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With the rapid development of smart vehicles and autonomous driving technology, high-precision 3D navigation has emerged as a crucial supporting technology. However, the limitations of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) in terms of accurate elevation positioning and complex, variable highway traffic scenarios have posed constraints on autonomous and intelligent driving systems. This paper proposes a BDS+5G integrated positioning model based on adaptive Kalman filtering technology, aiming to address the decline in positioning accuracy caused by signal occlusion, signal loss, and multipath effects in complex highway traffic environments. By constructing an integrated positioning vector equation and introducing innovation vectors and robust factors, the model achieves adaptive suppression of measurement noise, thereby enhancing positioning accuracy. Field tests conducted at the Liuxia Hub on the Hangzhou Beltway Expressway, coupled with superimposed validation using 3D high-precision laser point cloud maps, demonstrate that this model can significantly improve positioning performance in complex traffic environments, with an elevation positioning error of less than 0.2 m, capable of supporting 3D lane-level navigation. This validates the application potential of BDS+5G hybrid positioning technology in the field of smart vehicles and autonomous driving.

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随着智能汽车和自动驾驶技术的迅猛发展,高精度三维导航已成为关键支撑技术。然而,北斗卫星导航系统在高程精准定位以及复杂多变的公路交通场景中存在局限性,这制约了自动驾驶和智能驾驶系统的发展。本文提出了一种基于自适应卡尔曼滤波技术的北斗+5G融合定位模型,旨在解决复杂公路交通环境下信号遮挡、信号缺失、多径效应等导致的定位精度下降问题。该模型通过构建融合定位向量方程,并引入新息向量和抗差因子,实现了对量测噪声的自适应抑制,提高了定位精度。在杭州绕城高速留下枢纽进行的实地测试,结合三维高精度激光点云地图进行的叠加验证表明:该模型在复杂交通环境中能够显著提升定位性能,高程定位误差小于0.2 m,能够支持三维车道级导航,验证了北斗+5G融合定位技术在智能汽车和自动驾驶领域的应用潜力。

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陈荣伟 1972年生,本科,正高级工程师。

李奇 1982年生,博士,工程师。

丁振柯 1998年生,博士研究生。

朱沛林 1989年生,硕士,高级工程师。

秦海军 1979年生,本科,工程师。

耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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陈荣伟 1972年生,本科,正高级工程师。

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陈荣伟 1972年生,本科,正高级工程师。

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李奇 1982年生,博士,工程师。

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李奇 1982年生,博士,工程师。

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丁振柯 1998年生,博士研究生。

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丁振柯 1998年生,博士研究生。

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朱沛林 1989年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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朱沛林 1989年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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秦海军 1979年生,本科,工程师。

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秦海军 1979年生,本科,工程师。

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耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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Simulation test results

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多径测距误差纯北斗定位误差峰值北斗+5G融合定位误差峰值
传统卡尔曼滤波自适应卡尔曼滤波传统卡尔曼滤波自适应卡尔曼滤波
单颗北斗卫星102.41.42.01.5
204.32.24.92.5
306.73.16.22.9
4011.45.08.54.9
单颗北斗卫星+单个5G天线102.62.0
207.13.6
3010.15.6
4012.87.6
), ArticleFig(id=1239265687324120028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165052956233974, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多径测距误差纯北斗定位误差峰值北斗+5G融合定位误差峰值
传统卡尔曼滤波自适应卡尔曼滤波传统卡尔曼滤波自适应卡尔曼滤波
单颗北斗卫星102.41.42.01.5
204.32.24.92.5
306.73.16.22.9
4011.45.08.54.9
单颗北斗卫星+单个5G天线102.62.0
207.13.6
3010.15.6
4012.87.6
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北斗+5G融合定位在复杂交通环境中的应用研究
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陈荣伟 1 , 李奇 2 , 丁振柯 3 , 朱沛林 1 , 秦海军 4 , 耿长江 2
遥测遥控 | 导航技术专栏 2025,46(5): 81-88
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遥测遥控 | 导航技术专栏 2025, 46(5): 81-88
北斗+5G融合定位在复杂交通环境中的应用研究
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陈荣伟1, 李奇2, 丁振柯3, 朱沛林1, 秦海军4, 耿长江2
作者信息
  • 1浙江公路水运工程咨询集团有限公司 杭州 310006
  • 2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 3北京邮电大学 北京 100876
  • 4广州大道信息科技有限公司 广州 510630
  • 陈荣伟 1972年生,本科,正高级工程师。

