Article(id=1239165056647229587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239165048212476136, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20250604001, pmid=null, cstr=32406.14.ycyk.20250604001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1749484800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773369572078, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773369572078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773369572078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773369572078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239165048212476136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773369570067, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773617788336, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240206151170707811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239165048212476136, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240206151170707812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239165048212476136, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239165057813246144, articleId=1239165056647229587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Research on Variable Step-Size PI Algorithm Based on Power Change Rate Correction, columnId=1239165052184482030, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Navigation Technology Column, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Given the vulnerability of satellite signals to interference, the research on anti-jamming algorithms based on array antennas becomes crucial to ensure the reliable positioning accuracy of GNSS receivers. However, the existing variable step-size power inversion algorithms rely on the single regulation mechanism of instantaneous energy, which have insufficient stability in the dynamic interference scenarios. This paper proposes a variable step-size anti-jamming algorithm modified by power change rate, and this method adds the power change rate to correct the step-size variation based on the original variable step-size. Through the dual adjustment mechanism of input power normalization and output power change rate correction, the proposed algorithm is promoted to restore quickly the stable convergence state after an abrupt power change. This method effectively mitigates the violent oscillation of the weights caused by rapid power changes, improving both the convergence speed and robustness of the algorithm in the dynamic interference environment. Simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm achieves faster convergence speed and deeper null depths than a single adjustment mechanism relying solely on instantaneous energy. Moreover, it can effectively cope with the impact of abrupt changes in signal power on interference suppression, thereby reducing interference signal power.

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由于卫星信号极易受到干扰,为了确保全球卫星导航系统接收器的可靠定位精度,基于阵列天线的抗干扰算法的研究变得至关重要。然而针对现有变步长功率倒置算法受限于瞬时能量的单一调节机制,在动态干扰场景中存在稳定性不足的缺陷,本文提出了一种基于功率变化率修正的变步长抗干扰算法。该方法在原有变步长的基础上增加功率变化率来修正步长变化,通过输入功率归一化及输出功率变化率修正的双重调整机制,促使算法在功率突变后快速恢复稳定收敛状态,有效抑制功率快速变化导致的权值剧烈振荡,提升算法在动态干扰环境中的收敛速率与鲁棒性。仿真实验表明:相对于仅依赖瞬时能量的单一调节机制,本文所提算法实现了更快的收敛速度和更深的零陷深度,并且能够有效应对信号功率突变对干扰抑制的影响,从而降低干扰信号功率。

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杨瑞 2002年生,硕士研究生。

倪淑燕 1981年生,博士,教授。

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杨瑞 2002年生,硕士研究生。

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倪淑燕 1981年生,博士,教授。

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基于功率变化率修正的变步长功率倒置算法研究
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杨瑞 1, 2 , 倪淑燕 1, 2
遥测遥控 | 导航技术专栏 2025,46(5): 28-35
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遥测遥控 | 导航技术专栏 2025, 46(5): 28-35
基于功率变化率修正的变步长功率倒置算法研究
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杨瑞1, 2, 倪淑燕1, 2
作者信息
  • 1航天工程大学 北京 101416
  • 2智能化航天测运控教育部重点实验室 北京 101416
  • 杨瑞 2002年生,硕士研究生。

    倪淑燕 1981年生,博士,教授。

Research on Variable Step-Size PI Algorithm Based on Power Change Rate Correction
Rui YANG1, 2, Shuyan NI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC&O, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101416, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250604001
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由于卫星信号极易受到干扰,为了确保全球卫星导航系统接收器的可靠定位精度,基于阵列天线的抗干扰算法的研究变得至关重要。然而针对现有变步长功率倒置算法受限于瞬时能量的单一调节机制,在动态干扰场景中存在稳定性不足的缺陷,本文提出了一种基于功率变化率修正的变步长抗干扰算法。该方法在原有变步长的基础上增加功率变化率来修正步长变化,通过输入功率归一化及输出功率变化率修正的双重调整机制,促使算法在功率突变后快速恢复稳定收敛状态,有效抑制功率快速变化导致的权值剧烈振荡,提升算法在动态干扰环境中的收敛速率与鲁棒性。仿真实验表明:相对于仅依赖瞬时能量的单一调节机制,本文所提算法实现了更快的收敛速度和更深的零陷深度,并且能够有效应对信号功率突变对干扰抑制的影响,从而降低干扰信号功率。

