在实际工程中即可直接控制25个频点跳变。
经上述方法任取一条生成的基于RS码的跳频序列Q
设置序列间隔值不小于σ=10,经过对偶频带法[16]进行宽间隔处理后生成宽间隔序列Q′
应用了经过宽间隔处理后的跳频序列的通信系统,其相邻频点间隔显著增加,因而具有较强的抗干扰能力。
通过计算汉明相关值来验证序列的性能。具体而言,取一条最终生成的跳频序列并仿真其汉明自相关性。当时延为0时,序列的汉明自相关值最大,这意味着序列的每个元素发生重合;当时延不为0时,序列的汉明自相关值约占序列周期的3%,由此可见该序列具备良好的汉明自相关性。接着,取两条序列并仿真其汉明互相关性。当时延为0时,序列的汉明互相关值为0,即表明序列间没有重合的频点;当时延不为0时,序列的汉明互相关值约占序列周期的1.5%,这体现出该序列具备良好的汉明互相关特性。
在此基础上,所采用的生成RS码的方法较为简单,并且方便针对信息向量v、时间参数TOD或是密钥PK等因素进行非线性运算。通过这种方式,跳频序列的数目可以进一步增加,跳频序列的复杂度也能够得到提高,因此该方法广泛应用于实际工程中。
由定义2可知,NHZ跳频序列集可表示为S{q,L,M,ZNH},其中q是频点个数,L是序列长度,M是序列数目,ZNH是无碰撞区长度,下面给出构造步骤。
构造方法:给定频隙集F={f0,f1,…}为跳频可用频隙集,从中选出频隙数为q的跳频频点,其中q需满足q=M(ZNH+1),从频隙集F中任选q个即M×(ZNH+1)个跳频频点[17];把他们随机组合成为一个M行(ZNH+1)列的矩阵,记为C0 。给定旋转矩阵为向量X=[xl],l=0,1,…,ZNH+1,由C0X旋转一次后得到C0,其中,i=0,1,…M-1,j=0,1,…,ZNH;现在给定一个向量序列,n=1,2,…N,l=0,1,…,ZNH+1作为旋转向量,将C0按照旋转向量序列X进行N次旋转之后,产生了NM×(ZNH+1)的矩阵C1,C2,…,CN;最后,将矩阵C0,C1,…,CN横向排列成为一个M行(N+1)(ZNH+1)列的矩阵S,将S表示为S={s0,s1,…,sM-1},其中smS的第m行向量,m∈[0,M-1]。经过上述方法,可产生M个长度为(N+1)(ZNH+1)的NHZ跳频序列,将其记为S{q,L,M,ZNH}=S(M(ZNH+1),(N+1)(ZNH+1),M,ZNH)。
证明:因上述方法构造的S={s0,s1,…,sM-1}的行列数已知,即M行(N+1)(ZNH+1)列,所以构造的跳频序列集S中频隙数为M(ZNH+1),序列数为M,序列长度为(N+1)(ZNH+1)。下面证明S的NHZ长度为ZNH
由上述过程可知SM×(N+1)(ZNH+1)的矩阵,如式(7)所示:
初始的矩阵C0为频点的随机组合,没有重复的元素,Ci(i∈[1,N])中的全部元素全部由C0与旋转矩阵运算得到,Ci中所有元素的位置只改变了其在矩阵中的行数,而列数不变,所以使用M×(ZNH+1)的窗口在S上水平方向任意循环位移滑动过程中,窗口中不含有相同频点。根据性质2,可知其NHZ长度为ZNH,由于所选频隙q=M×(ZNH+1),根据性质1,其参数是最优的。
下面举一个简单的例子,说明这种构造方法。
设有14个跳频频点f0-f13,采用频隙集F={0,1,…13}依次代表这14个跳频频点,构造ZNH为1的NHZ序列,序列数目M取为7,N取为6,构造S{q,L,M,ZNH }=S(14,14,7,1)的跳频序列集。
(1)将{0,1,…,13}随机排列成一个7行2列的矩阵C0,下面由大到小按顺序排列
(2)设定旋转矩阵,n=1,2,…,N,l=0,1,…,ZNH+1,随机设定一个旋转矩阵X
按照,…,得到C1-C6
C0-C6组合为矩阵SS矩阵为
此矩阵的s0-s6即为构造的S{q,L,M,ZNH}=S(14,14,7,1)NHZ跳频序列。经计算,序列集Sτ=0,1,…,13时均满足,因此验证上述方法构建出S{q,L,M,ZNH}=S(14,14,7,1)的NHZ跳频序列集。Hxx(τ)=(14 0■■■■■■■■■■■■),Hxy(τ)=(00■■■■■■■■■■■■)
在MATLAB环境下搭建通信系统进行对比,分析两种跳频序列,通过对各用户施加不同的时延τ来仿真准同步和异步通信系统,其基本框图如图4所示。
采用NHZ序列与传统RS码的跳频序列进行跳频系统仿真,不同条件下通过对比误码率来对比验证NHZ跳频序列性能。仿真参数如表1所示。
固定跳频系统中用户个数为8,对NHZ序列与基于RS生成的跳频序列进行仿真验证对比,图中时延超出/不超出NHZ表示的是时延小于/大于NHZ与跳频周期的乘积,两种跳频序列在不同信噪比下的系统误码率变化如图5所示。
图5可知,随着信噪比的增加,四种情况下的误码率都有所降低。其中,采用NHZ跳频序列且时延不超过NHZ的通信系统误码率曲线下降最快;而采用RS码的通信系统,由于用户数较多,相互之间存在频点干扰,因此误码率曲线下降较慢,且时延是否超出NHZ对其几乎无影响,这与其汉明相关性的性质相符合。当时延超出NHZ时,NHZ序列的汉明相关性无法保证,其误码率相比采用RS码的通信系统更大。因此,要保证通信系统的准同步性,才能发挥出NHZ序列在NHZ内汉明相关为零的性质。
固定跳频系统中的信噪比为定值7 dB,改变跳频系统中用户个数,基于NHZ序列与基于RS生成的跳频序列进行仿真验证对比,两种跳频序列的系统误码率随用户数变化如图6所示。
图6可知,随着使用NHZ序列的跳频通信系统用户的增多,其误码率曲线变化较缓,保持在0.001附近,而采用RS序列的跳频通信系统误码率会随着用户数目的增加有明显上升。这说明随着用户的增多,采用NHZ序列比采用RS序列的通信系统的用户间频率的相互干扰更少,NHZ序列具有良好的抗多址干扰能力。
基于RS码构造跳频序列因其具有硬件实现简单、序列数目多以及汉明相关性好等优点,被广泛应用于跳频通信系统当中,但随着系统中用户数的增多,相互之间的干扰会越来越大。本文实现了一种基于矩阵转换的无碰撞区跳频序列,该序列具备零延时附近的频率碰撞为零的特点,序列个数等参数均达到了理论极限,应用于准同步跳频通信系统中,具备更强的多址通信能力。后续可寻找更为简单的构造方法,增加其工程实用性。
  • 国防基础科研计划研究项目(JCKY2021602B016)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250117002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
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国防基础科研计划研究项目(JCKY2021602B016)
作者信息
    1中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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