    李奇 1982年生,博士,工程师。

    丁振柯 1998年生,博士研究生。

    朱沛林 1989年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    秦海军 1979年生,本科,工程师。

    耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

Research on the Application of BDS+5G Integrated Positioning Technology in Complex Highway Traffic Environment
Rongwei CHEN1, Qi LI2, Zhenke DING3, Peilin ZHU1, Haijun QIN4, Changjiang GENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhejiang Highway & Water Transportation Engineering Consulting Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310006, China
  • 2.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 3.Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
  • 4.Guangzhou Avenue Information Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510630, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241106001
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随着智能汽车和自动驾驶技术的迅猛发展,高精度三维导航已成为关键支撑技术。然而,北斗卫星导航系统在高程精准定位以及复杂多变的公路交通场景中存在局限性,这制约了自动驾驶和智能驾驶系统的发展。本文提出了一种基于自适应卡尔曼滤波技术的北斗+5G融合定位模型,旨在解决复杂公路交通环境下信号遮挡、信号缺失、多径效应等导致的定位精度下降问题。该模型通过构建融合定位向量方程,并引入新息向量和抗差因子,实现了对量测噪声的自适应抑制,提高了定位精度。在杭州绕城高速留下枢纽进行的实地测试,结合三维高精度激光点云地图进行的叠加验证表明:该模型在复杂交通环境中能够显著提升定位性能,高程定位误差小于0.2 m,能够支持三维车道级导航,验证了北斗+5G融合定位技术在智能汽车和自动驾驶领域的应用潜力。

北斗  /  5G  /  公路  /  融合定位  /  激光点云

With the rapid development of smart vehicles and autonomous driving technology, high-precision 3D navigation has emerged as a crucial supporting technology. However, the limitations of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) in terms of accurate elevation positioning and complex, variable highway traffic scenarios have posed constraints on autonomous and intelligent driving systems. This paper proposes a BDS+5G integrated positioning model based on adaptive Kalman filtering technology, aiming to address the decline in positioning accuracy caused by signal occlusion, signal loss, and multipath effects in complex highway traffic environments. By constructing an integrated positioning vector equation and introducing innovation vectors and robust factors, the model achieves adaptive suppression of measurement noise, thereby enhancing positioning accuracy. Field tests conducted at the Liuxia Hub on the Hangzhou Beltway Expressway, coupled with superimposed validation using 3D high-precision laser point cloud maps, demonstrate that this model can significantly improve positioning performance in complex traffic environments, with an elevation positioning error of less than 0.2 m, capable of supporting 3D lane-level navigation. This validates the application potential of BDS+5G hybrid positioning technology in the field of smart vehicles and autonomous driving.