导航  /  阵列天线  /  变步长  /  功率倒置算法  /  功率变化率修正  /  抗干扰

Given the vulnerability of satellite signals to interference, the research on anti-jamming algorithms based on array antennas becomes crucial to ensure the reliable positioning accuracy of GNSS receivers. However, the existing variable step-size power inversion algorithms rely on the single regulation mechanism of instantaneous energy, which have insufficient stability in the dynamic interference scenarios. This paper proposes a variable step-size anti-jamming algorithm modified by power change rate, and this method adds the power change rate to correct the step-size variation based on the original variable step-size. Through the dual adjustment mechanism of input power normalization and output power change rate correction, the proposed algorithm is promoted to restore quickly the stable convergence state after an abrupt power change. This method effectively mitigates the violent oscillation of the weights caused by rapid power changes, improving both the convergence speed and robustness of the algorithm in the dynamic interference environment. Simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm achieves faster convergence speed and deeper null depths than a single adjustment mechanism relying solely on instantaneous energy. Moreover, it can effectively cope with the impact of abrupt changes in signal power on interference suppression, thereby reducing interference signal power.

Navigation  /  Array antenna  /  Variable step-size  /  Power inversion algorithm  /  Power change rate correction  /  Anti-jamming
杨瑞, 倪淑燕. 基于功率变化率修正的变步长功率倒置算法研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (5) : 28 -35 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250604001
Rui YANG, Shuyan NI. Research on Variable Step-Size PI Algorithm Based on Power Change Rate Correction[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (5) : 28 -35 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250604001
