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To address the issue of the baffle of antenna cover baffle obstructing signal transmission and receiving of vehicle ground station under low-elevation condition. Firstly, the solution of the foldable mechanism was identified and the bidirectional spring coaxial parallel system which defined the key technology was studied. Secondly, start with the movement process of the folding mechanism, the mathematical model of total system was established, the influencing factors of spring damping deformation and their analytical values were obtained. Then, the dynamic analysis of the spring coaxial parallel system was carried out, and the dynamic parameters of the system were obtained. The obtained three groups parameters were combined with the virtual prototype for dynamic simulation, and through the analysis of the torsional moment curves under the separate action of the inter and outer springs and their joint action. The results showed that the proposed bidirectional spring coaxial parallel system acted alone compared with the inter and outer springs. The value of dynamic peak not only attenuated significantly(approximately 75 %~90 %)but also the dynamic peak frequency was significantly reduced, which verified that the structure with inter and outer springs connected in coaxial parallel had more stable dynamic characteristics, and which provided the favorable reference for other similar engineering projects.

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为解决天线盖挡板遮挡测控车载站低仰角信号收发的问题,本文首先确定折叠机构的解决方案,提出一种双向弹簧同轴并联系统,并对这个关键技术进行研究。首先从折叠机构的运动过程入手,建立整个系统的数学模型,获得了弹簧阻尼变形量的影响因素及其解析数值;再对弹簧同轴并联系统进行动力学分析,得到了系统的动力学参数,设置三组不同的参数结合虚拟样机进行动态仿真,并对内外弹簧单独作用及其共同作用下的扭转力矩曲线进行了分析。结果表明:所提出的双向弹簧同轴并联系统相比内外弹簧单独作用,动态峰值不仅衰减约75%~90%,峰值频率显著降低,验证了内弹簧与外弹簧同轴并联的结构具有更加稳定的动态特性,为其他类似工程项目提供了有力的参考。

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王毅亮 1986年生,硕士,工程师。

于晓黎 1987年生,硕士,研究员。

郭凯 1982年生,博士,研究员。

薛缠明 1988年生,硕士,工程师。

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Dynamical model parameters of the bidirectional spring coaxial parallel system

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参数 f(Hz) ω(rad/s) c(N·s/mm) k(N/mm)
数值1.6717.90.276.42
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双向弹簧同轴并联系统动力学模型参数

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参数 f(Hz) ω(rad/s) c(N·s/mm) k(N/mm)
数值1.6717.90.276.42
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Simulation parameters of the virtual prototype groups

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组数参数/名称内弹簧外弹簧内外弹簧结合
第一组刚度系数(N/mm)4.282.146.42
阻尼系数(N·s/mm)0.2160.0540.27
第二组刚度系数(N/mm)3.852.576.42
阻尼系数(N·s/mm)0.2250.0450.27
第三组刚度系数(N/mm)4.082.346.42
阻尼系数(N·s/mm)0.2210.0490.27
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虚拟样机仿真参数组

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组数参数/名称内弹簧外弹簧内外弹簧结合
第一组刚度系数(N/mm)4.282.146.42
阻尼系数(N·s/mm)0.2160.0540.27
第二组刚度系数(N/mm)3.852.576.42
阻尼系数(N·s/mm)0.2250.0450.27
第三组刚度系数(N/mm)4.082.346.42
阻尼系数(N·s/mm)0.2210.0490.27
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低仰角测控车载站天线盖挡板折叠机构关键技术研究
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王毅亮 1 , 于晓黎 1 , 郭凯 1 , 薛缠明 2
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025,46(5): 119-126
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025, 46(5): 119-126
低仰角测控车载站天线盖挡板折叠机构关键技术研究
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王毅亮1, 于晓黎1, 郭凯1, 薛缠明2
作者信息
  • 1北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 2太原卫星发射中心 忻州 036300
  • 王毅亮 1986年生,硕士,工程师。