BDS  /  5G  /  Highway  /  Integrated positioning  /  Laser point cloud
陈荣伟, 李奇, 丁振柯, 朱沛林, 秦海军, 耿长江. 北斗+5G融合定位在复杂交通环境中的应用研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (5) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241106001
Rongwei CHEN, Qi LI, Zhenke DING, Peilin ZHU, Haijun QIN, Changjiang GENG. Research on the Application of BDS+5G Integrated Positioning Technology in Complex Highway Traffic Environment[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (5) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241106001
智能汽车、自动驾驶作为当今公路交通转型的变革性技术[1],正在加速实现商业化。例如百度的“萝卜快跑”无人驾驶出租车已集成了北斗卫星导航系统,这为高精度导航提供了基础支持[2]。预计到2030年,中国乘用车市场L2级装配率将接近90%,L3及以上自动驾驶搭载率将达到30%[3]。导航和定位技术是智能汽车以及无人驾驶领域的重要支撑,无人驾驶车辆对高精度定位的需求尤为严格,为了在复杂的交通环境中实现安全行驶,自动驾驶系统依赖于厘米级的定位精度,才能进行车道级导航、准确避障和高效路径规划[4]。北斗卫星导航系统[5]是中国自主研制的全球卫星导航系统,也是和GPS、Galileo、GLONASS并列的四大GNSS系统之一。截至2024年9月,我国已先后成功发射60颗北斗卫星[6],中国卫星导航系统管理办公室测试评估研究中心的健康监测数据显示,其中47颗北斗卫星在轨正常提供服务。北斗卫星定位系统在提供全球导航服务方面扮演了重要角色,然而其在高程精度上仍存在一定局限性。根据北斗卫星导航系统的公开服务性能规范[7],北斗全球导航服务的高程定位精度平均值为10 m,这一指标难以满足L3自动驾驶和智能驾驶系统对更高精度定位的需求。特别是在一些复杂的道路环境中,如桥梁、隧道、边坡、高架桥以及城市建筑密集区域,受信号遮挡和多径效应影响,北斗系统的高程定位误差可能进一步增大,导致车辆定位不准确,甚至出现定位服务不可用的情况。
融合定位方案可弥补单一北斗卫星导航系统定位的不足。国家和行业正在推动“综合定位导航授时(Position Navigation Timing,PNT)体系”的构建,而北斗和5G都是综合PNT体系的重要组成部分[8],北斗+5G融合定位技术是PNT通导融合领域最重要的创新技术[9]。2020年,在移动通信领域北斗国际标准联合推进工作组的推动下,成功将北斗三号B1C定位写入3GPP R16(Third Generation Partnership Project Release 16)国际移动通信标准,大幅推进了北斗+5G融合定位的标准化应用进程[10]。近年来,国内运营商均在紧锣密鼓地开展5G基站R16版本演进策略研究[11],北斗+5G融合定位技术的应用研究陆续开展:瑞典皇家理工学院的研究团队[12]利用5G基站的测距、测角数据与车辆加速度数据,结合扩展卡尔曼滤波器,显著提升了高速公路、隧道、城市峡谷等GNSS覆盖不足区域的定位精度,研究显示其定位性能优于传统GNSS;针对边坡、城市峡谷、高架等复杂公路交通定位环境中北斗卫星信号易受干扰导致定位精度降低的问题,曹晓春团队[13]提出了一种基于最小二乘残差Helmert后验加权误差校正的北斗+5G融合定位模型,通过仿真实验,证明该模型能显著改善可见卫星数不足的问题,大幅提升了复杂公路交通环境下的定位性能;龚利等[14]提出了一种基于改进型联邦卡尔曼滤波算法的北斗+5G融合定位模型,解决了铁路机车在实际应用中可能产生较大误差甚至无法定位的问题;马雨薇[15]等通过试验对基于5G TDOA和最小二乘算法的北斗+5G融合定位进行了验证,证明北斗+5G融合定位在城市峡谷或遮挡环境下利用基站观测量与北斗联合完成定位,可以解决定位可用性问题。