全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色,涵盖了从交通管理到军事作战等众多领域[1]。由于导航卫星与地球之间的距离较远,信号在传输过程中会产生衰减,实际到达地面时功率仅为-155~-160 dBW。在电磁环境复杂的地表,导航信号极易受到干扰,从而影响接收机的定位准确性[2-3]。针对此问题,自适应阵列天线技术被广泛应用起来,该技术通过控制各阵元的加权参数,在不影响有用信号的同时,自适应地调节阵列方向图的形状,使其在阵列方向图中形成指向干扰方向的零点,从而实现对干扰信号的有效抑制[4]。整个天线技术以自适应算法为核心,常见的有最小均方误差算法(Least Mean Square,LMS)、递推最小二乘算法(Recursive Least Square,RLS)以及功率倒置算法(Power Inversion,PI)等[5]
LMS算法具有复杂度低、工程易实现等优点,但是存在无法平衡快收敛速度与低稳态误差之间的矛盾[6]。RLS算法相对于LMS算法,收敛速度较快,但结构复杂,运算量较大[8]。此外,RLS算法和LMS算法通常依赖于参考信号,但由于卫星接收的时变信号结构复杂,导致难以产生稳定的参考信号[9]。因此PI算法由于其盲适应能力被广泛应用,它无需任何先验信息,只需要利用接收到的信号,就能自动在干扰入射方向形成零陷,而且干扰强度越大,对应零陷越深,同时在不衰减期望信号的情况下,使阵列输出功率最小,具有很高的工程应用价值[10]
目前,国内外学者针对功率倒置算法展开了广泛研究[11]。但是传统的PI算法采用逆矩阵求解,计算量较大,为此陈等人[20]、董等人[21]通过在功率倒置阵列中引入LMS算法和RLS算法,当信号来向未知时,以第一路阵元的输入作为参考信号,通过迭代求解功率倒置阵的最优权值,实现有效抗干扰。王等人[22]采用基于线性约束最小方差准则(Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance Criterion,LCMV)的PI算法,通过最陡下降法迭代逼近最优权值,避免直接对输入信号的自相关矩阵求逆。田等人[23]、李等人[24]通过推导证明了基于LCMV准则求得的PI算法和基于功率倒置阵列的LMS算法是等效的,两种模型所求的功率倒置最优权矢量一致。然而,在权值迭代求解过程中,步长的选取会直接影响算法性能,步长过大易导致收敛不稳定,步长过小则会无法收敛。为了解决这一问题,严等人[25]通过输入信号的瞬时能量去自适应调整步长,提出了一种新的变步长PI算法,虽然显著提升了收敛速度与零陷深度,但其依赖瞬时能量的单一调节机制在动态干扰场景中存在稳定性不足的风险。为此,针对该变步长PI算法对功率变化趋势响应不足的问题,本文提出了一种改进的基于功率变化率修正的变步长PI算法。通过引入功率变化率修正机制,进一步提升算法在动态干扰环境中的收敛效率与鲁棒性。
M维阵列接收原理图如图1所示,各阵元接收信号表示为:
式(1)中,S0(n)为导航信号;Ji(n)为干扰的复包络,i=1,2,…,M-1,a(θp,φp)、a(θn,φn)分别是导航信号和干扰信号的导向矢量,N(n)为噪声信号矢量。将M维阵列接收到的信号矢量表示为:
各阵元对应的加权系数矢量表示为:
因此,天线阵列加权处理后的输出信号可表示为:
式(4)中,wH为权矢量的共轭转置。
PI算法是基于LCMV准则建立的,在线性约束条件下,固定了天线的第一路权系数,通过调整其他阵元的权系数,使得天线阵列在干扰方向上形成零点,从而最小化阵列的总输出功率[4]。最小功率可用输出信号模的平方再求期望E表示,其表达式为:
式(5)中,RXX为输入信号的自相关矩阵,一般用RXXx(n)x(n)H作近似替换。
为了所求的解有意义,故而求解的最小功率不能为零,即w1=w2=…=wm≠0,为此需要加入约束条件wHs=1,s=[1,0,…,0]T,进而得出w1=1,即天线阵列的第一路权值保持不变,始终为1[26]。根据约束条件wHs=1再结合式(5),通过拉格朗日乘数法构造性能函数:L(w)=wHRXXw+λ(wHs-1),并对其取梯度,令∇w[L(w)]=0,最终求得最优权矢量为:
式(6)中,Poutmin为输出信号的最小功率。
为了避免矩阵求逆运算,PI算法采用随机梯度下降的基本思想,通过负梯度方向变化可使输出功率以最快速度减小,从而使权值逐步迭代逼近最优权值,权值的迭代可表示为:w(n+1)=w(n)-μw[L(w)],其中∇w[L(w)]表示对构造的性能函数取梯度,再加入约束条件w(n+1)Hs=1,最终推导出最优权矢量的迭代表达式为:
式(7)采用了迭代计算的方法,计算量小易于实现,其中为确保PI算法的收敛性,收敛条件为:0<μ≤1/tr(RXX)。
由于PI算法的原理不需要预先掌握期望信号的先验信息,因此无法像LMS算法一样以误差量作为参考量。文献[25]为了选取合适的参考量,通过提取输入信号的瞬时功率对固定步长进行改善,在去除输入信号的相关性的同时提高了动态输入范围,一定程度上解决了固定步长PI算法的缺陷。其以Sigmoid函数为函数模型,提出了一种VSS-PI算法,步长的更新方程函数表示为:
式中μ用于对变步长算法里的步长幅值进行调节,δ为在当次迭代过程中权向量完成更新前后所产生的差值。