    于晓黎 1987年生,硕士,研究员。

    郭凯 1982年生,博士,研究员。

    薛缠明 1988年生,硕士,工程师。

Research on Key Technologies of Folding Mechanism for Antenna Cover Baffle in Low-Elevation Tracking and Control Vehicle-Mounted Station
Yiliang WANG1, Xiaoli YU1, Kai GUO1, Chanming XUE2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 2.Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, Xinzhou, 036300, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250118004
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为解决天线盖挡板遮挡测控车载站低仰角信号收发的问题,本文首先确定折叠机构的解决方案,提出一种双向弹簧同轴并联系统,并对这个关键技术进行研究。首先从折叠机构的运动过程入手,建立整个系统的数学模型,获得了弹簧阻尼变形量的影响因素及其解析数值;再对弹簧同轴并联系统进行动力学分析,得到了系统的动力学参数,设置三组不同的参数结合虚拟样机进行动态仿真,并对内外弹簧单独作用及其共同作用下的扭转力矩曲线进行了分析。结果表明:所提出的双向弹簧同轴并联系统相比内外弹簧单独作用,动态峰值不仅衰减约75%~90%,峰值频率显著降低,验证了内弹簧与外弹簧同轴并联的结构具有更加稳定的动态特性,为其他类似工程项目提供了有力的参考。

低仰角  /  测控车载站  /  天线盖挡板  /  折叠机构  /  双向弹簧同轴并联系统

To address the issue of the baffle of antenna cover baffle obstructing signal transmission and receiving of vehicle ground station under low-elevation condition. Firstly, the solution of the foldable mechanism was identified and the bidirectional spring coaxial parallel system which defined the key technology was studied. Secondly, start with the movement process of the folding mechanism, the mathematical model of total system was established, the influencing factors of spring damping deformation and their analytical values were obtained. Then, the dynamic analysis of the spring coaxial parallel system was carried out, and the dynamic parameters of the system were obtained. The obtained three groups parameters were combined with the virtual prototype for dynamic simulation, and through the analysis of the torsional moment curves under the separate action of the inter and outer springs and their joint action. The results showed that the proposed bidirectional spring coaxial parallel system acted alone compared with the inter and outer springs. The value of dynamic peak not only attenuated significantly(approximately 75 %~90 %)but also the dynamic peak frequency was significantly reduced, which verified that the structure with inter and outer springs connected in coaxial parallel had more stable dynamic characteristics, and which provided the favorable reference for other similar engineering projects.