本文旨在已有研究的基础上,进一步探索北斗+5G融合定位技术在复杂公路交通环境下的应用方法,主要针对信号遮挡、信号缺失、多径、信源不足、信源异步等实际应用中常见异常,提出了一种基于自适应卡尔曼滤波技术的融合定位策略[16],用于消除由于异常情况导致的量测误差。通过在杭州绕城高速留下互通枢纽部署5G定位设备开展实地测试,结合三维高精度激光点云地图对测试效果进行叠加分析,验证北斗+5G融合定位技术在复杂公路交通环境中的应用效果。
在北斗+5G融合定位模型中,用户终端同时接收北斗和5G信号并进行测距,北斗测距算法为:
其中,ρBD为北斗测距结果,P为伪距测量值,Iono为电离层延迟,Trop为对流层延迟,CLK为卫星钟差,TGD为群时延,Rela为相对论效应修正值。接收机可以通过解算北斗卫星播发的导航电文和伪距码得到这些参数[17]。5G测距方法为到达时间差(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA)[18]方法,利用5G基站和终端接收机之间的单向传播时间乘以光速可得到基站与终端接收机之间的带钟差的距离,用户终端到5G基站天线i和5G基站天线0之间的测量距离差记为。则自适应卡尔曼滤波北斗+5G融合定位向量方程可写为[19]
式中,为北斗和5G的测距向量,为含有接收机位置三维坐标[x,y,z]、接收机钟差δ和接收机到基站天线0之间距离的未知数向量,表示测量误差向量,f为未知数向量和测距向量之间的映射函数,其中用到的北斗卫星坐标和5G基站天线坐标需要提前算出或给出。求解此向量方程能够得到初始状态向量X0,同时估计接收机的速度和加速度。
公路交通环境导航定位应用是一个持续的过程,在其中可建立离散时间状态方程,基于前一历元时刻接收机的位置、速度和加速度预测当前历元时刻t的一步预测状态向量:
其中F为状态转移矩阵,一步预测协方差矩阵为:
其中Q为过程噪声协方差阵,设其为高斯白噪声。引入新息向量:
其中Htt时刻的观测矩阵,在北斗+5G融合定位公路交通环境中,多径、遮挡等因素导致的量测噪声是最主要的误差来源,t时刻的量测噪声方差阵可采用下式进行估计:
其中:
b为遗忘因子,取0.95,构造判别统计量和抗差因子:
则卡尔曼滤波增益矩阵为:
状态向量估计为:
状态协方差阵估计为:
其中,卡尔曼增益Kt是权重矩阵,I是单位矩阵。
图1显示了本方法通过循环迭代持续输出北斗+5G融合定位结果的流程,本方法的核心思想是采用自适应卡尔曼滤波器抑制受到多径、遮挡等环境因素导致的量测噪声。在估计过程中,引入新息向量和抗差因子,根据系统中的量测噪声的量级对系统进行决策分类,以提高定位精度和鲁棒性,最终经过滤波剔除了大部分的量测误差,输出准确的状态向量和状态协方差阵。系统中的P0R0等初始参数矩阵均可设置为单位阵,其会随着滤波过程自动收敛至稳定值。
对比参考文献[13]中所采用的联邦卡尔曼滤波算法,本文采用的基于新息向量的自适应卡尔曼滤波具有独特的适用场景和特点。联邦卡尔曼滤波是一种分布式滤波方法,适用于多源数据融合的场景,特别是当不同的传感器数据或节点的数据存在不同的可靠性时,它通过将各个局部滤波器的输出进行整合,从而提高整体的估计精度。在铁路轨道应用中,由于铁道部门可以在铁路沿线建设专门的5G基站,可以在一定程度上保障5G信号的稳定性,故可假定5G测距具有较小的误差预期,将5G信号作为GNSS信号的补充,将GNSS和5G定位信息分开处理,各自独立进行卡尔曼滤波,然后将结果结合起来。而在公路应用环境中,通常采用普通的运营商5G信号,和卫星导航信号相似,公路环境中的5G信号也可能频繁受到遮挡和多径等环境噪声的影响,基于新息向量的自适应卡尔曼滤波是一种能根据环境和测量噪声变化动态调整滤波增益的算法,其能够根据实时的观测数据自动调整噪声协方差矩阵等参数,从而提高估计的准确性和鲁棒性,对于动态环境具有更高的定位精度,其代价是在噪声自适应调整时,需要实时更新噪声协方差矩阵,计算复杂度较高,对于终端的处理速度有一定的要求。