由于VSS-PI算法并没有引入有效的反馈机制去实时调整步长,对于信号功率突变环境下的干扰能力略显不足,为此本文在式(8)的基础上引入功率变化率修正项,构造了一种改进的IMP-PI算法,根据输出功率的变化情况去实时动态调整步长,形成的函数表达式为:
式(9)中取ΔP(n)=Ps(n)-Ps(n-1),Ps(n)=αPs(n-1)+(1-α)|y(n)|2,对Ps(n)采用指数平滑功率估计,使得功率变化率反映长期趋势,消除瞬时噪声干扰[27]。其中0<α<1,α越大,对历史数据依赖越强,平滑作用越明显,估计的新功率受当前信号功率瞬时波动影响小,功率更平稳。γ的存在可以灵活调整功率变化率对步长的影响程度,对于功率变化明显且希望算法能够快速响应功率变化的场景具有很好的调节作用。
γ的取值范围进行推导,在式(9)中,设K为步长幅值允许的放大倍数,为保证权值不被过度放大且稳定收敛,需满足:
式(10)中,,因此式(10)可替换为:
对于ΔP(n)<0的情况,需满足,可以推导出:;对于ΔP(n)>0的情况,需满足,可以推导出:
比较改进前后的步长函数表达式,可以看出,改进算法通过符号函数sgn(ΔP(n))感知梯度方向,当功率变化率为负时,即ΔP(n)<0,表明当前权重更新方向正确且功率下降明显,意味着算法处于快速收敛阶段,此时通过采用大γ值来加强功率变化率对步长的调控作用,从而加快权重的更新速度,使算法更快地接近最优解。当功率变化率为正时,即ΔP(n)>0,表明接收信号的功率或方向发生突变,此时权重更新方向可能不再适用,通过使用小γ值来减缓功率变化率对步长的影响,促使算法在功率突变后快速修正权值更新方向,恢复稳定收敛状态,避免因功率突变而剧烈震荡,以保持算法的稳定性和有效性。
为了验证改进算法的性能,在MATLAB环境中,通过设置不同干扰功率条件下干扰来向与功率同时突变条件下的实验,对VSS-PI算法与IMP-PI算法进行了仿真对比分析。仿真采用四阵元的均匀圆阵,阵列半径为,阵元之间不考虑互耦效应。数字下变频后的中频载波为f0=0.52 MHz,采样频率为fs=30 MHz,各阵元噪声采用相互独立的高斯白噪声,期望信号的到达方向为(0°,0°),信噪比设置为-30 dB,仿真实验中迭代次数设置为1 000次,仿真平均进行200次独立蒙特卡罗实验。选取权值的稳定精度达到10-4时认定为权值收敛。
对本文改进算法中的参数进行分析,仿真设定干扰信号来向为(60o,220o),干噪比为45 dB,干扰类型为宽带干扰。分别固定μγ中一个变量的取值,去讨论剩余变量的取值对权值收敛速度的影响。首先分析μ的取值对权值收敛速度的影响,在取值允许的范围内,取定γ=100,对μ分别取μ=0.002、μ=0.005、μ=0.009,μ=0.015,μ=0.04,改进算法的权值收敛情况如图2所示。在1 000次迭代内,当μ=0.002时,第二路权值没有收敛完成,收敛速度较慢。随着μ的增加,权值收敛速度加快,在μ=0.009时,第二路权值在183次迭代后收敛于稳定值,当μ增大到0.04时,此时权值收敛速度最快,在38次迭代后收敛于稳定值。可以看出,在取值允许的范围内,随着μ取值的增大,第二路权值的收敛速度越快,但其取值不能过大,否则会给算法的权值稳定性方面带来的不利影响。同时μ的取值过小,权值在有限的迭代次数内难以收敛至稳定状态。
接下来分析γ的取值对权值收敛速度的影响,取定μ=0.04,在上节推导的γ取值允许的范围内,对γ分别取γ=0.1、γ=1、γ=10,γ=20,γ=50,γ=100,改进算法的权值收敛情况如图3所示。在1 000次迭代内,当γ=0.1时,第二路权值在110次迭代后收敛于稳定值。随着γ的增加,权值收敛速度加快,在γ=20时,第二路权值在80次迭代后收敛于稳定值,当γ增大到100时,此时权值收敛速度最快,在38次迭代后收敛于稳定值。可以看出,在取值允许的范围内,随着γ取值的增大,第二路权值的收敛速度越快,但其取值也不能过大,否则将会给算法的权值稳定性方面带来不利影响,同时γ的取值过小,功率变化率修正项难以充分发挥作用,因此无法有效提升权值的收敛速度。
上述对于改进算法的参数μγ的取值进行了分析,得出在保证系统不出现失调和权值发散的条件下,μγ选择一个相对较大且恰当的取值,能够有效加快算法的收敛进程,缩短运算耗时,同时提升阵列天线的抗干扰效能。
上节分析了改进算法中不同参数取值对于权值速度的影响,接下来对PI-μmax算法、VSS-PI算法与IMP-PI算法在不同干噪比情况下进行仿真对比分析。本次仿真实验中设置干扰类型为宽带干扰,干扰数量为1,干扰信号来向为(60o,220o)。在干扰存在的情形下,通过设定不同的干扰功率,分析在不同干噪比条件下,第二路权值的收敛速度和在干扰方向生成零陷的变化情况。为了更好对比改进算法的收敛速度,VSS-PI算法取μ=0.04,IMP-PI算法中取μ=0.04,γ=100,PI-μmax算法的步长取满足最大收敛条件的极值。