Low-elevation angle  /  TT&C vehicle station  /  Radome baffle  /  Foldable mechanism  /  Bidirectional spring coaxial parallel system
王毅亮, 于晓黎, 郭凯, 薛缠明. 低仰角测控车载站天线盖挡板折叠机构关键技术研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (5) : 119 -126 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250118004
Yiliang WANG, Xiaoli YU, Kai GUO, Chanming XUE. Research on Key Technologies of Folding Mechanism for Antenna Cover Baffle in Low-Elevation Tracking and Control Vehicle-Mounted Station[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (5) : 119 -126 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250118004
在日益增多的测控任务中,多数情况下要求测控车载站能够跟踪低空目标,因此天线需具备低仰角的跟踪功能。在低仰角条件下,天线传输的电磁波信号时常会受到障碍物盲区遮挡、多径干扰和信号衰落等问题的影响[1]。在地空通信中,由于不同极化方式的反射系数存在差异,会出现较大的多径衰落[2]。若遮挡障碍物的存在使得低仰角测量的性能无法满足实际指标要求,天线信号起伏不稳定,跟踪能力不稳定,严重时可能会引起信号剧烈抖动甚至失去目标[3]。可见,低仰角跟踪问题已成为测控领域的经典难题之一。
在测控车载站中,多数配置单反射面天线,其发射信号时沿抛物面法向平行辐射;接收信号时经抛物面反射后汇聚于馈源。当测控车载站工作时,首先将方舱顶部的滑动天线盖打开,再将天线升至方舱外进行信号收发。如图1所示,当测控车载站天线升至方舱顶部后,需在天线前端安装天线盖竖立挡板,其作用主要有两个:一是对滑动天线盖进行开闭行程上的限位;二是当滑动天线盖闭合后,对其前方进行密封遮挡,以便可靠运输。
当前,工程领域对车载站天线盖挡板的研究主要停留在固定式结构的层面。例如:文献[4]对某武器系统设备回转半径大、俯仰范围大的特点,设计一种高防护性能的滑移式方舱保护罩,具有较好的防雨防尘等作用;专利[5]提出一种方舱滑盖机构,通过在滑盖前端内侧设置密封圈,确保滑盖关闭后良好的密封防水功能;文献[6]设计了针对舱顶雷达的自动开合机构,其独特之处是由对称分布的大小两部分盖板配合电动推杆和拉杆组成,目的是解决雷达升至舱顶后的密封问题。以上结构形式都可满足滑动天线盖的限位及密封需求,但均采用始终竖立支撑且不可调节的设计,未考虑天线在低仰角工作时的信号遮挡问题。
在折叠机构中,弹簧阻尼系统发挥着核心作用。国内相关研究主要集中在以下几个方面:文献[7]提出一种由拉伸弹簧和缸体组成的负刚度机构,通过与正刚度压缩弹簧并联构成混合系统,但其架构的弹簧阻尼系统模型为相互垂直方向的定义约束;文献[8]选择合适的阻尼和刚度形式,来实现满足隔振器的不同需求;文献[9]基于遗传算法对并联弹簧机构进行优化设计,将六组弹簧沿圆周均布设置,实现不同刚度的弹簧来产生高弹射效率;文献[10]采用模型叠加理论,在计算随机激励下研究了橡胶元件的动态特性,提高了模型的准确性;文献[11]基于弹簧缓冲理论设计了一种多层嵌套式缓冲装置,实现弹簧阻尼的单向嵌套叠加。以上成果多聚焦于弹簧阻尼的不同组合方法、单向嵌套叠加较多,而均未在双向弹簧的同轴系统结构做深入研究。此外,通过对文献[12]和[13]的研究,得知运用频域指标分解振动控制分析方法,结合刚柔耦合动力学与非线性阻尼结合的优化方法,可以提升车载驾驶室舒适性能,并获得全局角度的驾驶室振动最优控制,这表明弹簧阻尼系统的研究对于整车行驶过程中耦合共振和隔振能力具有至关重要的意义。
相对而言,国外的研究较为侧重于缓冲压缩过程中的流体动力学模拟[14]、被动式阻尼非线性动力学[15]、正负刚度弹簧机构的应用[16,17] 以及迭代控制理论的算法[1820]等方向。值得说明的是将弹簧阻尼模型与润滑摩擦等方面结合,例如:采用微观接触理论及多物理场联合仿真,研究驱动总成的弹簧阻尼模型,并探讨弹性流体模型的润滑[2123],基于瞬时摩擦动力学,分析活塞弹簧阻尼模型与摩擦性能平衡曲线,以及对轴承间隙弹膜非线性振动的影响[2426],上述研究成果应用在解决整车NVH(Noise, Vibration, Harshness,噪声、振动与声振粗糙度)尤为广泛。