引入新息向量和抗差因子的自适应卡尔曼滤波器主要针对大噪声具有抑制效果,结合公路交通环境特点,设计数值仿真参数如下:车辆以40 km/h的速度沿水平方向做匀速直线行驶,车辆周围有4个5G天线信号源;载噪比为40 dB;路径损耗指数为2;观测噪声协方差为2 m2;过程噪声协方差为10-5 m2;用2023年1月1日的真实卫星星历进行仿真;北斗信号采样频率为4 Hz,单次仿真时间为500 s即2000历元;分别在100 s、200 s、300 s和400 s处,对测距结果添加10 m、20 m、30 m和40 m的测量误差以模拟多径效应;分别对纯北斗定位、北斗+5G融合定位、单颗北斗卫星测距结果添加多径误差、单颗北斗卫星+单个5G基站添加多径误差等多个场景进行仿真;采用MATLAB软件作为仿真平台。
仿真测试结果见表1,其中表格横向4列分别对应纯北斗+传统卡尔曼滤波、纯北斗+自适应卡尔曼滤波、北斗+5G+传统卡尔曼滤波、北斗+5G+自适应卡尔曼滤波四种定位组合。纵向第1至第4排表示向单颗北斗卫星的测距结果中添加10 m、20 m、30 m和40 m的多径误差的场景;第5至第8排表示同时向单颗北斗卫星的测距结果和单个5G天线的测距结果中添加10 m、20 m、30 m和40 m的多径误差的场景。仿真结果显示,在没有额外多径测距误差影响时,单北斗定位误差与北斗+5G融合定位的平均误差均小于1 m,北斗+5G融合定位相比于单北斗定位精度有所改善,自适应卡尔曼滤波器和传统卡尔曼滤波器没有区别;随着多径误差的增加,自适应卡尔曼滤波器的补偿效应越来越显著,它通过不断地对量测噪声协方差矩阵进行修正,使其越来越接近真实值,从而得到更高的定位精度。
图2所示为单颗北斗卫星和单个5G天线在多径效应同时作用下的定位误差仿真结果。从整体来看,在这种复杂环境下,自适应卡尔曼滤波器的性能表现明显优于传统的卡尔曼滤波器,其最大定位误差减少了约51%。这一显著改善表明,自适应卡尔曼滤波器在应对多径干扰方面具备更强的鲁棒性和灵活性。多径效应通常会导致信号在建筑物、桥梁、隧道等复杂环境中反射和折射,使得接收信号产生多个路径干扰,进而引入较大的定位误差。在这种情况下,普通卡尔曼滤波器由于滤波参数固定,难以适应信道条件的快速变化,尤其是在噪声偏差较大的场景中,其滤波效果可能显著下降,导致定位精度不佳。相比之下,自适应卡尔曼滤波器则具备根据外部环境自动调整滤波增益的能力。其核心优势在于能够动态感知多径效应引起的信道变化,实时调整滤波参数以抑制干扰信号的影响。因此,自适应卡尔曼滤波器不仅在降低定位误差方面效果显著,还能在多变的环境下维持稳定的定位精度。这对于依赖高精度定位的自动驾驶、智能网联汽车以及智能交通系统尤为关键,因为这些系统需要在复杂道路环境中保持准确的车道级导航,以确保车辆的安全运行。
测试地点为杭州绕城高速公路留下互通枢纽,留下枢纽在测试中可作为一个典型的交通复杂立交桥场景,具有道路交织、车道多变、高程跨度大、信号遮挡多等特点。测试过程中,在留下互通辅道(北)023号路灯杆至025号路灯杆区域路侧部署了一个由北京邮电大学自研的5G定位微基站和四个5G天线[20],天线的覆盖范围约为100 m,天线馈线长度一致,以能保证四个天线播发的5G信号时钟同步。5G信号的覆盖范围如图3所示,图中绿点为四个5G天线的位置,四个不同颜色的圆表示5G天线的定位信号覆盖范围,覆盖范围内用户终端使用北斗卫星导航系统和5G TDOA进行融合定位,覆盖范围外用户终端使用单独北斗系统进行定位,定位采样频率为4 Hz,测试终端输出的定位结果精确到0.1 m。