图4展示了在不同干噪比条件下的权值迭代次数的变化情况。可以看出,在不同干噪比情况下,IMP-PI算法和VSS-PI算法的收敛速度均慢于PI-μmax算法,但是IMP-PI算法的收敛速度始终快于VSS-PI算法。同时VSS-PI算法随着输入信号干噪比的不断增大,权值收敛所需的迭代次数逐渐减少,而IMP-PI算法和PI-μmax算法权值收敛所需的迭代次数相对稳定,其中IMP-PI算法的权值收敛速度较VSS-PI算法提升了66%~72%。
图5展示了三种算法在不同干噪比条件下零陷深度的变化情况。在干扰存在的情形下,三种算法均能在干扰方向上形成准确的零陷,当输入信号的干噪比不断增大,在稳定收敛后,相比于VSS-PI算法和PI-μmax算法,IMP-PI算法对干扰均具有较好的抑制效果,零陷深度较VSS-PI算法加深了5~10 dB,同时也表明功率倒置算法在干扰强时零陷深度更深。
通过图4图5可以看出,虽然PI-μmax算法取满足最大收敛条件的极值步长时具有很好的收敛速度,但是其对干扰的抑制效果并没有IMP-PI算法和VSS-PI算法好,同时收敛速度过快还会造成稳定性不足的缺陷。
本次仿真实验中设置一个干扰,干扰类型为宽带干扰,干扰来向与干噪比在第500个采样点时发生突变,从干扰来向(60o,200o)、干噪比50 dB突变为干扰来向(80o,120o)、干噪比为60 dB。图6为干扰突变前后功率变化率的变化情况。
可以看出在前100个采样点时,ΔP(n)为负且呈现显著下降趋势,表明当前权重更新方向正确且功率下降明显,意味着算法处于快速收敛阶段,此时通过增大γ的取值,强化功率变化率对步长的调控作用,使算法更快地接近最优解。之后,在权值接近最优解并稳定收敛时,ΔP(n)稳定不变,仅在干扰功率或方向发生突变时才产生差异。当迭代至500个采样点时,ΔP(n)出现异常波动且为正,表明接收信号的功率或方向发生突变,当前权重的更新方向存在偏离风险,此时通过减小γ的取值,从而减缓功率变化率对步长的影响,通过重新修正权重更新方向,使算法在功率突变后更快恢复稳定收敛。在本节仿真中,当ΔP(n)<0,取γ=100,当ΔP(n)>0,取γ=1。
之后,对VSS-PI算法与IMP-PI算法在干扰来向与功率发生突变前后的第二路权值的收敛速度、输出信号模值以及阵列方向图进行对比分析。图7展示了当干扰的方向和功率发生突变前后,两种算法的第二路权值收敛情况。可以看出,在接收信号相同条件下,相比于VSS-PI算法,IMP-PI算法在确保权值稳定精度的前提下,可以更快地收敛到稳定值附近。在干扰发生突变之前,IMP-PI算法的第二路权值在37次迭代后收敛于稳定值,VSS-PI算法的第二路权值在124次迭代后收敛于稳定值。在干扰发生突变之后,IMP-PI算法的第二路权值在31次迭代后收敛于稳定值,VSS-PI算法的第二路权值大约在49次迭代后收敛于稳定值。
图8展示了VSS-PI算法和IMP-PI算法在干扰的方向和功率发生突变前后输出信号模值的变化情况。可以看出,在突变之前和突变之后,IMP-PI算法相较于VSS-PI算法,输出信号的模值更快趋于稳定,因此能够更加有效地降低干扰信号功率。
图9展示了VSS-PI算法和IMP-PI算法在干扰突变前后的阵列方向图。可以看出,两种算法均在干扰方向产生了正确的零陷。在干扰发生突变之前,VSS-PI算法和IMP-PI算法产生的零陷深度均在70 dB左右;在功率发生突变之后,VSS-PI算法和IMP-PI算法产生的零陷深度均在80 dB左右。通过天线阵列方向图直观地反映出IMP-PI算法对干扰有很好的抑制效果。
本文针对VSS-PI算法依赖瞬时能量的单一调节机制在动态干扰场景中存在稳定性不足的缺陷,提出了改进的IMP-PI算法。该算法在原有变步长的基础上,通过引入功率变化率修正机制去动态调整步长变化,快速修正功率突变导致的权值振荡,使算法在功率突变后能够更快恢复稳定收敛。通过分别在静态干扰条件下和动态干扰条件下对比IMP-PI算法与VSS-PI算法,由仿真实验可以得出,IMP-PI算法的收敛速度较改进前提升了66%~72%,同时生成的零陷深度较改进前加深了5~10 dB,能够有效降低干扰信号功率,为工程实现奠定了基础。
  • 某某综合研究项目(XX2024XX002035)
  • 卫星制导某某分析及提升策略研究
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250604001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-06-10
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某某综合研究项目(XX2024XX002035)
卫星制导某某分析及提升策略研究
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    1航天工程大学 北京 101416
    2智能化航天测运控教育部重点实验室 北京 101416
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