为此,本文针对测控车载站在低仰角工作时滑动天线盖前端挡板产生的遮挡问题,提出一种基于双向弹簧同轴并联系统的天线盖挡板可折叠关键技术,对其进行分析和研究,通过虚拟样机动态仿真验证其优越的稳定性。
现有的测控车载站低仰角工作状态如图2所示,滑动天线盖打开后,其前端的天线盖挡板刚性固定在车载站舱顶上,且始终处于竖立状态,因此当天线升起并处于低仰角状态收发信号时,在特定方位条件下竖立的天线盖挡板会对天线通信造成干扰,使得信号收发有效区域受到遮挡,产生了一定的信号盲区,有时会直接导致任务成败,这对于整个系统的影响是很严重的。
由于测控车载站的运输限高要求,在设计时需保证测控车载站方舱内部的天线在高度方向上结构紧凑,且无法通过更改天线座本身的结构以及俯仰旋转中心的高度,来调节低仰角状态后的信号收发有效区域。鉴于以上问题,本文从固定竖立的天线盖挡板产生信号遮挡的角度分析,提出一种测控车载站天线盖挡板设计为可折叠的方案。
图3(a)所示,在天线盖挡板沿着X方向布置折叠机构,使得天线在低仰角工作时,天线盖挡板由原本固定在Y方向的竖立形式,转化为可折叠90°后沿着X方向的水平形式。
图3(b)所示,天线盖挡板在宽度方向上跨距较长,一般为2 400 mm左右,需在天线盖挡板的两端分别布置一套折叠机构。每套折叠机构均配备弹簧阻尼,保证了整个折叠运动过程中受力更加均匀平顺。当天线盖挡板为折叠90°时,可实现低仰角状态的天线信号收发有效区域无遮挡。
鉴于测控车载站长期越野运输及户外环境的影响,为实现折叠机构由竖直到水平、再到竖直的动作顺序,由人工手动驱动天线盖挡板的折叠,当折叠机构达到水平形式后,锁定天线盖挡板两端的锁定销;当实现折叠机构竖立形式时,脱开锁定销,天线盖挡板在折叠机构弹簧阻尼的作用下即可自动复位竖立状态。
图4(a)所示为折叠机构运动过程的初始状态,根据测控车载站在行驶过程中的惯性特征,将天线盖挡板的初始位置定义为偏置一定角度θ,而并非与Y轴重合,其目的是使滑动天线盖闭合到位后,沿着X轴的负方向始终与天线盖挡板之间存在弹簧阻尼作用下的预紧力,可实现行车过程中滑动天线盖与挡板之间良好的动态密封性。
图4(b)所示为折叠机构运动过程的数学模型,其中:AB表示机构初始长度,BC表示机构折叠压缩后长度lα0为初始状态下弹簧阻尼轴线与折叠挡板之间的初始角度,β0为初始状态下机构折叠前后弹簧阻尼轴线之间的初始角度,δ为机构折叠前后弹簧阻尼的变形量。
图4(b)可以得出:
定义Δα和Δβ为弹簧阻尼形变过程中产生的微小变量,将(2)式进行微分可得:
由折叠机构的运动分析可知,β0会逐渐趋向于0,因此式(4)简化为:
从另一个角度对图4(b)进行分析,在AB上分别作D点使得BC=BD=l,作E点使得CEAB,当折叠机构运动过程中,随着β0逐渐减小,AB逐渐趋向于BCCE会逐渐趋向于CDAD会逐渐趋向于AE,由弧CD=BC·β0δCDcotα0,因此近似可得:δ0cotα0,当在极小数条件下,β0≈Δβ,可见该结论和式(5)表达式一致。
由以上分析可知,折叠机构中双向弹簧同轴并联系统的为l定值,则其变形量δ随着β0的增大而增大,随着α0的增大而减小。
本文初设折叠机构的θ为5°,l为230 mm,通过正弦定理可得α0为43.6°,β0为41.4°。定义折叠机构在单位时间内的微动单元量为100,可得Δβ约为0.41°。将以上数据代入公式(5),可得机构折叠前后弹簧阻尼变形量的解析数值δ≈0.1m,即100 mm。
双向弹簧同轴并联系统设置内弹簧与外弹簧协同作用,组成同轴并联结构。图5(a)所示为双向弹簧同轴并联系统的组成图,定义内弹簧为拉伸弹簧置于腔体内,外弹簧为压缩弹簧置于腔体外,内弹簧和外弹簧分别布置在缸体内外,形成同轴压缩方向和同轴拉伸方向的双向阻尼,因此当推杆受到外力后,整个双向弹簧同轴并联系统会同时受到内外弹簧产生的拉压双重效应。
图5(b)是双向弹簧同轴并联系统的动力学模型,其中:F为外力,m为系统质量,x为系统位移变量,k1k2分别表示外弹簧和内弹簧的刚度系数,c1c2分别表示外弹簧和内弹簧的阻尼系数,x1x2分别为外弹簧和内弹簧的位移变量。由此可知,该系统的动力学响应等效于x1x2的响应之和,忽略系统中产生摩擦力的影响,假设F为简谐力,先考虑x1,则系统的动力学方程可表示为:
将式(6)展开可得:
由式(7)可得,该系统的响应为:
式中:A1为外弹簧幅值,ω1为外弹簧固有频率,θ1为外弹簧响应相位差,将x2也叠加考虑可得整个系统的响应为:
由振动力学[27]中振动响应内容定义:
对动力学模型进行数值计算,令系统质量m为20 kg,F为485 N,X为100 mm,θ为π/2,由式(6)~(11)可以得出,在单位时间内双向弹簧同轴并联系统的动力学参数,见表1