高精度三维地图是实地北斗+5G融合定位动态测试的重要保障条件之一,高精度三维地图可以提供详细的环境信息(如道路、建筑、树木、路标等),其所包含的空间信息精度可达厘米级。在定位测试中,使用高精度三维地图作为对比参考基准,可以验证定位系统的误差和精度。通过对比车辆实际行驶位置与三维地图中的位置,评估定位算法的准确性。本次测试采用的高精度三维地图是浙江交通科学院团队采用车载LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging,光探测和测距)结合Cloud Modeling平台技术构建的留下枢纽三维点云数据模型[21]。车载LiDAR系统通过向道路周围发射激光脉冲并接收反射信号,获取目标表面的三维坐标信息,通过持续记录坐标采集车行驶过程中LiDAR采集的三维空间信息,形成点云数据。Cloud Modeling平台为点云数据的处理与分析提供支持,通过该平台对采集到的点云数据进行预处理、滤波、分类、轨迹解算、三维格式转换、点云着色等操作,形成三维建模,供测试数据的展示和叠加分析使用。图4所示为三维点云数据模型的效果,图中可以清楚地识别车道、道路高度、道路标志、行驶车辆以及路侧的建筑、树木等物体信息。
搭载定位终端的车辆以40 km/h~60 km/h的车速在测试区域往返并记录定位结果,通过多次路测,对测试结果的内符合精度以及和二维、三维地图的对比精度进行分析。图3(a)图3(b)分别为北斗+5G在两段演示路段上行进的二维定位效果标示图,红色和蓝色圆点标示分别是两次路测过程中的定位结果。图5是两个5G信号覆盖范围路段的两次测试定位结果的高程差,全程高程差不超过0.2 m,拟合残差均方根误差统计为0.07 m和0.09 m,定位效果稳定。
图6是利用北斗+5G与单独利用北斗在测试路段进行定位结果比对效果图,图6(b)图6(a)的局部放大效果,图示中红色标定点是单独利用北斗进行定位的数据节点,能够看到定位点与实际位置有较大幅度的偏移,拟合残差的均方根误差为1.43 m,最大高程定位拟合残差为2.6 m。绿色线条是基于北斗+5G进行定位的数据点相连接形成的路径线条,可见基于北斗+5G融合定位的稳定性和精度明显优于单独利用北斗进行定位。
图7显示了北斗+5G定位结果与三维高精度地图的叠加展示效果,从中可以看到,图中导航结果能够清楚地识别车辆的行驶车道和高度。由于是在实际运营路段开展测试,多次路测的车辆行驶路径和采样点可能会有所变化,所以水平间距存在一定测量误差,高程间距相对比较可信。图7(a)中选点的两次路测结果的X方向间距为0.7 m,Y方向间距为0.4 m,高程间距为0.1 m。图7(b)显示了定位结果和车顶天线实际位置的对比,图中红点是车载用户终端车顶天线的定位轨迹,车辆影像是激光点云记录的三维模型数据,两次路测定位结果和车顶天线的高程误差小于0.2 m,进一步验证了北斗+5G融合定位的高程定位精度。
本文通过对北斗+5G融合定位技术的深入研究,提出了一种基于自适应卡尔曼滤波的融合定位策略,有效解决了复杂公路交通环境下北斗系统高程定位精度低的问题。在杭州留下枢纽开展的实验并结合三维激光点云地图进行的叠加验证结果显示:该模型在实际公路交通高架桥等复杂场景下表现出色,显著提高了高程定位精度和稳定性。这一研究成果不仅为智能网联汽车的高精度导航提供了有力支持,也为北斗+5G融合定位技术的进一步应用和推广奠定了基础。未来,随着技术的不断进步和应用的深入,北斗+5G融合定位技术有望在更广泛的交通领域发挥重要作用,为自动驾驶和智能网联汽车应用的快速发展提供助力。
  • 浙江省交通运输厅科技计划项目(202211)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241106001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
  • 修回日期:2024-11-19
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浙江省交通运输厅科技计划项目(202211)
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    1浙江公路水运工程咨询集团有限公司 杭州 310006
    2北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    3北京邮电大学 北京 100876
    4广州大道信息科技有限公司 广州 510630
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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