根据上述建模设计和动力学分析,应用ADAMS(Automated Oynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems, 机械系统的自动动态分析)建立折叠机构的虚拟样机。如图6所示,两套折叠机构对称布局在天线盖挡板的左右两端,便于平衡支撑天线盖挡板。对天线盖挡板施加运动属性,对折叠机构进行相应的约束并施加弹性载荷参数,使得折叠机构中的弹簧阻尼动态变化,通过建立虚拟样机,以便进一步研究该机构的动态特性。
对于双向弹簧同轴并联系统来讲,其刚度系数和阻尼系数对系统的动态特性影响较大,本文分别对单一内弹簧、单一外弹簧和内外弹簧同时作用,设置三组不同的虚拟样机参数进行拆分对比仿真分析。鉴于内外弹簧材料属性一致,取内弹簧的线径约为外弹簧的1.5~2倍,且内弹簧运动产生的摩擦接触面积约为外弹簧的4~5倍,由此定义内弹簧的刚度系数是外弹簧的1.5~2倍,内弹簧的阻尼系数是外弹簧的4~5倍,将前文2.2节计算结果得出的参数代入仿真分析,得到三组虚拟样机的仿真参数见表2
在天线盖挡板的折叠过程中,双向弹簧同轴并联系统随着折叠机构实时动态变化,这种变化不仅是体现在弹簧的轴向方向上,同时在其扭转方向也存在动态变化。本文采用双向弹簧同轴并联系统的扭转力矩来表征其动态特性,通过仿真得到扭转力矩随时间变化的曲线如图7所示,其中SPRING 1代表内弹簧,SPRING 2代表外弹簧。
图7(a)图7(b)为第一组参数得到的仿真结果,图7(c)图7(d)为第二组参数得到的仿真结果,图7(e)图7(f)为第三组参数得到的仿真结果。
图7(a)图7(c)图7(e)可以看出,在外弹簧和内弹簧在三组参数的分别单独作用下,两者随时间变化的扭转力矩曲线,即便是在天线盖挡板折叠转动的微振动环境中,仍然可以看到在天线盖挡板的折叠过程中产生显著的动态振动。在外弹簧和内弹簧单独作用时,两者处于正向振动的频次要高于负向振动,且从数量级上看,外弹簧的扭转力矩峰值约1.5 E-006 N.mm,内弹簧的扭转力矩峰值约7.5 E-007 N.mm,可见从扭转力矩表现出的系统振动幅值中,内弹簧要比外弹簧基本小一倍,但两者的振动波形频次基本一致。
图7(b)图7(d)图7(f)给出了在三组参数下,内外弹簧共同作用下的扭转力矩曲线,分别对比图7(a)图7(c)图7(e)可以明显看出相比单独弹簧作用,共同作用时的外弹簧扭转力矩峰值约3.75 E-007 N.mm,衰减了近75%,内弹簧扭转力矩峰值降低则更多,衰减达到90%,均优于单独弹簧作用下的峰值数据。由图同时可以看到,共同作用时的峰值较为集中地出现在时间每间隔2~5 s的区域,且出现峰值的频率也明显少于单独弹簧,这表明内外弹簧共同作用会使得整个系统的动态特性更加平稳,可有效降低系统的动态特性波峰及峰值频率,充分提高整个系统运行的稳定性。
经过以上仿真分析可以得出:双向弹簧同轴并联系统和其刚度系数以及阻尼系数是密切相关的,本文方案提出的双向弹簧同轴并联系统相比内外弹簧单独作用,动态峰值衰减约75%~90%,峰值频率也得到明显降低,其动态特性相比单独弹簧作用要更加出色。
针对测控车载站低仰角状态工作时,其天线盖挡板对收发信号产生遮挡的问题,本文采用带有双向弹簧同轴并联系统的折叠机构,实现了天线盖挡板竖立固定折叠为水平形式,有效避免了低仰角状态障碍物盲区遮挡的影响。通过对折叠机构中关键技术的研究,提出了由内弹簧与外弹簧组成的双向弹簧同轴并联系统,分别对其进行数学建模和动力学分析,得到了内外弹簧刚度系数和阻尼系数,将其代入建立的虚拟样机,获得内外弹簧单独作用及其共同作用下的扭转力矩曲线。仿真结果显示双向弹簧同轴并联系统比单独弹簧作用的动态峰值衰减更明显且峰值频率的出现得到有效降低,表明该系统具有更加稳定的动态特性。现有代表性的设计研究,如前文引言所述均未涉及本文所提出的折叠机构方案,本文所研究的关键技术为实际工程项目提供了更有利的指导经验。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(92271202)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250118004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-18
  • 修回日期:2025-03-25
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国家自然科学基金重点项目(92271202)
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    1北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    2太原卫星发射中心 忻州 036300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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